Attribution of recent climate change (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Attribution of recent climate change" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

37web.archive.org

1^st place

36doi.org

2^nd place

25harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

19ipcc.ch

1,778^th place

1,339^th place

17nih.gov

4^th place

16worldcat.org

5^th place

11globalchange.gov

low place

8semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

8nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

6epa.gov

882^nd place

600^th place

5handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

3ourworldindata.org

2,263^rd place

1,687^th place

3wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

2iop.org

1,725^th place

1,828^th place

2researchgate.net

120^th place

125^th place

2science.org

1,160^th place

737^th place

2lbl.gov

2,509^th place

2,329^th place

2soton.ac.uk

6,219^th place

4,029^th place

2nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

2copernicus.org

7,281^st place

5,368^th place

2wri.org

8,960^th place

7,725^th place

1ca.gov

421^st place

263^rd place

1americasclimatechoices.org

low place

1nap.edu

2,128^th place

1,553^rd place

1grida.no

6,903^rd place

8,349^th place

1archive.org

6^th place

1noaa.gov

212^th place

172^nd place

1wmo.int

1,896^th place

2,094^th place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1pbl.nl

low place

1ecowatch.com

low place

9,841^st place

1globalmethane.org

low place

1unfccc.int

4,528^th place

4,510^th place

1hm-treasury.gov.uk

low place

1nationalarchives.gov.uk

744^th place

547^th place

1annualreviews.org

3,867^th place

3,957^th place

1agu.org

6,456^th place

6,101^st place

1acs.org

1,248^th place

1,104^th place

1scientistswarning.org

low place

1ametsoc.org

4,162^nd place

3,578^th place

1rivm.nl

low place

1mongabay.com

3,236^th place

2,966^th place

1archive.today

14^th place

1sustainabilityconsortium.org

low place

1fao.org

318^th place

411^th place

1virtualcentre.org

low place

1climate.gov

low place

1osti.gov

2,036^th place

1,254^th place

1yale.edu

565^th place

460^th place

1nsidc.org

low place

1climatechange2013.org

low place

1nas.edu

low place

1royalsoc.ac.uk

low place

1archives-ouvertes.fr

1,031^st place

879^th place

acs.org

pubs.acs.org

Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022). "Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (2): 761–769. Bibcode:2022EnST...56..761X. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779. hdl:10138/341962. PMID 34941248. S2CID 245445736.

agu.org

news.agu.org

"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming". American Geophysical Union. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

americasclimatechoices.org

US National Research Council (2008). Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition (PDF). Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

ametsoc.org

journals.ametsoc.org

Twomey, S. (1977). "The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 34 (7): 1149–1152. Bibcode:1977JAtS...34.1149T. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.^{[permanent dead link]}

annualreviews.org

McNeill, V. Faye (2017). "Atmospheric Aerosols: Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate". Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 8 (1): 427–444. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538. ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 28415861.

archive.org

Albritton et al., Technical Summary Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Box 1: What drives changes in climate? Archived 19 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, in IPCC TAR WG1 2001. IPCC TAR WG1 (2001), Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A. (eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80767-0, archived from the original on 15 December 2019, retrieved 18 December 2019 (pb: 0-521-01495-6).

archive.today

Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). "Global forest loss increases in 2020". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. ● Mongabay graphing WRI data from "Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?". research.WRI.org. World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review. January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, pp. 702–703; Randel et al. 2009. Hegerl, G. C.; Zwiers, F. W.; Braconnot, P.; Gillett, N. P.; et al. (2007). "Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. pp. 663–745. Randel, William J.; Shine, Keith P.; Austin, John; Barnett, John; et al. (2009). "An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..114.2107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD010421. HAL hal-00355600.

bbc.co.uk

Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.

ca.gov

opr.ca.gov

OPR (n.d.), Office of Planning and Research (OPR) List of Organizations, OPR, Office of the Governor, State of California, archived from the original on 1 April 2014, retrieved 30 November 2013. Archived page: The source appears to incorrectly list the Society of Biology (UK) twice.

climate.gov

Climate.gov, 23 June 2022:"Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade." Lindsey, Rebecca (23 June 2022). "Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide". Climate.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2023.

climatechange2013.org

IPCC AR5 WG1 2013, p. 14 IPCC (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9.. AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC

copernicus.org

acp.copernicus.org

Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). "Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22 (18): 12221–12239. Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791. S2CID 252446168.

essd.copernicus.org

Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (15 July 2020). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data (ESSD). 12 (3): 1561–1623. Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.1561S. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Retrieved 28 August 2020.

