Aryan (English Wikipedia)

"واژه آریایی به چه معناست؟!" [What does the word Aryan mean?!] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"واژه آریایی به چه معناست؟" [What does the word Aryan mean?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

anthropologyandculture.com

"ریشه‌شناسی دو واژة آزادی و Freedom (آریایی)" [Etymology of the two words Azadi and Freedom (Aryan)] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"ریشه‌شناسی دو واژه آزادی و Freedom (آریایی)" [Etymology of the two words Azadi and Freedom (Aryan)] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

aparat.com

"تعریف آریایی چیست؟" [What is the definition of Aryan?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

archive.org

Benveniste 1973, p. 295: "Arya [...] is the common ancient designation of the 'Indo-Iranians'." Benveniste, Émile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0870242502.
Benveniste 1973, p. 303. Benveniste, Émile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0870242502.
Benveniste 1973, p. 72. Benveniste, Émile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0870242502.
Benveniste 1973, pp. 259–260. Benveniste, Émile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0870242502.
Benveniste 1973, p. 300: "The name of Alani goes back to *Aryana-, which is yet another form of the ancient ārya." Benveniste, Émile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0870242502.
Mallory 1989, p. 268-269. Mallory, J. P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500050521.

asregooyesh.ir

"کتاب "نام آوران ایران زمین"" [The book "The Name-Bringers of Iran"] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

asriran.com

"آریایی‌ها چه کسانی بودند؟" [Who were the Aryans?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"معنی اسم ایران چیست و چه کسی آن را نامگذاری کرد؟" [What does the name Iran mean and who named it?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

bartleby.com

H.G. Wells describes the origin of the Aryans (Proto-Indo Europeans):

bbc.com

Mzimba, Lizo (20 September 2017). "Game of Thrones Arya among 200 most popular names". BBC News.

books.google.com

Roller, Duane (29 May 2014). The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes. Cambridge University Press. p. 947. ISBN 978-1-139-95249-1.
Kumar, Priya (2012). "Beyond tolerance and hospitality: Muslims as strangers and minor subjects in Hindu nationalist and Indian nationalist discourse". In Elisabeth Weber (ed.). Living Together: Jacques Derrida's Communities of Violence and Peace. Fordham University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 9780823249923.
K. L. Chanchreek; Mahesh Jain (2003). Jainism: Rishabha Deva to Mahavira. Shree Publishers & Distributors. p. 276. ISBN 978-81-88658-01-5.
Arvidsson 2006, p. 43. Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02860-6.
Bryant 2001, pp. 60–63 Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8.
Bryant & Patton 2005, p. 8 Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.
Witzel 2005, p. 348. Witzel, Michael (2005). "Indocentrism: Autochthonous visions of ancient India". In Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79102-5. Retrieved 25 March 2021.

doi.org

Witzel 2001, p. 2: "At the outset, it has to be underlined that the term Ārya (whence, Aryan) is the self-designation of the ancient Iranians and of those Indian groups speaking Vedic Sanskrit and other Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) languages and dialects. Both peoples called themselves and their language ārya or arya: [...]" Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 24: "Arya/ārya does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)" Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 3: "Linguists have used the term Ārya from early on in the 19th century to designate the speakers of most Northern Indian as well as of all Iranian languages and to indicate the reconstructed language underlying both Old Iranian and Vedic Sanskrit. Nowadays this well-reconstructed language is usually called Indo-Iranian (IIr.), while its Indic branch is called (Old) Indo-Aryan (IA)." Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 4. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Kuiper 1991, p. 96; Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24; Bryant 2001, p. 61; Anthony 2007, p. 11 Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691058870.
Witzel 2001, p. 24. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Vogelsang, Willem (2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat - Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians". Persica. 16: 62. doi:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511. All of the above observations would indicate a date for the composition of the Videvdat list which would antedate, for a considerable time, the arrival in Eastern Iran of the Persian Acheamenids (ca. 550 B.C.)
Witzel 2001 Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 3. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Blazak, Randy (2009). "The prison hate machine". Criminology & Public Policy. 8 (3): 633–640. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00579.x. ISSN 1745-9133.
Leopold 1974. Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870". The English Historical Review. 89 (352): 578–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 567427.
Thapar 1996. Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. doi:10.2307/3520116. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520116.
Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.
Bryant 2001; Bryant & Patton 2005; Singh 2008, p. 186; Witzel 2001. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8. Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
Witzel 2001, p. 95. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.

