Christian mortalism (English Wikipedia)

"Statement of faith", About us, NZ: After life, We believe that human beings are by nature mortal. Genesis 2:7; 3:19; 1 Timothy 6:16; 2 Timothy 1:10; Romans 2:6–7. We believe that human beings in death are unconscious. Psalm 6:5; 115:17; Ecclesiastes 9:5,10. This is likened to "sleep". Job 14:12; Psalm 13:3; Jeremiah 51:39; Daniel 12:2; John 11:11–14; 1 Corinthians 15:51. We believe that immortality is obtained only through faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. 1 Corinthians 15:21–23; 2 Timothy 4:7–8; 1 John 5:9–12
"Did you say sleep?", Theology, NZ: After life, 2012, archived from the original on 22 February 2013, Bible consistently uses a metaphor for death that is viewed as neither socially or theologically appropriate among evangelicals. It calls death a sleep. But if a believer slips and refers to the dead as sleeping, judging from the reaction among traditionalists, you would think that he had shot God.

archive.org

Milton 1825, p. 280. Milton, John (1825), A Treatise on Christian Doctrine: Compiled from the Holy Scriptures Alone, J. Smith – via Google Books. Via Archive.org
Milton 1825, p. ^{[page needed]}: 'Inasmuch then as the whole man is uniformly said to consist of body, and soul (whatever may be the distinct provinces assigned to these divisions), I will show, that in death, first, the whole man, and secondly, each component part, suffers privation of life... The grave is the common guardian of all till the day of judgment.' Milton, John (1825), A Treatise on Christian Doctrine: Compiled from the Holy Scriptures Alone, J. Smith – via Google Books. Via Archive.org

archive.today

"Did you say sleep?", Theology, NZ: After life, 2012, archived from the original on 22 February 2013, Bible consistently uses a metaphor for death that is viewed as neither socially or theologically appropriate among evangelicals. It calls death a sleep. But if a believer slips and refers to the dead as sleeping, judging from the reaction among traditionalists, you would think that he had shot God.

books.google.com

Campbell, Gordon; Corns, Thomas N; Hale, John K (2007), Milton and the manuscript of De doctrina Christiana, Oxford University Press, p. 117, ISBN 978-0-19-929649-1, The belief that the soul dies with the body but is resurrected at the last judgment is known as thnetopsychism; the belief that the soul sleeps from the moment of death until the last judgment is known as psychopannychism
Blackburne 1765, p. 70: 'In the year 1702, Dr. William Coward a Physician, under the fictitious name of Estibius Psychalethes, published a book entitled, Second Thoughts concerning human soul, demonstrating the notion of human soul, as believed to be a spiritual, immortal substance united to human body, to be a plain heathenish invention, and not consonant to the principles of philosophy, reason, or religion.' Blackburne (1765), A short historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state and the separate existence of the soul between death and the general resurrection, deduced from the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, to the present times.
Blackburne 1765, p. 68–69: 'The doctrine of the New Testament is, that men shall become immortal by the way of a resurrection of the dead, a restoration of the whole man to life; and the NT is so far from acknowledging any intermediate consciousness in man, between death and the resurrection, that' if always speaks of that interval as a sleep which implies a suspension of the thinking faculty, a rest from those labours, which require thought, memory, consciousness, &c. during which those faculties are useless.' Blackburne (1765), A short historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state and the separate existence of the soul between death and the general resurrection, deduced from the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, to the present times.
Grant 1895, ch 4-1: "Dr. JH M'Culloh says: 'There is no word in the Hebrew language that signifies either soul or spirit, in the technical sense in which we use the term as implying something distinct from the body'. § 55. R. B. Girdlestone, in his Synonyms of the Old Testament, says: 'The soul is, properly speaking, the animating principle of the body; and is the common property of man and beast. ...In other words, it is the life, whether of man or beast.' When every passage in the Bible that speaks of the soul of man has been carefully examined, it will be found that these statements of these eminent Hebrew scholars and lexicographers, and many others, are strictly correct, and therefore should be fully believed by all who love the truth". Grant, Miles (1895), Positive Theology.
Grant 1895, ch 4-2: "Said Charles A Young, LL D, Professor of Astronomy at Princeton College, New Jersey: 'I think it must be frankly admitted that what is known about the functions of the brain and nervous system does, to a certain extent, tend to 'make it difficult to believe in the immortality of the personal consciousness.' Said Joseph Leidy, MD, LL D, Professor of Anatomy and Zoology, in the University of Pennsylvania: 'Personal consciousness is observed as a condition of each and every living animal, varying from microscopic forms to man. The condition is observed to cease with death; and I know of no facts of modern science which make it otherwise than difficult to believe in the persistence of that condition, that is, 'the immortality of the personal existence.' Science has learned no more than is expressed in Eccl. 3: 19: 'For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even one thing befalleth them; as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea, they have all one breath; so that a man hath no preeminence above a beast.' " Said Lester F. Ward, AM, at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: 'The consciousness, when scientifically examined, reveals itself as a quality of brain.... It is a universal induction of science that modification of brain is accompanied by modification of consciousness, and that the destruction of brain results in destruction of consciousness. No exception to this law has ever been observed.' Thomas Hill, DD, ex-President of Harvard College, says 'Many facts in the possession of modern science make it difficult to believe in immortality.' Says Alexander G Bell: 'The possibility of thought without a brain whereby to think is opposed to experience, but this persistence of 'personal consciousness' after the death of the body involves this assumption.' Says the distinguished FKCL Buchner: 'Unprejudiced philosophy is compelled to reject the idea of an individual immortality, and of a personal continuance after death.' It is certain that the voice of science is emphatically opposed to the doctrine of the immortality of the personal consciousness". Grant, Miles (1895), Positive Theology.
Milton 1825, p. 280. Milton, John (1825), A Treatise on Christian Doctrine: Compiled from the Holy Scriptures Alone, J. Smith – via Google Books. Via Archive.org
Campbell, Gordon; Corns, Thomas N; Hale, John K (2007), Milton and the manuscript of De doctrina Christiana, Oxford University Press, p. 117, ISBN 978-0-19-929649-1
Milton 1825, p. ^{[page needed]}: 'Inasmuch then as the whole man is uniformly said to consist of body, and soul (whatever may be the distinct provinces assigned to these divisions), I will show, that in death, first, the whole man, and secondly, each component part, suffers privation of life... The grave is the common guardian of all till the day of judgment.' Milton, John (1825), A Treatise on Christian Doctrine: Compiled from the Holy Scriptures Alone, J. Smith – via Google Books. Via Archive.org
Blackburne 1765. Blackburne (1765), A short historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state and the separate existence of the soul between death and the general resurrection, deduced from the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, to the present times.
Grant 1895, p. ^{[page needed]}. Grant, Miles (1895), Positive Theology.