doi.org

USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 Figure 3.1 panel 2 Archived 9 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Figure 3.3 panel 5 . Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.). Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change (PDF). doi:10.7930/J01834ND.
IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). "Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22 (18): 12221–12239. Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791. S2CID 252446168.
Cao, Yang; Zhu, Yannian; Wang, Minghuai; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Liang, Yuan; Liu, Jihu; Liu, Zhoukun; Bai, Heming (7 January 2023). "Emission Reductions Significantly Reduce the Hemispheric Contrast in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in Recent Two Decades". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 128 (2): e2022JD037417. Bibcode:2023JGRD..12837417C. doi:10.1029/2022JD037417.
Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (2001). "2. Natural Climatic Variations". Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. Washington, D.C., US: National Academies Press. p. 8. doi:10.17226/10139. ISBN 0-309-07574-2. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H; Lerdau, Manuel T (1 August 2017). "Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8): 084001. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4001W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885. ISSN 1748-9326. Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer)
Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto A.; Miller, Ron L.; Lacis, Andy A. (27 October 2010). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D20). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. ISSN 0148-0227.
Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005). "High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present". Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. doi:10.1038/nature06949. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18480821. S2CID 1382081.
Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999). "Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO 2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations". Science. 283 (5408): 1712–1714. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1712F. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10073931.
Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000). "Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (5): 735–738. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27..735I. doi:10.1029/1999GL010960. S2CID 18942742.
Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.
Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (15 July 2020). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data (ESSD). 12 (3): 1561–1623. Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.1561S. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
EPA 2019: Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N₂O emissions; Davidson 2009: 2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period US EPA (13 September 2019). "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020. Davidson, Eric (2009). "The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860". Nature Geoscience. 2: 659–662. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2016.04.002.
Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019). "Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change". Reviews of Geophysics. 58 (1): e2019RG000660. doi:10.1029/2019RG000660. PMC 7384191. PMID 32734279.
McNeill, V. Faye (2017). "Atmospheric Aerosols: Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate". Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 8 (1): 427–444. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538. ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 28415861.
Samset, B. H.; Sand, M.; Smith, C. J.; Bauer, S. E.; Forster, P. M.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Osprey, S.; Schleussner, C.-F. (2018). "Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (2): 1020–1029. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.1020S. doi:10.1002/2017GL076079. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 7427631. PMID 32801404.
He et al. 2018; Storelvmo et al. 2016 He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018). "A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4281–4289. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4281H. doi:10.1029/2018GL077424. hdl:20.500.11850/268470. ISSN 1944-8007. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022). "Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (2): 761–769. Bibcode:2022EnST...56..761X. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779. hdl:10138/341962. PMID 34941248. S2CID 245445736.
Wild et al. 2005; Storelvmo et al. 2016; Samset et al. 2018. Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface". Science. 308 (5723): 847–850. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..847W. doi:10.1126/science.1103215. PMID 15879214. S2CID 13124021. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Twomey, S. (1977). "The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 34 (7): 1149–1152. Bibcode:1977JAtS...34.1149T. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.^{[permanent dead link]}
Albrecht 1989. Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). "Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness". Science. 245 (4923): 1227–1239. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1227A. doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227. PMID 17747885. S2CID 46152332.
Ramanathan & Carmichael 2008; RIVM 2016. Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). "Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156. Documentary Sea Blind (Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; Langner, J.; Victor, D. G. (2016). "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers". Nature Climate Change. 6 (3): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..286S. doi:10.1038/nclimate2880. ISSN 1758-678X.
Curtis, Philip G.; Slay, Christy M.; Harris, Nancy L.; Tyukavina, Alexandra; Hansen, Matthew C. (14 September 2018). "Classifying drivers of global forest loss". Science. 361 (6407): 1108–1111. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1108C. doi:10.1126/science.aau3445. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30213911.
Garrett, L.; Lévite, H.; Besacier, C.; Alekseeva, N.; Duchelle, M. (2022). The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action. Rome: FAO. doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN 978-92-5-137044-5.
Melillo et al. 2017: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. Melillo, J. M.; Frey, S. D.; DeAngelis, K. M.; Werner, W. J.; et al. (2017). "Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world". Science. 358 (6359): 101–105. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..101M. doi:10.1126/science.aan2874. hdl:1912/9383. PMID 28983050.
Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation". Nature Climate Change. 13: 83–90. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7. OSTI 2242376. S2CID 255028552.
Wolff et al. 2015: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." Wolff, Eric W.; Shepherd, John G.; Shuckburgh, Emily; Watson, Andrew J. (2015). "Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 373 (2054): 20140428. Bibcode:2015RSPTA.37340428W. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428. PMC 4608041. PMID 26438277.
Williams, Richard G; Ceppi, Paulo; Katavouta, Anna (2020). "Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (9): 0940c1. Bibcode:2020ERL....15i40c1W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9. ISSN 1748-9326.
Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.; Barlow, Mathew; Whittleston, David; Coumou, Dim; Francis, Jennifer; Dethloff, Klaus; Entekhabi, Dara; Overland, James; Jones, Justin (2014). "Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather". Nature Geoscience. 7 (9): 627–637. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..627C. doi:10.1038/ngeo2234. ISSN 1752-0894.
Turetsky et al. 2019 Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Anthony, Katey Walter; et al. (2019). "Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release". Nature. 569 (7754): 32–34. Bibcode:2019Natur.569...32T. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4. PMID 31040419.
Dean et al. 2018. Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018). "Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World". Reviews of Geophysics. 56 (1): 207–250. Bibcode:2018RvGeo..56..207D. doi:10.1002/2017RG000559. hdl:2066/195183. ISSN 1944-9208.
Wuebbles, D.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Hibbard, K.A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J.P.; Taylor, P.C.; Waple, A.M.; Yohe, C.P. (23 November 2018). "Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report". globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program: 1–470. doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019.
Fischer, Tobias P.; Aiuppa, Alessandro (2020). "AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO 2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism—Recent Progress and Future Challenges". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 21 (3). doi:10.1029/2019GC008690. ISSN 1525-2027.
Lockwood, Mike; Lockwood, Claus (2007). "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 463 (2086): 2447–2460. Bibcode:2007RSPSA.463.2447L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. S2CID 14580351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, pp. 702–703; Randel et al. 2009. Hegerl, G. C.; Zwiers, F. W.; Braconnot, P.; Gillett, N. P.; et al. (2007). "Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. pp. 663–745. Randel, William J.; Shine, Keith P.; Austin, John; Barnett, John; et al. (2009). "An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..114.2107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD010421. HAL hal-00355600.

