During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
davidkertzer.com
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
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During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
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During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
During the time of Travancore, uncovering one's breasts was revered as a symbolic token of homage from the lower castes towards the upper castes. A state law prevented this covering, which served to demarcate the caste hierarchy in a prominent manner, and often served as the core locus of spontaneous rebellions by lower castes (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Hardgrave 1969, p. 55–70). Lower-caste women who covered their chest broke the caste regulations, and could be fined by a Nair council (Jain 2021). Higher-caste women, including Nair women, covered both shoulders and parts of the chest with a shawl (ICF-team (2019),
Amrith Lal (2018)). With the spread of Christianity in the 19th century, the Christian converts among the Nadar women started covering their upper body with long cloths, and gradually the Hindu Nadar women also started to wear the Nair breast cloth (Hardgrave 1969, p. 59–62, Hardgrave 1968, Amrith Lal (2018)) which led to violence between the upper caste and lower castes (NIE (2009)). From 1813 to 1859, several laws were enacted and repealed by Travancore regarding the upper cloth issue (Cohn 1996, p. 140, Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 109). Several waves of violence continued for four decades (NIE (2009)). In 1859, under pressure from the Madras governor, the king issued a decree giving all Nadar women the right to cover their breasts (Cohn 1996, p. 141, Ross 2008, p. 78, Jones 1989, p. 159) though they were still not allowed to follow the style of the higher-class women (Ponnumuthan 1996, p. 110, Cohn 1996, p. 141–142, Kertzer 1988, p. 113). Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Jain, Kajri (March 2021). Gods in the Time of Democracy. Duke University Press. Hardgrave, Robert L. (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. OCLC12064. Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (1968). "The Breast-Cloth Controversy: Caste Consciousness and Social Change in Southern Travancore". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 5 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1177/001946466800500205. S2CID143287605. Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Ross, Robert (2008), Clothing: A Global History, Polity Jones, Kenneth W. (1989), Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-24986-4 Ponnumuthan, Selvister (1996), The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India, Universita Gregoriana Cohn, Bernard S. (1996), Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge, Princeton University Press, ISBN9780691000435 Kertzer, David I. (1988), Ritual, Politics, and Power, Yale University Press