etymonline.com

Online Etymology Dictionary

ew.com

Carlson, Adam (10 May 2013). "Game of Thrones baby names on the march". Entertainment Weekly.

ghiasabadi.com

"آریایی، پارسی، ایرانی" [Aryan, Persian, Iranian] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

hamshahrionline.ir

"آیا ایرانیان آریایی هستند؟" [Are Iranians Aryans?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

hamyar.in

"آریایی یعنی نجیب و شریف" [Aryan means noble and honorable] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

hindustantimes.com

"Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand" [سانسکریت دومین زبان رسمی در اوتاراکند است]. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. تاریخ بازدید: ۲۱ بهمن ۱۳۹۳

inference-review.com

Wendy Doniger (2017), "Another Great Story"", review of Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism; in: Inference, International Review of Science, Volume 3, Issue 2

ino.school

"ورود آریایی ها تا پایان هخامنشیان" [The arrival of the Aryans until the end of the Achaemenids] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

iranicaonline.org

Schmitt 1987: "The name “Aryan” (OInd. āˊrya-, Ir. *arya- [with short a-], in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the “non-Aryan” peoples of those “Aryan” countries [...]" Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Bailey 1987: "It is used in the Avesta of members of an ethnic group and contrasts with other named groups (Tūirya, Sairima, Dāha, Sāinu or Sāini) and with the outer world of the An-airya 'non-Arya'." Bailey, H. W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Gnoli 2006: "Mid. Pers. ēr (plur. ērān), just like Old Pers. ariya and Av. airya, has an evident ethnic value, which is also present in the abstract term ērīh, 'Iranian character, Iranianness'." Gnoli, Gherardo (2006). "Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 13. Iranica Foundation.
Schmitt 1987. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Gnoli 2006. Gnoli, Gherardo (2006). "Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 13. Iranica Foundation.
Bailey 1987. Bailey, H. W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Bailey 1987, : "In the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt (ŠKZ), Parth. ʾryʾn W ʾnʾryʾn (aryān ut anaryān), Mid. Pers. ʾyrʾn W ʾnyrʾn (ērān ut anērān; cf. Armenian eran eut aneran) comprises the inhabitants of all the known lands ... In the singular Parth. ʾry, Mid. Pers. ʾyly, Greek arian occurs in a title: ʾry mzdyzn nrysḥw MLKʾ, *ary mazdēzn Narēsahv šāh (Parth. ŠKZ 19); ʾyly mzdysn nrsḥy MLKʾ (Mid. Pers. version 24), Greek arian masdaasnou ... New Persian has ērān (western, īrān), ērān-šahr. In the Caucasus, Ossetic has Digoron erä, irä, Iron ir, with Dig. iriston, Iron iryston (the i-umlaut modifying the vowel a-, but leaving the -r- untouched), [and] the ancestral Alān." Bailey, H. W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Brunner, C. J. (1986). "Arizantoi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariyāramna". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariabignes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Brunner, C. J. (1986). "Ariaratus". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Lecoq, P. (1986). "Ariobarzanes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariaeus". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
MacKenzie 1998b. MacKenzie, D. N. (1998b). "Ērān-Wēz". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 8. Iranica Foundation.
MacKenzie 1998a. MacKenzie, D. N. (1998a). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 8. Iranica Foundation.
Schmitt 1987, : "The use of the name 'Aryan', in vogue especially in the 19th century, as a designation of the entire Indo-European language family was based on the erroneous assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest IE. language, and the untenable view (primarily propagated by Adolphe Pictet) that the names of Ireland and the Irishmen were etymologically related to 'Aryan'." Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
Schmitt 1987, : "The Aryan parent language. The common ancestor of the historical Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages, called the Aryan parent language or Proto-Aryan, can be reconstructed by the methods of historical comparative linguistics." Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). "Aryans". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.

irantop5.com

"پنج ویژگی ظاهری نژاد آریایی" [Five physical characteristics of the Aryan race] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

jstor.org

Leopold 1974. Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870". The English Historical Review. 89 (352): 578–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 567427.
Thapar 1996. Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. doi:10.2307/3520116. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520116.