ecowatch.com

Rosane, Olivia (13 May 2019). "CO2 Levels Top 415 PPM for First Time in Human History". Ecowatch. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.

epa.gov

Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (28 June 2012). "Causes of Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect causes the atmosphere to retain heat". EPA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
See also: 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Concentrations, vol. 2. Validity of Observed and Measured Data, archived from the original on 27 August 2016, retrieved 1 July 2013, in EPA 2009
EPA 2020; Global Methane Initiative 2020: Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions by Source, 2020: Enteric fermentation (27%), Manure Management (3%), Coal Mining (9%), Municipal Solid Waste (11%), Oil & Gas (24%), Wastewater (7%), Rice Cultivation (7%) US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Global Methane Initiative (2020). Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities (PDF) (Report). Global Methane Initiative.
EPA 2019: Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N₂O emissions; Davidson 2009: 2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period US EPA (13 September 2019). "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020. Davidson, Eric (2009). "The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860". Nature Geoscience. 2: 659–662. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2016.04.002.

nepis.epa.gov

"EPA's Endangerment Finding Climate Change Facts". National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). 2009. Report ID: 430F09086. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

fao.org

The Sustainability Consortium, 13 September 2018; UN FAO 2016, p. 18. "One-Fourth of Global Forest Loss Permanent: Deforestation Is Not Slowing Down". The Sustainability Consortium. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. UN FAO (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. How are the world's forests changing? (PDF) (Report). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-109283-5. Retrieved 1 December 2019.

globalchange.gov

science2017.globalchange.gov

USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 Figure 3.1 panel 2 Archived 9 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Figure 3.3 panel 5 . Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.). Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change (PDF). doi:10.7930/J01834ND.
Fahey, D. W.; Doherty, S. J.; Hibbard, K. A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P. C. (2017). "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" (PDF). National Climate Assessment.
USGCRP Chapter 2 2017, pp. 93–95. Fahey, D. W.; Doherty, S. J.; Hibbard, K. A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P. C. (2017). "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" (PDF). In USGCRP2017.
USGCRP Chapter 2 2017, pp. 89–91. Fahey, D. W.; Doherty, S. J.; Hibbard, K. A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P. C. (2017). "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" (PDF). In USGCRP2017.
USGCRP Chapter 2 2017, pp. 89–90. Fahey, D. W.; Doherty, S. J.; Hibbard, K. A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P. C. (2017). "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" (PDF). In USGCRP2017.
"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change". science2017.globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): 1–470. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Adapted directly from Fig. 3.3.
Wuebbles, D.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Hibbard, K.A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J.P.; Taylor, P.C.; Waple, A.M.; Yohe, C.P. (23 November 2018). "Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report". globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program: 1–470. doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019.
USGCRP Chapter 2 2017, p. 79 Fahey, D. W.; Doherty, S. J.; Hibbard, K. A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P. C. (2017). "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" (PDF). In USGCRP2017.
USGCRP Chapter 2 2017, p. 79 Fahey, D. W.; Doherty, S. J.; Hibbard, K. A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P. C. (2017). "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change" (PDF). In USGCRP2017.

globalchange.gov

USGCRP 2009, p. 20. USGCRP (2009). Karl, T. R.; Melillo, J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S. J. (eds.). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
USGCRP 2009, p. 20. USGCRP (2009). Karl, T. R.; Melillo, J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S. J. (eds.). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2024.

globalmethane.org

EPA 2020; Global Methane Initiative 2020: Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions by Source, 2020: Enteric fermentation (27%), Manure Management (3%), Coal Mining (9%), Municipal Solid Waste (11%), Oil & Gas (24%), Wastewater (7%), Rice Cultivation (7%) US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Global Methane Initiative (2020). Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities (PDF) (Report). Global Methane Initiative.

grida.no

Albritton et al., Technical Summary Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Box 1: What drives changes in climate? Archived 19 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, in IPCC TAR WG1 2001. IPCC TAR WG1 (2001), Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A. (eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80767-0, archived from the original on 15 December 2019, retrieved 18 December 2019 (pb: 0-521-01495-6).

