Atheism (English Wikipedia)

"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.

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archive.org

Martin 1990, pp. 467–468: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-642-0. OL 8110936M. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
Holland, Aaron (April 1882). Agnosticism. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, in Flynn 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (October 25, 2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3. OL 8851140M.
Barker 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN 978-1-56975-677-5. OL 24313839M.
Smith 1979, p. 14. Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-124-1. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979, p. 275. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-124-1. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Smith 1979, p. 275. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread [sic] – or more disastrous in its effects — than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-124-1. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
Harris 2005, Harris 2006, Dawkins 2006, Hitchens 2007, Russell 1957 Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393327656. Harris, Sam (September 19, 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05548-9. Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7710-4143-3. Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
Matthews, Carol S. (2009). New Religions. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-7910-8096-2. There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.
Michael, S.M. (1999). "Dalit Visions of a Just Society". In Michael, S. M. (ed.). Untouchable: Dalits in Modern India. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5.

atheistalliance.org

"PDF of the Secular Nation article "A Conventioneer's Delight! Pt 5 of 5"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2008.

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"Atheist Zone". Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.

bbc.co.uk

"Humanistic Judaism". BBC. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on April 16, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
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books.google.com

Harvey, Van A. Agnosticism and Atheism, in Flynn 2007, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is the lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since the absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it." Flynn, Tom, ed. (October 25, 2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3. OL 8851140M.
Holland, Aaron (April 1882). Agnosticism. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, in Flynn 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (October 25, 2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3. OL 8851140M.
Martin 2006, p. 2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not." Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9. OL 22379448M. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
Barker 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN 978-1-56975-677-5. OL 24313839M.
Martin 2006. Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9. OL 22379448M. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
Dawkins 2006, p. 50. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05548-9.
Harris 2006, p. 51. Harris, Sam (September 19, 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M.
Drachmann, A.B. (1977) [1922]. Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89005-201-3. Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless, they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said átheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, átheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.
Martiall, John (1566). A Replie to Mr Calfhills Blasphemous Answer Made Against the Treatise of the Cross. English recusant literature, 1558–1640. Vol. 203. Louvain. p. 49. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Harris 2005, Harris 2006, Dawkins 2006, Hitchens 2007, Russell 1957 Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393327656. Harris, Sam (September 19, 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05548-9. Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7710-4143-3. Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
Feinberg, John S.; Feinberg, Paul D. (2010). Ethics for a Brave New World. Stand To Reason. ISBN 978-1-58134-712-8. Retrieved October 18, 2007. Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'
Dawkins 2006, p. 291. Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05548-9.
"That does not, however, show that the atrocities committed by these totalitarian dictatorships were the result of atheist beliefs, carried out in the name of atheism, or caused primarily by the atheistic aspects of the relevant forms of communism." Blackford, R.; Schüklenk, U. (2013). "Myth 27 Many Atrocities Have Been Committed in the Name of Atheism". 50 great myths about atheism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-470-67404-8. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Johnson, Philip; et al. (2005). Claydon, David; et al. (eds.). Religious and Non-Religious Spirituality in the Western World ("New Age") A New Vision, A New Heart, A Renewed Call. Vol. 2. William Carey Library. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-87808-364-0. Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).
Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. Retrieved April 9, 2011. According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.
Pandian (1996). India, that is, sidd. Allied Publishers. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-7023-561-3. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
Mulsow, Martin (2010). "Atheism". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-208-0412-8.
Winiarczyk, Marek (2016). Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism. Translated by Zbirohowski-Kościa, Witold. Berlin: Walther de Gruyter. pp. 61–68. ISBN 978-3-11-044765-1.
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britannica.com

Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." Nielsen, Kai (2013). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
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cambridge.org

Oppy 2018, p. 4: Agnostics are distinguished from innocents, who also neither believe that there are gods nor believe that there are no gods, by the fact that they have given consideration to the question of whether there are gods. Innocents are those who have never considered the question of whether there are gods. Typically, innocents have never considered the question of whether there are gods because they are not able to consider that question. How could that be? Well, in order to consider the question of whether there are gods, one must understand what it would mean for something to be a god. That is, one needs to have the concept of a god. Those who lack the concept of a god are not able to entertain the thought that there are gods. Consider, for example, one-month-old babies. It is very plausible that one-month-old babies lack the concept of a god. So it is very plausible that one-month-old babies are innocents. Other plausible cases of innocents include chimpanzees, human beings who have suffered severe traumatic brain injuries, and human beings with advanced dementia Oppy, Graham (2018). Atheism and Agnosticism. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108555340. ISBN 978-1-108-55534-0. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2018.

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Oppy 2018, p. 4: Agnostics are distinguished from innocents, who also neither believe that there are gods nor believe that there are no gods, by the fact that they have given consideration to the question of whether there are gods. Innocents are those who have never considered the question of whether there are gods. Typically, innocents have never considered the question of whether there are gods because they are not able to consider that question. How could that be? Well, in order to consider the question of whether there are gods, one must understand what it would mean for something to be a god. That is, one needs to have the concept of a god. Those who lack the concept of a god are not able to entertain the thought that there are gods. Consider, for example, one-month-old babies. It is very plausible that one-month-old babies lack the concept of a god. So it is very plausible that one-month-old babies are innocents. Other plausible cases of innocents include chimpanzees, human beings who have suffered severe traumatic brain injuries, and human beings with advanced dementia Oppy, Graham (2018). Atheism and Agnosticism. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108555340. ISBN 978-1-108-55534-0. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
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