byu.edu

eom.byu.edu

"Spirit World". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Judgment". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Spirit Prison". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Ordinances". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Baptism for the Dead". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

churchofjesuschrist.org

Gospel Principles (PDF). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

doaks.org

Constas 2001, p. 94. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. 111. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. ^{[page needed]}. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.

doi.org

Springborg, Patricia (2007), Springborg, Patricia (ed.), "General Introduction", The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes's Leviathan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1017/ccol0521836670.001, ISBN 9781139001571, retrieved 30 November 2022
Maves, Paul B. (March 1950). "Pastoral work with older people". Pastoral Psychology. 1 (2): 42–48. doi:10.1007/bf01786112. ISSN 0031-2789. S2CID 147434548.
"What Form after Death", Primitive Mentor, University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 5, doi:10.2307/j.ctt5hjp3c.4, retrieved 30 November 2022
Constas 2001, p. 94. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. 111. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. ^{[page needed]}. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Outler (1977), "John Wesley: Folk-Theologian", Theology Today, 34 (2): 154, doi:10.1177/004057367703400203, S2CID 170349455
Pleijel, Richard (2019). "To Be or to Have a nephesh?". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 131 (2): 194–206. doi:10.1515/zaw-2019-2007.

dx.doi.org

Springborg, Patricia (2007), Springborg, Patricia (ed.), "General Introduction", The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes's Leviathan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1017/ccol0521836670.001, ISBN 9781139001571, retrieved 30 November 2022
Maves, Paul B. (March 1950). "Pastoral work with older people". Pastoral Psychology. 1 (2): 42–48. doi:10.1007/bf01786112. ISSN 0031-2789. S2CID 147434548.
"What Form after Death", Primitive Mentor, University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 5, doi:10.2307/j.ctt5hjp3c.4, retrieved 30 November 2022

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jstor.org

Constas 2001, p. 94. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. 111. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. ^{[page needed]}. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.

jw.org

What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. 2008. p. 58. Not even one part of us survives the death of the body. We do not possess an immortal soul or spirit.

lcms.org

"A Statement on Death, Resurrection and Immortality". A Report of the Commission on Theology and Church Relations of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. 15 March 1969. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2017.

ministrymagazine.org

Walther, Daniel (1955). "Is There a Relationship Between Luther and Seventh-day Adventists?". Ministry.