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). "Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22 (18): 12221–12239. Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791. S2CID 252446168.
He et al. 2018; Storelvmo et al. 2016 He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018). "A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4281–4289. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4281H. doi:10.1029/2018GL077424. hdl:20.500.11850/268470. ISSN 1944-8007. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022). "Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (2): 761–769. Bibcode:2022EnST...56..761X. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779. hdl:10138/341962. PMID 34941248. S2CID 245445736.
Melillo et al. 2017: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. Melillo, J. M.; Frey, S. D.; DeAngelis, K. M.; Werner, W. J.; et al. (2017). "Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world". Science. 358 (6359): 101–105. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..101M. doi:10.1126/science.aan2874. hdl:1912/9383. PMID 28983050.
Dean et al. 2018. Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018). "Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World". Reviews of Geophysics. 56 (1): 207–250. Bibcode:2018RvGeo..56..207D. doi:10.1002/2017RG000559. hdl:2066/195183. ISSN 1944-9208.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). "Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22 (18): 12221–12239. Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791. S2CID 252446168.
Cao, Yang; Zhu, Yannian; Wang, Minghuai; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Liang, Yuan; Liu, Jihu; Liu, Zhoukun; Bai, Heming (7 January 2023). "Emission Reductions Significantly Reduce the Hemispheric Contrast in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in Recent Two Decades". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 128 (2): e2022JD037417. Bibcode:2023JGRD..12837417C. doi:10.1029/2022JD037417.
Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H; Lerdau, Manuel T (1 August 2017). "Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8): 084001. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4001W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885. ISSN 1748-9326. Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer)
Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto A.; Miller, Ron L.; Lacis, Andy A. (27 October 2010). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D20). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. ISSN 0148-0227.
Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005). "High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present". Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. doi:10.1038/nature06949. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18480821. S2CID 1382081.
Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999). "Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO 2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations". Science. 283 (5408): 1712–1714. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1712F. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10073931.
Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000). "Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (5): 735–738. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27..735I. doi:10.1029/1999GL010960. S2CID 18942742.
Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (15 July 2020). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data (ESSD). 12 (3): 1561–1623. Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.1561S. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
Samset, B. H.; Sand, M.; Smith, C. J.; Bauer, S. E.; Forster, P. M.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Osprey, S.; Schleussner, C.-F. (2018). "Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (2): 1020–1029. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.1020S. doi:10.1002/2017GL076079. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 7427631. PMID 32801404.
He et al. 2018; Storelvmo et al. 2016 He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018). "A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4281–4289. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4281H. doi:10.1029/2018GL077424. hdl:20.500.11850/268470. ISSN 1944-8007. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022). "Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (2): 761–769. Bibcode:2022EnST...56..761X. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779. hdl:10138/341962. PMID 34941248. S2CID 245445736.
Wild et al. 2005; Storelvmo et al. 2016; Samset et al. 2018. Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface". Science. 308 (5723): 847–850. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..847W. doi:10.1126/science.1103215. PMID 15879214. S2CID 13124021. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Twomey, S. (1977). "The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 34 (7): 1149–1152. Bibcode:1977JAtS...34.1149T. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.^{[permanent dead link]}
Albrecht 1989. Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). "Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness". Science. 245 (4923): 1227–1239. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1227A. doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227. PMID 17747885. S2CID 46152332.
Ramanathan & Carmichael 2008; RIVM 2016. Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). "Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156. Documentary Sea Blind (Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; Langner, J.; Victor, D. G. (2016). "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers". Nature Climate Change. 6 (3): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..286S. doi:10.1038/nclimate2880. ISSN 1758-678X.
Curtis, Philip G.; Slay, Christy M.; Harris, Nancy L.; Tyukavina, Alexandra; Hansen, Matthew C. (14 September 2018). "Classifying drivers of global forest loss". Science. 361 (6407): 1108–1111. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1108C. doi:10.1126/science.aau3445. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30213911.
Melillo et al. 2017: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. Melillo, J. M.; Frey, S. D.; DeAngelis, K. M.; Werner, W. J.; et al. (2017). "Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world". Science. 358 (6359): 101–105. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..101M. doi:10.1126/science.aan2874. hdl:1912/9383. PMID 28983050.
Wolff et al. 2015: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." Wolff, Eric W.; Shepherd, John G.; Shuckburgh, Emily; Watson, Andrew J. (2015). "Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 373 (2054): 20140428. Bibcode:2015RSPTA.37340428W. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428. PMC 4608041. PMID 26438277.
Williams, Richard G; Ceppi, Paulo; Katavouta, Anna (2020). "Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (9): 0940c1. Bibcode:2020ERL....15i40c1W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9. ISSN 1748-9326.
Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.; Barlow, Mathew; Whittleston, David; Coumou, Dim; Francis, Jennifer; Dethloff, Klaus; Entekhabi, Dara; Overland, James; Jones, Justin (2014). "Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather". Nature Geoscience. 7 (9): 627–637. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..627C. doi:10.1038/ngeo2234. ISSN 1752-0894.
Turetsky et al. 2019 Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Anthony, Katey Walter; et al. (2019). "Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release". Nature. 569 (7754): 32–34. Bibcode:2019Natur.569...32T. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4. PMID 31040419.
Dean et al. 2018. Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018). "Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World". Reviews of Geophysics. 56 (1): 207–250. Bibcode:2018RvGeo..56..207D. doi:10.1002/2017RG000559. hdl:2066/195183. ISSN 1944-9208.
Lockwood, Mike; Lockwood, Claus (2007). "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 463 (2086): 2447–2460. Bibcode:2007RSPSA.463.2447L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. S2CID 14580351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, pp. 702–703; Randel et al. 2009. Hegerl, G. C.; Zwiers, F. W.; Braconnot, P.; Gillett, N. P.; et al. (2007). "Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. pp. 663–745. Randel, William J.; Shine, Keith P.; Austin, John; Barnett, John; et al. (2009). "An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..114.2107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD010421. HAL hal-00355600.

hm-treasury.gov.uk

7. Projecting the Growth of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (PDF), pp. 171–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2012, in Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change (pre-publication edition) (2006)

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H; Lerdau, Manuel T (1 August 2017). "Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8): 084001. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4001W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885. ISSN 1748-9326. Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer)
Williams, Richard G; Ceppi, Paulo; Katavouta, Anna (2020). "Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (9): 0940c1. Bibcode:2020ERL....15i40c1W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9. ISSN 1748-9326.

