"Historically, Heisenberg wanted to base quantum theory solely on observable quantities such as the intensity of spectral lines, getting rid of all intuitive (anschauliche) concepts such as particle trajectories in space–time. This attitude changed drastically with his paper in which he introduced the uncertainty relations – there he put forward the point of view that it is the theory which decides what can be observed. His move from positivism to operationalism can be clearly understood as a reaction on the advent of Schrödinger’s wave mechanics which, in particular due to its intuitiveness, became soon very popular among physicists. In fact, the word anschaulich (intuitive) is contained in the title of Heisenberg’s paper.", from Claus Kiefer (2002). "On the interpretation of quantum theory – from Copenhagen to the present day". Time: 291. arXiv:quant-ph/0210152. Bibcode:2003tqi..conf..291K.
arxiv.org
"There seems to be at least as many different Copenhagen interpretations as people who use that term, probably there are more. For example, in two classic articles on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Ballentine (1970) and Stapp (1972) give diametrically opposite definitions of 'Copenhagen.'", Asher Peres (2002). "Popper's experiment and the Copenhagen interpretation". Stud. History Philos. Modern Physics. ج. 33: 23. arXiv:quant-ph/9910078. Bibcode:1999quant.ph.10078P. DOI:10.1016/S1355-2198(01)00034-X.
"Historically, Heisenberg wanted to base quantum theory solely on observable quantities such as the intensity of spectral lines, getting rid of all intuitive (anschauliche) concepts such as particle trajectories in space–time. This attitude changed drastically with his paper in which he introduced the uncertainty relations – there he put forward the point of view that it is the theory which decides what can be observed. His move from positivism to operationalism can be clearly understood as a reaction on the advent of Schrödinger’s wave mechanics which, in particular due to its intuitiveness, became soon very popular among physicists. In fact, the word anschaulich (intuitive) is contained in the title of Heisenberg’s paper.", from Claus Kiefer (2002). "On the interpretation of quantum theory – from Copenhagen to the present day". Time: 291. arXiv:quant-ph/0210152. Bibcode:2003tqi..conf..291K.
"the "collapse" or "reduction" of the wave function. This was introduced by Heisenberg in his uncertainty paper [3] and later postulated by von Neumann as a dynamical process independent of the Schrodinger equation", Claus Kiefer (2002). "On the interpretation of quantum theory – from Copenhagen to the present day". Time: 291. arXiv:quant-ph/0210152. Bibcode:2003tqi..conf..291K.
Bohm، David (1952). "A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I & II". Physical Review. ج. 85 ع. 2: 166–193. Bibcode:1952PhRv...85..166B. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.85.166.
"There seems to be at least as many different Copenhagen interpretations as people who use that term, probably there are more. For example, in two classic articles on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Ballentine (1970) and Stapp (1972) give diametrically opposite definitions of 'Copenhagen.'", Asher Peres (2002). "Popper's experiment and the Copenhagen interpretation". Stud. History Philos. Modern Physics. ج. 33: 23. arXiv:quant-ph/9910078. Bibcode:1999quant.ph.10078P. DOI:10.1016/S1355-2198(01)00034-X.
نيلز بور (1928). 'The quantum postulate and the recent development of atomic theory', Nature, 121: 580–590, دُوِي:10.1038/121580a0, p. 586: "there can be no question of an immediate connexion with our ordinary conceptions".
Bohm، David (1952). "A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I & II". Physical Review. ج. 85 ع. 2: 166–193. Bibcode:1952PhRv...85..166B. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.85.166.
"There seems to be at least as many different Copenhagen interpretations as people who use that term, probably there are more. For example, in two classic articles on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Ballentine (1970) and Stapp (1972) give diametrically opposite definitions of 'Copenhagen.'", Asher Peres (2002). "Popper's experiment and the Copenhagen interpretation". Stud. History Philos. Modern Physics. ج. 33: 23. arXiv:quant-ph/9910078. Bibcode:1999quant.ph.10078P. DOI:10.1016/S1355-2198(01)00034-X.
"Historically, Heisenberg wanted to base quantum theory solely on observable quantities such as the intensity of spectral lines, getting rid of all intuitive (anschauliche) concepts such as particle trajectories in space–time. This attitude changed drastically with his paper in which he introduced the uncertainty relations – there he put forward the point of view that it is the theory which decides what can be observed. His move from positivism to operationalism can be clearly understood as a reaction on the advent of Schrödinger’s wave mechanics which, in particular due to its intuitiveness, became soon very popular among physicists. In fact, the word anschaulich (intuitive) is contained in the title of Heisenberg’s paper.", from Claus Kiefer (2002). "On the interpretation of quantum theory – from Copenhagen to the present day". Time: 291. arXiv:quant-ph/0210152. Bibcode:2003tqi..conf..291K.
"the "collapse" or "reduction" of the wave function. This was introduced by Heisenberg in his uncertainty paper [3] and later postulated by von Neumann as a dynamical process independent of the Schrodinger equation", Claus Kiefer (2002). "On the interpretation of quantum theory – from Copenhagen to the present day". Time: 291. arXiv:quant-ph/0210152. Bibcode:2003tqi..conf..291K.
jstor.org
Howard، Don (2004). "Who invented the Copenhagen Interpretation? A study in mythology". Philosophy of Science: 669–682. JSTOR:10.1086/425941.
nasa.gov
ntrs.nasa.gov
فيرنر هايزنبيرغ (1927). Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik, Z. Phys.43: 172–198. Translation as 'The actual content of quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics' here: "Since the statistical nature of quantum theory is so closely [linked] to the uncertainty in all observations or perceptions, one could be tempted to conclude that behind the observed, statistical world a "real" world is hidden, in which the law of causality is applicable. We want to state explicitly that we believe such speculations to be both fruitless and pointless. The only task of physics is to describe the relation between observations." نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
فيرنر هايزنبيرغ (1927). Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik, Z. Phys.43: 172–198. Translation as 'The actual content of quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics' here: "Since the statistical nature of quantum theory is so closely [linked] to the uncertainty in all observations or perceptions, one could be tempted to conclude that behind the observed, statistical world a "real" world is hidden, in which the law of causality is applicable. We want to state explicitly that we believe such speculations to be both fruitless and pointless. The only task of physics is to describe the relation between observations." نسخة محفوظة 2 أغسطس 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
