Aryan (English Wikipedia)

Roller, Duane (29 May 2014). The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes. Cambridge University Press. p. 947. ISBN 978-1-139-95249-1.
Kumar, Priya (2012). "Beyond tolerance and hospitality: Muslims as strangers and minor subjects in Hindu nationalist and Indian nationalist discourse". In Elisabeth Weber (ed.). Living Together: Jacques Derrida's Communities of Violence and Peace. Fordham University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 9780823249923.
K. L. Chanchreek; Mahesh Jain (2003). Jainism: Rishabha Deva to Mahavira. Shree Publishers & Distributors. p. 276. ISBN 978-81-88658-01-5.
Arvidsson 2006, p. 43. Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02860-6.
Bryant 2001, pp. 60–63 Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8.
Bryant & Patton 2005, p. 8 Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.
Witzel 2005, p. 348. Witzel, Michael (2005). "Indocentrism: Autochthonous visions of ancient India". In Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79102-5. Retrieved 25 March 2021.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Zia-Ebrahimi, Reza (July 2011). "Self-Orientalization and Dislocation: The Uses and Abuses of the "Aryan" Discourse in Iran". Iranian Studies. 44 (4). Cambridge University Press: 459. doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.569326. Retrieved July 15, 2026.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Witzel 2001, p. 2: "At the outset, it has to be underlined that the term Ārya (whence, Aryan) is the self-designation of the ancient Iranians and of those Indian groups speaking Vedic Sanskrit and other Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) languages and dialects. Both peoples called themselves and their language ārya or arya: [...]" Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 24: "Arya/ārya does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)" Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 3: "Linguists have used the term Ārya from early on in the 19th century to designate the speakers of most Northern Indian as well as of all Iranian languages and to indicate the reconstructed language underlying both Old Iranian and Vedic Sanskrit. Nowadays this well-reconstructed language is usually called Indo-Iranian (IIr.), while its Indic branch is called (Old) Indo-Aryan (IA)." Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 4. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Kuiper 1991, p. 96; Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24; Bryant 2001, p. 61; Anthony 2007, p. 11 Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691058870.
Witzel 2001, p. 24. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Vogelsang, Willem (2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat - Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians". Persica. 16: 62. doi:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511. All of the above observations would indicate a date for the composition of the Videvdat list which would antedate, for a considerable time, the arrival in Eastern Iran of the Persian Acheamenids (ca. 550 B.C.)
Witzel 2001 Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 3. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Zia-Ebrahimi, Reza (July 2011). "Self-Orientalization and Dislocation: The Uses and Abuses of the "Aryan" Discourse in Iran". Iranian Studies. 44 (4). Cambridge University Press: 459. doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.569326. Retrieved July 15, 2026.
Blazak, Randy (2009). "The prison hate machine". Criminology & Public Policy. 8 (3): 633–640. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00579.x. ISSN 1745-9133.
Witzel 2008, pp. 10–11. Witzel, Michael (17 April 2008). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 14 (3). doi:10.11588/xarep.00000118.
Witzel 2008, p. 21. Witzel, Michael (17 April 2008). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 14 (3). doi:10.11588/xarep.00000118.
Leopold 1974. Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870". The English Historical Review. 89 (352): 578–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 567427.
Thapar 1996. Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. doi:10.2307/3520116. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520116.
Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8) 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.
Bryant 2001; Bryant & Patton 2005; Singh 2008, p. 186; Witzel 2001. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8. Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 95. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.

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Rafi, Mohammad (2016). From Kulturarbeit to Gharbzadegi: A Genealogy of German Ideological Interaction with Iranian Nationalism. Dissertation (PhD thesis). University of California, Irvine. Retrieved August 8, 2026.

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Online Etymology Dictionary

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Günther, Hans F.K. (1927). The Racial Elements of European History (PDF). London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 152. Retrieved August 8, 2026.
Günther, Hans F.K. (1927). The Racial Elements of European History (PDF). London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 149-151. Retrieved August 8, 2026.
Günther, Hans F.K. (1927). The Racial Elements of European History (PDF). London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 151-152. Retrieved August 8, 2026.

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Carlson, Adam (10 May 2013). "Game of Thrones baby names on the march". Entertainment Weekly.