ipcc.ch

Eyring, Veronika; Gillett, Nathan P.; Achutarao, Krishna M.; Barimalala, Rondrotiana; et al. (2021). "Chapter 3: Human influence on the climate system" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021. IPCC (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press).
- Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019: Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 447–587. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.007.
- IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
- Canadell, J. G.; Monteiro, P. M. S.; Costa, M. H.; Cotrim da Cunha, L.; Ishii, M.; Jaccard, S.; Cox, P. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Henson, S.; Koven, C.; Lohila, A.; Patra, P. K.; Piao, S.; Rogelj, J.; Syampungani, S.; Zaehle, S.; Zickfeld, K. (2021). "Global Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021. IPCC (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press).
  - Le Treut et al., Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, FAQ 1.1, What Factors Determine Earth's Climate? Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
  - Forster et al., Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and Radiative Forcing Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, FAQ 2.1, How do Human Activities Contribute to Climate Change and How do They Compare with Natural Influences? Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
  - IPCC, Summary for Policymakers Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Human and Natural Drivers of Climate Change Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Figure SPM.2, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
  - The IPCC in this report uses "likely" to indicate a statement with an assessed probability of 66% to 100%.IPCC (2021). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021. p. 4 n.4. ISBN 978-92-9169-158-6. IPCC (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press).
    - IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, A. Reisinger, R. Slade, R. Fradera, M. Pathak, A. Al Khourdajie, M. Belkacemi, R. van Diemen, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, D. McCollum, S. Some, P. Vyas, (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001.
    - Le Treut, H.; et al., "1.3.1 The Human Fingerprint on Greenhouse Gases", Historical Overview of Climate Change Science, archived from the original on 29 December 2011, retrieved 18 August 2012, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
    - Solomon, S.; et al., "TS.2.1.1 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide", Technical Summary, archived from the original on 15 October 2012, retrieved 18 August 2012, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
    - Solomon, S.; et al., Technical Summary, archived from the original on 28 November 2018, retrieved 25 September 2011, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. ^{[full citation needed]} IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
    - IPCC (2019). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). Special Report on Climate Change and Land. pp. 3–34.
    - IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019, p. 172: "The global biophysical cooling alone has been estimated by a larger range of climate models and is −0.10 ± 0.14 °C; it ranges from −0.57 °C to +0.06°C ... This cooling is essentially dominated by increases in surface albedo: historical land cover changes have generally led to a dominant brightening of land" Jia, G.; Shevliakova, E.; Artaxo, P. E.; De Noblet-Ducoudré, N.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions" (PDF). IPCC SRCCL 2019. pp. 131–247.
    - IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019, pp. 133, 144. Jia, G.; Shevliakova, E.; Artaxo, P. E.; De Noblet-Ducoudré, N.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions" (PDF). IPCC SRCCL 2019. pp. 131–247.
    - IPCC AR5 WG1 2013, p. 14 IPCC (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9.. AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC
      - IPCC (2001) Summary for Policymakers - A Report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
      - IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
      archive.ipcc.ch
      - IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, pp. 702–703; Randel et al. 2009. Hegerl, G. C.; Zwiers, F. W.; Braconnot, P.; Gillett, N. P.; et al. (2007). "Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. pp. 663–745. Randel, William J.; Shine, Keith P.; Austin, John; Barnett, John; et al. (2009). "An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..114.2107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD010421. HAL hal-00355600.

lbl.gov

cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov

Etheridge, D.; Steele, L.; Langenfelds, R.; Francey, R.; Barnola, J.-M.; Morgan, V. (1998). "Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores". Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
Keeling, C.; Whorf, T. (2004). "Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network". Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 November 2022.

mongabay.com

news.mongabay.com

Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). "Global forest loss increases in 2020". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. ● Mongabay graphing WRI data from "Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?". research.WRI.org. World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review. January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023.

nap.edu

Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (2001). "2. Natural Climatic Variations". Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. Washington, D.C., US: National Academies Press. p. 8. doi:10.17226/10139. ISBN 0-309-07574-2. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

nas.edu

dels.nas.edu

National Academies 2008, p. 6 National Academies (2008). Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition (PDF) (Report). National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2010.

nasa.gov

climate.nasa.gov

NASA. "The Causes of Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
"CO2 is making Earth greener—for now". NASA. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
"The study of Earth as an integrated system". Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019.
NASA, 28 May 2013. "Arctic amplification". NASA. 2013. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018.
"Is the Sun causing global warming?". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
Greicius, Tony (2 August 2022). "Tonga eruption blasted unprecedented amount of water into stratosphere". NASA Global Climate Change. Retrieved 18 January 2024. Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth's surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space. In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn't inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat. The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere and would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects.

data.giss.nasa.gov

"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020..

nasa.gov

"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists". NASA. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

nationalarchives.gov.uk

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

7. Projecting the Growth of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (PDF), pp. 171–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2012, in Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change (pre-publication edition) (2006)

