Arctic Ocean (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Arctic Ocean" in English language version.

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27web.archive.org

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adn.com

Rosen, Yereth (16 July 2015). "5 nations sign declaration to protect Arctic 'donut hole' from unregulated fishing". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

annualreviews.org

McInerney, Francesca A.; Wing, Scott L. (25 April 2011). "The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 39 (1): 489–516. Bibcode:2011AREPS..39..489M. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431. ISSN 0084-6597.

archive.org

Wright, John W., ed. (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-14-303820-7.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Reynolds, Paul (25 October 2005) The Arctic's New Gold Rush Archived 5 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC.
Earth – melting in the heat? Archived 30 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Richard Black, 7 October 2005. BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

bbc.com

"Arctic deal bans North Pole fishing". BBC News. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

bellona.org

400 million cubic meters of radioactive waste threaten the Arctic area Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Thomas Nilsen, Bellona, 24 August 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

books.google.com

Wright, John (30 November 2001). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Psychology Press. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-57958-348-4. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
Calow, Peter (12 July 1999). Blackwell's concise encyclopedia of environmental management. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-632-04951-6. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
Lewis, Edward Lyn; Jones, E. Peter; et al., eds. (2000). The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Springer. pp. 101, 282–283. ISBN 978-0-7923-6439-9. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
McColl, R.W. (2005). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8160-5786-3. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Earle, Sylvia A.; Glover, Linda K. (2008). Ocean: An Illustrated Atlas. National Geographic Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4262-0319-0. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-5410-706-4. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Day, Trevor; Garratt, Richard (2006). Oceans. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8160-5327-8. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Piskarev, Alexey; Poselov, Victor; Kaminsky, Valery, eds. (2019). Geologic Structures of the Arctic Basin. Springer. ISBN 9783319777429.

britannica.com

"'Arctic Ocean' – Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 July 2012. As an approximation, the Arctic Ocean may be regarded as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean.

centerfirstamericans.com

Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497–502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.

channel4.com

"Channel 4, "Sir Wally Herbert dies" 13 June 2007".

cia.gov

Arctic Ocean Archived 4 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. CIA World Fact Book

climatecentral.org

Lauren Morello (5 March 2013). "Warmer Arctic with Less Ice Increases Storm Surge". Climate Central. Retrieved 8 March 2013.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

Stambaugh, Alex (12 February 2019). "Polar bear invasion: Parents scared to send children to school in remote Russian archipelago". edition.cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 15 February 2019.

doi.org

Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497–502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.
Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin; Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014). "Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure". Polar Geography. 37 (4): 298–324. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769.
Simmonds, Ian; Burke, Craig; Keay, Kevin (2008). "Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior". Journal of Climate. 21 (22): 5777. Bibcode:2008JCli...21.5777S. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2366.1.
McInerney, Francesca A.; Wing, Scott L. (25 April 2011). "The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 39 (1): 489–516. Bibcode:2011AREPS..39..489M. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431. ISSN 0084-6597.
Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006). "Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period". Nature. 439 (7072): 60–63. Bibcode:2006Natur.439...60N. doi:10.1038/nature04386. PMID 16397495. S2CID 4301227.
Shellito, C.J.; Sloan, L.C.; Huber, M. (2003). "Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early-Middle Paleogene". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 193 (1): 113–123. Bibcode:2003PPP...193..113S. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6.
Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7093): 610–613. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..610S. doi:10.1038/nature04668. hdl:11250/174280. PMID 16752441. S2CID 4412522.
Berge, J.; et al. (2015). "In the dark: A review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night". Progress in Oceanography. 139: 258–271. Bibcode:2015PrOce.139..258B. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005. hdl:10037/8602.
Leu, E.; Søreide, J. E.; et al. (2011). "Consequences of changing sea-ice cover for primary and secondary producers in the European Arctic shelf seas: Timing, quantity, and quality". Progress of Oceanography. 90 (1–4): 18–32. Bibcode:2011PrOce..90...18L. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.004.
Kosobokova, K. N.; Hopcroft, R. R. (2011). "Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins". Marine Biodiversity. 41: 29–50. doi:10.1007/s12526-010-0057-9. S2CID 23452656.
Dalpadado, P.; et al. (2012). "Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 69 (7): 1303–1316. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss063.

ec.gc.ca

"Erreur HTTP 404 - Non trouvé". ec.gc.ca.

euronews.com

Abellan Matamoros, Cristina (13 February 2019). "Watch: Polar bear in Russian archipelago peeks inside a house". euronews.com. Euronews. Retrieved 14 February 2019.