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ocf.org

What Are the Differences between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?, OCF, p. 11, archived from the original on 3 June 2004, retrieved 26 November 2006, Because some have a prevision of the glory to come and others foretaste their suffering, the state of waiting is called 'Particular Judgment'

oxfordbibliographies.com

"Oxford Bibliographies: Afterlife and Immortality, Stephen L. Cook (Last reviewed: Nov. 2022)".

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Pope Benedict XII (20 December 1334). "Benedictus Deus On the Beatific Vision of God – Papal Encyclicals Online". Papal Encyclicals. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

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Maves, Paul B. (March 1950). "Pastoral work with older people". Pastoral Psychology. 1 (2): 42–48. doi:10.1007/bf01786112. ISSN 0031-2789. S2CID 147434548.
Outler (1977), "John Wesley: Folk-Theologian", Theology Today, 34 (2): 154, doi:10.1177/004057367703400203, S2CID 170349455

tertullian.org

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uncc.edu

religiousstudies.uncc.edu

Tabor, James, What the Bible Says About Death, Afterlife, and the Future, UNCC, Several places in the New Testament we clearly find the notion that the dead are conscious, dwelling somewhere in the heavenly realms beyond, and awaiting, either in torment or comfort, the final judgment (Luke 16:19–31, 23:43; 1 Pet. 3:18–20; 4:6; Rev. 6:9–11; 7:9–12).

web.archive.org

Constas 2001, p. 94. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. 111. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
Constas 2001, p. ^{[page needed]}. Constas, Nicholas (2001), Talbot, Alice-Mary (ed.), "'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream': The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55: 92–124, doi:10.2307/1291814, JSTOR 1291814, archived from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 28 November 2010.
"A Statement on Death, Resurrection and Immortality". A Report of the Commission on Theology and Church Relations of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. 15 March 1969. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
"Spirit World". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
What Are the Differences between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?, OCF, p. 11, archived from the original on 3 June 2004, retrieved 26 November 2006, Because some have a prevision of the glory to come and others foretaste their suffering, the state of waiting is called 'Particular Judgment'
"Judgment". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Spirit Prison". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Ordinances". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"Baptism for the Dead". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Athenagoras, On the Resurrection.CHAP. XVI., retrieved 7 July 2018

worldcat.org

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The nature of hell. Evangelical Alliance. Commission on Unity and Truth among Evangelicals. London: ACUTE (Paternoster Pub.). 2000. ISBN 0-9532992-2-8. OCLC 45128994.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Maves, Paul B. (March 1950). "Pastoral work with older people". Pastoral Psychology. 1 (2): 42–48. doi:10.1007/bf01786112. ISSN 0031-2789. S2CID 147434548.
Luther, Martin (1964), Schick, George V (ed.), Lectures in Genesis, Chapters 21–25, Luther's Works, Volume 4 (American ed.), Saint-Louis, Missouri: Concordia, p. 313, OCLC 471016102, Nevertheless, there is a difference between the sleep or rest of this life and that of the future life. For toward night a person who has become exhausted by his daily labor in this life enters into his chamber in peace, as it were, to sleep there; and during this night he enjoys rest and has no knowledge whatever of any evil caused either by fire or by murder. But the soul does not sleep in the same manner. It is awake. It experiences visions and the discourses of the angels and of God. Therefore the sleep in the future life is deeper than it is in this life. Nevertheless, the soul lives before God.
Jolley, Nicholas (2003) [1997], "The relation between theology and philosophy", in Garber; Ayres (eds.), The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century philosophy, Cambridge University Press, p. 383, ISBN 0-52153180-2, OCLC 56608329
Gumbel, Nicky (2003), Alpha: Questions of Life, London: Hodder & Stoughton, p. 58, ISBN 0340862580, OCLC 53124133, there is life beyond the grave. History is not meaningless or cyclical; it is moving towards a glorious climax. ...Then those who are in Christ will go to 'be with the Lord for ever' (1 Thessalonians 4:17).
Ford, David; Muers, Rachel (2005), The modern theologians: an introduction to Christian theology since 1918 (3rd ed.), Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, p. 693, ISBN 1405102764, OCLC 57344044, While the idea of an immortal soul is an established belief for most Christians, it cannot be supported by Biblical texts. …Consequently Buddhist and biblical views of the self agree that there exists no immortal soul that remains self-identically permanent through time.

worldcat.org

The nature of hell. Evangelical Alliance. Commission on Unity and Truth among Evangelicals. London: ACUTE (Paternoster Pub.). 2000. ISBN 0-9532992-2-8. OCLC 45128994.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)