nature.com

Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; Langner, J.; Victor, D. G. (2016). "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers". Nature Climate Change. 6 (3): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..286S. doi:10.1038/nclimate2880. ISSN 1758-678X.
Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.; Barlow, Mathew; Whittleston, David; Coumou, Dim; Francis, Jennifer; Dethloff, Klaus; Entekhabi, Dara; Overland, James; Jones, Justin (2014). "Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather". Nature Geoscience. 7 (9): 627–637. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..627C. doi:10.1038/ngeo2234. ISSN 1752-0894.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005). "High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present". Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. doi:10.1038/nature06949. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18480821. S2CID 1382081.
Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999). "Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO 2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations". Science. 283 (5408): 1712–1714. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1712F. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10073931.
Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.
Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019). "Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change". Reviews of Geophysics. 58 (1): e2019RG000660. doi:10.1029/2019RG000660. PMC 7384191. PMID 32734279.
McNeill, V. Faye (2017). "Atmospheric Aerosols: Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate". Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 8 (1): 427–444. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538. ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 28415861.
Samset, B. H.; Sand, M.; Smith, C. J.; Bauer, S. E.; Forster, P. M.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Osprey, S.; Schleussner, C.-F. (2018). "Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (2): 1020–1029. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.1020S. doi:10.1002/2017GL076079. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 7427631. PMID 32801404.
Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022). "Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (2): 761–769. Bibcode:2022EnST...56..761X. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779. hdl:10138/341962. PMID 34941248. S2CID 245445736.
Wild et al. 2005; Storelvmo et al. 2016; Samset et al. 2018. Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface". Science. 308 (5723): 847–850. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..847W. doi:10.1126/science.1103215. PMID 15879214. S2CID 13124021. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Albrecht 1989. Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). "Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness". Science. 245 (4923): 1227–1239. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1227A. doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227. PMID 17747885. S2CID 46152332.
Curtis, Philip G.; Slay, Christy M.; Harris, Nancy L.; Tyukavina, Alexandra; Hansen, Matthew C. (14 September 2018). "Classifying drivers of global forest loss". Science. 361 (6407): 1108–1111. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1108C. doi:10.1126/science.aau3445. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30213911.
Melillo et al. 2017: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. Melillo, J. M.; Frey, S. D.; DeAngelis, K. M.; Werner, W. J.; et al. (2017). "Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world". Science. 358 (6359): 101–105. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..101M. doi:10.1126/science.aan2874. hdl:1912/9383. PMID 28983050.
Wolff et al. 2015: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." Wolff, Eric W.; Shepherd, John G.; Shuckburgh, Emily; Watson, Andrew J. (2015). "Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 373 (2054): 20140428. Bibcode:2015RSPTA.37340428W. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428. PMC 4608041. PMID 26438277.
Turetsky et al. 2019 Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Anthony, Katey Walter; et al. (2019). "Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release". Nature. 569 (7754): 32–34. Bibcode:2019Natur.569...32T. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4. PMID 31040419.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.
Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019). "Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change". Reviews of Geophysics. 58 (1): e2019RG000660. doi:10.1029/2019RG000660. PMC 7384191. PMID 32734279.
Samset, B. H.; Sand, M.; Smith, C. J.; Bauer, S. E.; Forster, P. M.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Osprey, S.; Schleussner, C.-F. (2018). "Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (2): 1020–1029. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.1020S. doi:10.1002/2017GL076079. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 7427631. PMID 32801404.
Wolff et al. 2015: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." Wolff, Eric W.; Shepherd, John G.; Shuckburgh, Emily; Watson, Andrew J. (2015). "Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 373 (2054): 20140428. Bibcode:2015RSPTA.37340428W. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428. PMC 4608041. PMID 26438277.

noaa.gov

gml.noaa.gov

"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)". NOAA.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Spring 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023.

nsidc.org

"Thermodynamics: Albedo". NSIDC. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.

osti.gov

Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation". Nature Climate Change. 13: 83–90. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7. OSTI 2242376. S2CID 255028552.

ourworldindata.org

Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.
Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (16 February 2024). "Land Use". Our World in Data.

pbl.nl

Olivier & Peters 2019, p. 17; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014: Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al₂O₃). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO₂ is a greenhouse gas Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. (2019). Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions (PDF). The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020. US EPA (15 September 2020). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". Retrieved 15 September 2020. Kvande, H. (2014). "The Aluminum Smelting Process". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56 (5 Suppl): S2–S4. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154. PMC 4131936. PMID 24806722.

researchgate.net

Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville, 2014: Appendix 3: Climate Science Supplement. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, 735-789. doi:10.7930/J0KS6PHH
Ramanathan & Carmichael 2008; RIVM 2016. Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). "Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156. Documentary Sea Blind (Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2019.

rivm.nl

Ramanathan & Carmichael 2008; RIVM 2016. Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). "Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156. Documentary Sea Blind (Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2019.

royalsoc.ac.uk

pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk

Lockwood, Mike; Lockwood, Claus (2007). "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 463 (2086): 2447–2460. Bibcode:2007RSPSA.463.2447L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. S2CID 14580351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.

science.org

Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999). "Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO 2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations". Science. 283 (5408): 1712–1714. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1712F. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10073931.
Curtis, Philip G.; Slay, Christy M.; Harris, Nancy L.; Tyukavina, Alexandra; Hansen, Matthew C. (14 September 2018). "Classifying drivers of global forest loss". Science. 361 (6407): 1108–1111. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1108C. doi:10.1126/science.aau3445. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30213911.

scientistswarning.org

"Global Dimming Dilemma". 4 June 2020.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). "Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22 (18): 12221–12239. Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791. S2CID 252446168.
Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005). "High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present". Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. doi:10.1038/nature06949. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18480821. S2CID 1382081.
Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000). "Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (5): 735–738. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27..735I. doi:10.1029/1999GL010960. S2CID 18942742.
Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022). "Double Trouble of Air Pollution by Anthropogenic Dust". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (2): 761–769. Bibcode:2022EnST...56..761X. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04779. hdl:10138/341962. PMID 34941248. S2CID 245445736.
Wild et al. 2005; Storelvmo et al. 2016; Samset et al. 2018. Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface". Science. 308 (5723): 847–850. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..847W. doi:10.1126/science.1103215. PMID 15879214. S2CID 13124021. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Albrecht 1989. Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). "Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness". Science. 245 (4923): 1227–1239. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1227A. doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227. PMID 17747885. S2CID 46152332.
Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation". Nature Climate Change. 13: 83–90. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7. OSTI 2242376. S2CID 255028552.
Lockwood, Mike; Lockwood, Claus (2007). "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 463 (2086): 2447–2460. Bibcode:2007RSPSA.463.2447L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. S2CID 14580351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.