fivedeeps.com

"Five Deeps Expedition is complete after historic dive to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean" (PDF).

flinders.edu.au

es.flinders.edu.au

Tomczak, Matthias; Godfrey, J. Stuart (2003). Regional Oceanography: an Introduction (2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7035-306-5. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2006.

geoexpro.com

assets.geoexpro.com

Whaley, Jane (2007). "Geological History of the Arctic Ocean" (PDF). GEO ExPro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2019.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7093): 610–613. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..610S. doi:10.1038/nature04668. hdl:11250/174280. PMID 16752441. S2CID 4412522.
Berge, J.; et al. (2015). "In the dark: A review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night". Progress in Oceanography. 139: 258–271. Bibcode:2015PrOce.139..258B. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005. hdl:10037/8602.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497–502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.
Simmonds, Ian; Burke, Craig; Keay, Kevin (2008). "Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior". Journal of Climate. 21 (22): 5777. Bibcode:2008JCli...21.5777S. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2366.1.
McInerney, Francesca A.; Wing, Scott L. (25 April 2011). "The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 39 (1): 489–516. Bibcode:2011AREPS..39..489M. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431. ISSN 0084-6597.
Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006). "Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period". Nature. 439 (7072): 60–63. Bibcode:2006Natur.439...60N. doi:10.1038/nature04386. PMID 16397495. S2CID 4301227.
Shellito, C.J.; Sloan, L.C.; Huber, M. (2003). "Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early-Middle Paleogene". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 193 (1): 113–123. Bibcode:2003PPP...193..113S. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6.
Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7093): 610–613. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..610S. doi:10.1038/nature04668. hdl:11250/174280. PMID 16752441. S2CID 4412522.
Berge, J.; et al. (2015). "In the dark: A review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night". Progress in Oceanography. 139: 258–271. Bibcode:2015PrOce.139..258B. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005. hdl:10037/8602.
Leu, E.; Søreide, J. E.; et al. (2011). "Consequences of changing sea-ice cover for primary and secondary producers in the European Arctic shelf seas: Timing, quantity, and quality". Progress of Oceanography. 90 (1–4): 18–32. Bibcode:2011PrOce..90...18L. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.004.

adsabs.harvard.edu

Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006). "Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period". Nature. 439 (7072): 60–63. Bibcode:2006Natur.439...60N. doi:10.1038/nature04386. PMID 16397495. S2CID 4301227.

iho.int

"IHO Publication S-23 Limits of Oceans and Seas; Chapter 9: Arctic Ocean". International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

independent.co.uk

Connor, Steve (23 September 2008). "Exclusive: The methane time bomb". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.

listofseas.com

"List of seas". listofseas.com.

livescience.com

Melina, Remy (4 June 2010). "The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas". livescience.com.

marianatrench.com

"The Mariana Trench – Oceanography". marianatrench.com. 4 April 2003. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2006.

nasa.gov

earthobservatory.nasa.gov

"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005". Graph by Robert Simmon, Earth Observatory, and Walt Meier, NSIDC; photo by Nathaniel B. Palmer, NOAA. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

climate.nasa.gov

Change, NASA Global Climate. "Arctic Sea Ice Minimum | NASA Global Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

natmus.dk

"The Prehistory of Greenland" Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Greenland Research Centre, National Museum of Denmark, accessed 14 April 2010.

nature.com

"Arctic Ocean Circulation: Going Around at the Top of the World. Retrieved 2 November 2013". Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497–502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.
Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006). "Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period". Nature. 439 (7072): 60–63. Bibcode:2006Natur.439...60N. doi:10.1038/nature04386. PMID 16397495. S2CID 4301227.
Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7093): 610–613. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..610S. doi:10.1038/nature04668. hdl:11250/174280. PMID 16752441. S2CID 4412522.

npolar.no

brage.npolar.no

Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7093): 610–613. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..610S. doi:10.1038/nature04668. hdl:11250/174280. PMID 16752441. S2CID 4412522.

nsidc.org

"Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis | Sea ice data updated daily with one-day lag". Retrieved 1 September 2020.
Sea Ice Index Archived 2 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Nsidc.org. Retrieved on 6 March 2011.
"NSIDC sea ice". Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
"When will the Arctic lose its sea ice?". National Snow & Ice Data Center. May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
"Has the Arctic Ocean always had ice in summer?". National Snow & Ice Data Center. February 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2016.

nytimes.com

Pierre-Louis, Kendra (10 December 2019). "Climate Change Is Ravaging the Arctic, Report Finds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

oxfordenergy.org

Yenikeyeff, Shamil and Krysiek, Timothy Fenton (August 2007) The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons Archived 7 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.