kalleh.com

"آداب مهمان نوازی ایرانی از گذشته تا امروز" [Iranian hospitality etiquette from the past to the present] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

khabarfoori.com

"آریایی‌ها چه کسانی بودند؟" [Who were the Aryans?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

logatyab.ir

"معنی و مفهوم آریا" [Meaning and concept of Arya] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

magirans.com

"آریایی‌ها چه کسانی بودند؟" [Who were the Aryans?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

my-dars.com

"آریایی به معنی نجیب و شریف است" [Aryan means noble and honorable] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"معنای «آریایی» چیست و هگمتانه یا اکباتان را چه کسی بنا کرد؟" [What does "Aryan" mean and who founded Hegmatane or Ecbatana?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"ایران به معنی سرزمین آریایی‌ها (مردم شریف و آزاده) است" [Iran means the land of the Aryans (noble and free people)] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

mysmartgene.com

"نژاد آریایی‌ها؛ از ژنتیک تا فرهنگ" [The Aryan Race: From Genetics to Culture] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"مردم فارس چه کسانی هستند؟" [Who are the Persian people?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

nameniko.com

"معنی اسم آریا به همراه ریشه و فراوانی" [The meaning of the name Arya along with its origin and frequency] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

parsiandej.ir

"منظور از آریایی چیست؟" [What is meant by Aryan?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

porsan.app

"واژه آریایی به چه معناست؟" [What does the word Aryan mean?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"معنای واژه ایرانی و آریایی" [The meaning of the words Iranian and Aryan] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

porseman.com

"خداپرستی آریایی‌ها چگونه بوده است؟" [What was the worship of the Aryans like?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
"معنای ایران" [Meaning of Iran] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Alinei, Mario (2002). "Towards a generalised continuity model for Uralic and Indo European languages". In Julku, Kyösti (ed.). The Roots of Peoples and Languages of Northern Eurasia IV, Oulu 18.8–20.8.2000. Oulu, Finland: Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.370.8351.

raherasti.ir

"شناسایی نژاد آریایی در ایران" [Identifying the Aryan race in Iran] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

rouydad24.ir

"آیا مردم ایران از نژاد آریایی هستند؟" [Are the people of Iran of Aryan race?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

scitation.org

aip.scitation.org

Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

scroll.in

Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory, Scroll.in

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.

shahdoost.info

ali.shahdoost.info

"آیا ایرانی‌ها آریایی هستن؟" [Are Iranians Aryans?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

soia.org.ir

"آیا آریایی به معنی اخص کلمه معادل هخامنشی نبوده است؟" [Wasn't Aryan, in the specific sense of the word, equivalent to Achaemenid?] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

tabnak.ir

"در مورد آریایی" [About Aryans] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

topnop.info

"آریایی یعنی چه" [What does Aryan mean] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

Herodotus. Histories, Book 7, Chapter 62. perseus.tufts.edu.

ui.ac.ir

jhr.ui.ac.ir

"آشنایی با خصوصیات اخلاقی مردم ایران فارغ از نژادپرستی" [Getting to know the moral characteristics of the Iranian people, regardless of racism] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

ushmm.org

encyclopedia.ushmm.org

"آریایی" [Aryan] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.

web.archive.org

"Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand" [سانسکریت دومین زبان رسمی در اوتاراکند است]. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. تاریخ بازدید: ۲۱ بهمن ۱۳۹۳

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Watkins 1985, p. 3; Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, pp. 657–658; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 213; Anthony 2007, pp. 92, 303 Watkins, Calvert (1985). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37888-5. OCLC 11533475. Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.; Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1995). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014728-5. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691058870.
Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question". Mazal Holocaust Collection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-691-05412-6. OCLC 9946459.
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust : the Nazi persecution and murder of the Jews. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 241. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5. OCLC 610166248.
Szemerényi 1977, pp. 125–146; Watkins 1985, p. 3; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 304; Fortson 2011, p. 209 Szemerényi, Oswald (1977). Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages. Brill. OCLC 470049907. Watkins, Calvert (1985). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37888-5. OCLC 11533475. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2011). Indo-European Language and Culture (2 ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9.
Mayrhofer 1992, pp. 174–175. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Carl Winter. ISBN 3-533-03826-2. OCLC 14693324.
Orel 2003, p. 23. Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A handbook of Germanic etymology. Brill. ISBN 1-4175-3642-X. OCLC 56727400.
Szemerényi 1977, pp. 125–146. Szemerényi, Oswald (1977). Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages. Brill. OCLC 470049907.
Kuiper 1991, p. 96; Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24; Bryant 2001, p. 61; Anthony 2007, p. 11 Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387. Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516947-8. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691058870.
Kuiper 1991, pp. 6–8, 96. Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387.
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worldcat.org

Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question". Mazal Holocaust Collection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-691-05412-6. OCLC 9946459.
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust : the Nazi persecution and murder of the Jews. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 241. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5. OCLC 610166248.