soton.ac.uk

eprints.soton.ac.uk

He et al. 2018; Storelvmo et al. 2016 He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018). "A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4281–4289. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4281H. doi:10.1029/2018GL077424. hdl:20.500.11850/268470. ISSN 1944-8007. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Wild et al. 2005; Storelvmo et al. 2016; Samset et al. 2018. Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface". Science. 308 (5723): 847–850. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..847W. doi:10.1126/science.1103215. PMID 15879214. S2CID 13124021. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.

sustainabilityconsortium.org

The Sustainability Consortium, 13 September 2018; UN FAO 2016, p. 18. "One-Fourth of Global Forest Loss Permanent: Deforestation Is Not Slowing Down". The Sustainability Consortium. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. UN FAO (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. How are the world's forests changing? (PDF) (Report). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-109283-5. Retrieved 1 December 2019.

unfccc.int

"The Kyoto Protocol". UNFCCC. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2007.

virtualcentre.org

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow (PDF). Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N. ISBN 92-5-105571-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008.

web.archive.org

OPR (n.d.), Office of Planning and Research (OPR) List of Organizations, OPR, Office of the Governor, State of California, archived from the original on 1 April 2014, retrieved 30 November 2013. Archived page: The source appears to incorrectly list the Society of Biology (UK) twice.
"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020..
USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 Figure 3.1 panel 2 Archived 9 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Figure 3.3 panel 5 . Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.). Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change (PDF). doi:10.7930/J01834ND.
Le Treut et al., Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, FAQ 1.1, What Factors Determine Earth's Climate? Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
Forster et al., Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and Radiative Forcing Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, FAQ 2.1, How do Human Activities Contribute to Climate Change and How do They Compare with Natural Influences? Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
IPCC, Summary for Policymakers Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Human and Natural Drivers of Climate Change Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Figure SPM.2, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
US National Research Council (2008). Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition (PDF). Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (2001). "2. Natural Climatic Variations". Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. Washington, D.C., US: National Academies Press. p. 8. doi:10.17226/10139. ISBN 0-309-07574-2. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
Albritton et al., Technical Summary Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Box 1: What drives changes in climate? Archived 19 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, in IPCC TAR WG1 2001. IPCC TAR WG1 (2001), Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A. (eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80767-0, archived from the original on 15 December 2019, retrieved 18 December 2019 (pb: 0-521-01495-6).
"EPA's Endangerment Finding Climate Change Facts". National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). 2009. Report ID: 430F09086. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
USGCRP 2009, p. 20. USGCRP (2009). Karl, T. R.; Melillo, J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S. J. (eds.). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)". NOAA.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Spring 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023.
NASA. "The Causes of Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (28 June 2012). "Causes of Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect causes the atmosphere to retain heat". EPA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
See also: 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Concentrations, vol. 2. Validity of Observed and Measured Data, archived from the original on 27 August 2016, retrieved 1 July 2013, in EPA 2009
Le Treut, H.; et al., "1.3.1 The Human Fingerprint on Greenhouse Gases", Historical Overview of Climate Change Science, archived from the original on 29 December 2011, retrieved 18 August 2012, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
Rosane, Olivia (13 May 2019). "CO2 Levels Top 415 PPM for First Time in Human History". Ecowatch. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
EPA 2019: Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N₂O emissions; Davidson 2009: 2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period US EPA (13 September 2019). "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020. Davidson, Eric (2009). "The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860". Nature Geoscience. 2: 659–662. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2016.04.002.
"The Kyoto Protocol". UNFCCC. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
7. Projecting the Growth of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (PDF), pp. 171–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2012, in Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change (pre-publication edition) (2006)
"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists". NASA. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming". American Geophysical Union. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
Ramanathan & Carmichael 2008; RIVM 2016. Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). "Global and Regional Climate Changes due to Black Carbon". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156. Documentary Sea Blind (Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). "Global forest loss increases in 2020". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. ● Mongabay graphing WRI data from "Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?". research.WRI.org. World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review. January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023.
Solomon, S.; et al., "TS.2.1.1 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide", Technical Summary, archived from the original on 15 October 2012, retrieved 18 August 2012, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
Solomon, S.; et al., Technical Summary, archived from the original on 28 November 2018, retrieved 25 September 2011, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. ^{[full citation needed]} IPCC (2007). Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1.
Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow (PDF). Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N. ISBN 92-5-105571-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008.
"CO2 is making Earth greener—for now". NASA. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
"Thermodynamics: Albedo". NSIDC. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
"The study of Earth as an integrated system". Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019.
NASA, 28 May 2013. "Arctic amplification". NASA. 2013. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018.
"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change". science2017.globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): 1–470. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Adapted directly from Fig. 3.3.
Wuebbles, D.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Hibbard, K.A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J.P.; Taylor, P.C.; Waple, A.M.; Yohe, C.P. (23 November 2018). "Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report". globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program: 1–470. doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019.
National Academies 2008, p. 6 National Academies (2008). Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition (PDF) (Report). National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
"Is the Sun causing global warming?". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
Lockwood, Mike; Lockwood, Claus (2007). "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 463 (2086): 2447–2460. Bibcode:2007RSPSA.463.2447L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. S2CID 14580351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
USGCRP 2009, p. 20. USGCRP (2009). Karl, T. R.; Melillo, J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S. J. (eds.). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2024.

wiley.com

agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto A.; Miller, Ron L.; Lacis, Andy A. (27 October 2010). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D20). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. ISSN 0148-0227.
Fischer, Tobias P.; Aiuppa, Alessandro (2020). "AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO 2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism—Recent Progress and Future Challenges". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 21 (3). doi:10.1029/2019GC008690. ISSN 1525-2027.