panda.org

wwf.panda.org

"Arctic Ocean Fast Facts". wwf.pandora.org (World Wildlife Foundation). Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

physicalgeography.net

Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Oceans". physicalgeography.net. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

pm.gc.ca

"Backgrounder – Expanding Canadian Forces Operations in the Arctic". Canadian Armed Forces Arctic Training Centre. 10 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2007.

polarportal.dk

"Understanding the Arctic sea ice: Polar Portal". polarportal.dk. Retrieved 1 September 2020.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497–502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.

rst2.edu

mset.rst2.edu

"Oceans of the World" (PDF). rst2.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

sciencealert.com

Crew, Bec (15 December 2016). "The Arctic Is Warming Twice as Fast as The Rest of The Planet". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

seaaroundus.org

"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". seaaroundus.org.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497–502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.
Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006). "Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period". Nature. 439 (7072): 60–63. Bibcode:2006Natur.439...60N. doi:10.1038/nature04386. PMID 16397495. S2CID 4301227.
Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7093): 610–613. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..610S. doi:10.1038/nature04668. hdl:11250/174280. PMID 16752441. S2CID 4412522.
Kosobokova, K. N.; Hopcroft, R. R. (2011). "Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins". Marine Biodiversity. 41: 29–50. doi:10.1007/s12526-010-0057-9. S2CID 23452656.

spiegel.de

Mrasek, Volker (17 April 2008). "A Storehouse of Greenhouse Gases Is Opening in Siberia". Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.

straitstimes.com

"Radioactive contamination from Fukushima found as far north as Alaska's Bering Strait". The Straits Times. 28 March 2019.

theaustralian.com.au

Russia the next climate recalcitrant Peter Wilson, 17 November 2008, The Australian. Retrieved 3 November 2016.

tue.nl

win.tue.nl

Pytheas Archived 18 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Andre Engels. Retrieved 16 December 2006.

uiuc.edu

arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu

Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today Archived 23 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu (23 September 2007). Retrieved on 2011-03-06.

uri.edu

gso.uri.edu

Plutonium in the Russian Arctic, or How We Learned to Love the Bomb Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Bradley Moran, John N. Smith. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

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Park, Robert W. "Thule Tradition". Arctic Archaeology. Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

vice.com

"A Top-Secret US Military Base Will Melt Out of the Greenland Ice Sheet". VICE Magazine. 9 March 2019.

washington.edu

psc.apl.washington.edu

Some Thoughts on the Freezing and Melting of Sea Ice and Their Effects on the Ocean Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine K. Aagaard and R. A. Woodgate, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, January 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

weather.com

Brackett, Ron (11 February 2019). "Arctic Russian Town Declares Polar Bear Invasion Emergency After 52 Wander In". weather.com. The Weather Company. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.

web.archive.org

Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Oceans". physicalgeography.net. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
Tomczak, Matthias; Godfrey, J. Stuart (2003). Regional Oceanography: an Introduction (2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7035-306-5. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
Some Thoughts on the Freezing and Melting of Sea Ice and Their Effects on the Ocean Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine K. Aagaard and R. A. Woodgate, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, January 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
"The Prehistory of Greenland" Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Greenland Research Centre, National Museum of Denmark, accessed 14 April 2010.
Pytheas Archived 18 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Andre Engels. Retrieved 16 December 2006.
North Pole drifting stations (1930s–1980s) Archived 13 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
"Oceans of the World" (PDF). rst2.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
"Arctic Ocean Fast Facts". wwf.pandora.org (World Wildlife Foundation). Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
"IHO Publication S-23 Limits of Oceans and Seas; Chapter 9: Arctic Ocean". International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Arctic Ocean Archived 4 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. CIA World Fact Book
"Backgrounder – Expanding Canadian Forces Operations in the Arctic". Canadian Armed Forces Arctic Training Centre. 10 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
"The Mariana Trench – Oceanography". marianatrench.com. 4 April 2003. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
Whaley, Jane (2007). "Geological History of the Arctic Ocean" (PDF). GEO ExPro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
"Arctic Ocean Circulation: Going Around at the Top of the World. Retrieved 2 November 2013". Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
Arctic Ocean Circulation Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Polar Discovery
"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005". Graph by Robert Simmon, Earth Observatory, and Walt Meier, NSIDC; photo by Nathaniel B. Palmer, NOAA. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Sea Ice Index Archived 2 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Nsidc.org. Retrieved on 6 March 2011.
Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today Archived 23 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu (23 September 2007). Retrieved on 2011-03-06.
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