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Wendy Doniger (2017), "Another Great Story"", review of Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism; in: Inference, International Review of Science, Volume 3, Issue 2

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; English: 308^th place)

Schmitt 1987: "The name “Aryan” (OInd. āˊrya-, Ir. *arya- [with short a-], in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the “non-Aryan” peoples of those “Aryan” countries [...]" Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Bailey 1987: "It is used in the Avesta of members of an ethnic group and contrasts with other named groups (Tūirya, Sairima, Dāha, Sāinu or Sāini) and with the outer world of the An-airya 'non-Arya'." Bailey, H. W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Gnoli 2006: "Mid. Pers. ēr (plur. ērān), just like Old Pers. ariya and Av. airya, has an evident ethnic value, which is also present in the abstract term ērīh, 'Iranian character, Iranianness'." Gnoli, Gherardo (2006). "Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 13. Iranica Foundation.
Schmitt 1987. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Gnoli 2006. Gnoli, Gherardo (2006). "Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 13. Iranica Foundation.
Bailey 1987. Bailey, H. W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Bailey 1987, : "In the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt (ŠKZ), Parth. ʾryʾn W ʾnʾryʾn (aryān ut anaryān), Mid. Pers. ʾyrʾn W ʾnyrʾn (ērān ut anērān; cf. Armenian eran eut aneran) comprises the inhabitants of all the known lands ... In the singular Parth. ʾry, Mid. Pers. ʾyly, Greek arian occurs in a title: ʾry mzdyzn nrysḥw MLKʾ, *ary mazdēzn Narēsahv šāh (Parth. ŠKZ 19); ʾyly mzdysn nrsḥy MLKʾ (Mid. Pers. version 24), Greek arian masdaasnou ... New Persian has ērān (western, īrān), ērān-šahr. In the Caucasus, Ossetic has Digoron erä, irä, Iron ir, with Dig. iriston, Iron iryston (the i-umlaut modifying the vowel a-, but leaving the -r- untouched), [and] the ancestral Alān." Bailey, H. W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Brunner, C. J. (1986). "Arizantoi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariyāramna". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariabignes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Brunner, C. J. (1986). "Ariaratus". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Lecoq, P. (1986). "Ariobarzanes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariaeus". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
MacKenzie 1998b. MacKenzie, D. N. (1998b). "Ērān-Wēz". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 8. Iranica Foundation.
MacKenzie 1998a. MacKenzie, D. N. (1998a). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 8. Iranica Foundation.
Schmitt 1987, : "The use of the name 'Aryan', in vogue especially in the 19th century, as a designation of the entire Indo-European language family was based on the erroneous assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest IE. language, and the untenable view (primarily propagated by Adolphe Pictet) that the names of Ireland and the Irishmen were etymologically related to 'Aryan'." Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Schmitt 1987, : "The Aryan parent language. The common ancestor of the historical Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages, called the Aryan parent language or Proto-Aryan, can be reconstructed by the methods of historical comparative linguistics." Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Leopold 1974. Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870". The English Historical Review. 89 (352): 578–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 567427.
Thapar 1996. Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. doi:10.2307/3520116. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520116.

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Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8) 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

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Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8) 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

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Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory, Scroll.in

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Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8) 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

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Herodotus. Histories, Book 7, Chapter 62. perseus.tufts.edu.

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Witzel 2008, pp. 10–11. Witzel, Michael (17 April 2008). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 14 (3). doi:10.11588/xarep.00000118.
Witzel 2008, p. 21. Witzel, Michael (17 April 2008). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 14 (3). doi:10.11588/xarep.00000118.

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Watkins 1985, p. 3; Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, pp. 657–658; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 213; Anthony 2007, pp. 92, 303 Watkins, Calvert (1985). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37888-5. OCLC 11533475. Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.; Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1995). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014728-5. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691058870.
Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question". Mazal Holocaust Collection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-691-05412-6. OCLC 9946459.
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust : the Nazi persecution and murder of the Jews. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 241. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5. OCLC 610166248.
Szemerényi 1977, pp. 125–146; Watkins 1985, p. 3; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 304; Fortson 2011, p. 209 Szemerényi, Oswald (1977). Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages. Brill. OCLC 470049907. Watkins, Calvert (1985). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37888-5. OCLC 11533475. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2011). Indo-European Language and Culture (2 ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9.
Mayrhofer 1992, pp. 174–175. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Carl Winter. ISBN 3-533-03826-2. OCLC 14693324.
Orel 2003, p. 23. Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A handbook of Germanic etymology. Brill. ISBN 1-4175-3642-X. OCLC 56727400.
Szemerényi 1977, pp. 125–146. Szemerényi, Oswald (1977). Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages. Brill. OCLC 470049907.
Kuiper 1991, p. 96; Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24; Bryant 2001, p. 61; Anthony 2007, p. 11 Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691058870.
Kuiper 1991, pp. 6–8, 96. Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387.
Kuiper 1991. Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387.
Blazak, Randy (2009). "The prison hate machine". Criminology & Public Policy. 8 (3): 633–640. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00579.x. ISSN 1745-9133.
Leopold 1974. Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870". The English Historical Review. 89 (352): 578–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 567427.
Thapar 1996. Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. doi:10.2307/3520116. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520116.

Aryan (English Wikipedia)

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