doi.wiley.com

Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000). "Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (5): 735–738. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27..735I. doi:10.1029/1999GL010960. S2CID 18942742.

wmo.int

library.wmo.int

WMO 2021, p. 8. WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2020. WMO-No. 1264. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. 2021. ISBN 978-92-63-11264-4.

worldcat.org

Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H; Lerdau, Manuel T (1 August 2017). "Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8): 084001. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4001W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885. ISSN 1748-9326. Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer)
Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto A.; Miller, Ron L.; Lacis, Andy A. (27 October 2010). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D20). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. ISSN 0148-0227.
Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005). "High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present". Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. doi:10.1038/nature06949. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18480821. S2CID 1382081.
Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999). "Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO 2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations". Science. 283 (5408): 1712–1714. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1712F. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10073931.
Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (15 July 2020). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data (ESSD). 12 (3): 1561–1623. Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.1561S. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
McNeill, V. Faye (2017). "Atmospheric Aerosols: Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate". Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 8 (1): 427–444. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538. ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 28415861.
Samset, B. H.; Sand, M.; Smith, C. J.; Bauer, S. E.; Forster, P. M.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Osprey, S.; Schleussner, C.-F. (2018). "Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (2): 1020–1029. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.1020S. doi:10.1002/2017GL076079. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 7427631. PMID 32801404.
He et al. 2018; Storelvmo et al. 2016 He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018). "A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4281–4289. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4281H. doi:10.1029/2018GL077424. hdl:20.500.11850/268470. ISSN 1944-8007. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Wild et al. 2005; Storelvmo et al. 2016; Samset et al. 2018. Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface". Science. 308 (5723): 847–850. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..847W. doi:10.1126/science.1103215. PMID 15879214. S2CID 13124021. Storelvmo, T.; Phillips, P. C. B.; Lohmann, U.; Leirvik, T.; Wild, M. (2016). "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..286S. doi:10.1038/ngeo2670. ISSN 1752-0908.
Twomey, S. (1977). "The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 34 (7): 1149–1152. Bibcode:1977JAtS...34.1149T. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.^{[permanent dead link]}
Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; Langner, J.; Victor, D. G. (2016). "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers". Nature Climate Change. 6 (3): 286–289. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..286S. doi:10.1038/nclimate2880. ISSN 1758-678X.
Curtis, Philip G.; Slay, Christy M.; Harris, Nancy L.; Tyukavina, Alexandra; Hansen, Matthew C. (14 September 2018). "Classifying drivers of global forest loss". Science. 361 (6407): 1108–1111. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1108C. doi:10.1126/science.aau3445. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30213911.
Williams, Richard G; Ceppi, Paulo; Katavouta, Anna (2020). "Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (9): 0940c1. Bibcode:2020ERL....15i40c1W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9. ISSN 1748-9326.
Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.; Barlow, Mathew; Whittleston, David; Coumou, Dim; Francis, Jennifer; Dethloff, Klaus; Entekhabi, Dara; Overland, James; Jones, Justin (2014). "Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather". Nature Geoscience. 7 (9): 627–637. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..627C. doi:10.1038/ngeo2234. ISSN 1752-0894.
Dean et al. 2018. Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018). "Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World". Reviews of Geophysics. 56 (1): 207–250. Bibcode:2018RvGeo..56..207D. doi:10.1002/2017RG000559. hdl:2066/195183. ISSN 1944-9208.
Fischer, Tobias P.; Aiuppa, Alessandro (2020). "AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO 2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism—Recent Progress and Future Challenges". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 21 (3). doi:10.1029/2019GC008690. ISSN 1525-2027.

wri.org

research.wri.org

Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021). "Global forest loss increases in 2020". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. ● Mongabay graphing WRI data from "Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?". research.WRI.org. World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review. January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023.

wri.org

World Resources Institute, 8 December 2019 Seymour, Frances; Gibbs, David (8 December 2019). "Forests in the IPCC Special Report on Land Use: 7 Things to Know". World Resources Institute.

yale.edu

e360.yale.edu

Pearce, Fred (18 April 2023). "New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse". Retrieved 3 February 2024.

Attribution of recent climate change (English Wikipedia)

acs.org

pubs.acs.org

agu.org

news.agu.org

americasclimatechoices.org

ametsoc.org

journals.ametsoc.org

annualreviews.org

archive.org

archive.today

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

bbc.co.uk

ca.gov

opr.ca.gov

climate.gov

climatechange2013.org

copernicus.org

acp.copernicus.org

essd.copernicus.org

doi.org

ecowatch.com

epa.gov

epa.gov

nepis.epa.gov

fao.org

globalchange.gov

science2017.globalchange.gov

globalchange.gov

globalmethane.org

grida.no

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hm-treasury.gov.uk

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

ipcc.ch

ipcc.ch

archive.ipcc.ch

lbl.gov

cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov

mongabay.com

news.mongabay.com

nap.edu

nas.edu

dels.nas.edu

nasa.gov

climate.nasa.gov

data.giss.nasa.gov

nasa.gov

nationalarchives.gov.uk

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

nature.com

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

noaa.gov

gml.noaa.gov

nsidc.org

osti.gov

ourworldindata.org

pbl.nl

researchgate.net

rivm.nl

royalsoc.ac.uk

pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk

science.org

scientistswarning.org

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

soton.ac.uk

eprints.soton.ac.uk

sustainabilityconsortium.org

unfccc.int

virtualcentre.org

web.archive.org

wiley.com