Christopher Columbus (English Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Christopher Columbus" in English language version.
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academia.edu
- Alessandrini, Nunziatella (1 January 2012). "Os Perestrello: uma família de Piacenza no Império Português (século XVI)" [The Perestrellos: A Piacenza family in the Portuguese Empire (16th century)] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. p. 90.
Finally, the most famous son of Filippone, Bartolomeu Perestrello (I), who participated in the rediscovery of the island of Madeira in 1418, and was captain and feitor [administrator] of Porto Santo until, by a letter of 1 November 1446 from Infante Henrique, he became the first donatary captain of the island, a privilege that continued until the 19th century, with the last donatary captain Manuel da Câmara Bettencourt Perestrello in 1814.
- Smith, Ben (1 January 2002). "An astrolabe from Passa Pau, Cape Verde Islands". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 31 (1): 99–107. Bibcode:2002IJNAr..31...99S. doi:10.1006/ijna.2002.1021.
- Leon, Istvan Szaszdi (1 January 2012). "Castilian Justice and Columbian Injustice. The end of the Columbian Government in Hispaniola". Journal on European History of Law. 3 (2): 9.
apnews.com
- "Countdown begins to discover where Columbus came from". AP News. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
archive.org
- Freitas, Antonio Maria de; Maney, Regina (1893). The Wife of Columbus: With Genealogical Tree of the Perestrello and Moniz Families. New York City: Stettinger, Lambert & Co. p. 32.
- Dyson 1991, p. 63. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Sagan, Carl (1980). Cosmos. New York City: Random House. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-3945-0294-6. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- Dyson 1991, p. 84. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Dyson 1991, pp. 86, 92. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Dyson 1991, p. 92. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Dyson 1991, p. 102. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Nicholls, Steve (2009). Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0-226-58340-2.
- Hoxie, Frederick (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 568. ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1.
- Zinn 2003, pp. 1–22 Zinn, Howard (2003) [1980]. A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-052837-9.
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6281-2.
- Lyle N. McAlister (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. University of Minnesota Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-8166-1218-8.
- Dyson 1991, pp. 183, 190. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Dyson 1991, p. 194. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Dyson 1991, p. 196. Dyson, John (1991). Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-670-83725-0.
- Thacher, John Boyd (1904). Christopher Columbus: his life, his works, his remains: as revealed by original printed and manuscript records, together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé de las Casas, the first historians of America. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 570–73.
- Sale, Kirkpatrick (1991) [1990]. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. New York: Plume. pp. 204–209. ISBN 0-452-26669-6. OCLC 23940970.
- Boller, Paul F. (1995). Not So!: Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509186-1.
- Zinn 2003, p. 5. Zinn, Howard (2003) [1980]. A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-052837-9.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1955). Christopher Columbus, Mariner. New York City: Little Brown & Co (T); First edition. ISBN 978-0-316-58356-5.
bbc.co.uk
- "History – Leif Erikson (11th century)". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
behindthename.com
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Columbus, Diego (brother)". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. – The names Giacomo and Diego are cognates, along with James, all sharing a common origin. See Behind the Name, Mike Campbell, pages Giacomo, Diego, and James. All retrieved 3 February 2017.
books.google.com
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2010). Columbus on Himself. Hackett Publishing. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-60384-317-1.
The date of Fernando's birth, November 1488, gives a terminus ante quem early in that year for the start of Columbus's liaison with Beatriz Enríquez. She was of peasant parentage, but, when Columbus met her, was the ward of a well-to-do relative in Cordoba. A meat business gave her income of her own, mentioned in the only other record of Columbus's solicitude for her: a letter to Diego, written in 1502, just before departure on the fourth Atlantic crossing, in which the explorer enjoins his son to 'take Beatriz Enriquez in your care for love of me, as you your own mother'. Varela, Cristóbal Colón, p. 309.
- Taviani, Paolo Emilio (2016). "Beatriz de Arana". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
Columbus never married Beatriz. When he returned from the first voyage, he was given the greatest of honors and elevated to the highest position in Spain. Because of his discovery, he became one of the most illustrious persons at the Spanish court and had to submit, like all the great persons of the time, to customary legal restrictions on matters of marriage and extramarital relations. The Alphonsine laws forbade extramarital relations of concubinage for "illustrious people" (king, princes, dukes, counts, marquis) with plebeian women, if they themselves were or their forefathers had been of inferior social condition.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 126. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Caf Dowlah (2020). Cross-Border Labor Mobility: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9783030365066.
Most researchers however trace the beginning of the early modern era to Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas in the 1490s
- Mills, Keneth and Taylor, William B., Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, p. 36, SR Books, 1998, ISBN 0-8420-2573-1
- Edwards, J. (2014). Ferdinand and Isabella. Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-317-89345-5.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 91. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- King, Ross (2021). The Bookseller of Florence: The Story of the Manuscripts That Illuminated the Renaissance. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8021-5853-6.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 96. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Galante, John Starosta (2022). On the Other Shore: The Atlantic Worlds of Italians in South America During the Great War. Univ of Nebraska Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4962-2958-8. Ligurian pronunciation: [kriˈʃtɔffa kuˈɹuŋbu] Consulta Ligure (1982). Vocabolario delle parlate liguri [Vocabulary of Ligurian Speech: Specialized Vocabulary]. Sage. ISBN 978-8-8705-8044-0.
- Sánchez, Joseph P.; Gurulé, Jerry L.; Broughton, William H. (1990). Bibliografia Colombina, 1492–1990: Books, Articles and Other Publications on the Life and Times of Christopher Columbus. National Park Service, Spanish Colonial Research Center. p. ix.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. viii. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Wilgus, Alva Curtis (1973). Latin America, 1492–1942: A Guide to Historical and Cultural Development Before World War II. Scarecrow Reprint Corporation. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8108-0595-8.
- Davidson 1997, p. 3. Davidson, Miles H. (1997). Columbus then and now: a life reexamined. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2934-1.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 85. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Lyon, Eugene (1992). "Navigation and Ships in the Age of Columbus". In McGovern, James R. (ed.). The World of Columbus. Mercer University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-86554-414-7.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 93. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Vigneras, L. A. (2016). "Columbus in Portugal". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
It is most probable that Columbus visited Bristol, where he was introduced to English commerce with Iceland.
- Ureland, P. Sture (2011). "Introduction". In Ureland, P. Sture; Clarkson, Iain (eds.). Language Contact across the North Atlantic: Proceedings of the Working Groups held at the University College, Galway (Ireland), 1992 and the University of Göteborg (Sweden), 1993. Walter de Gruyter. p. 14. ISBN 978-3-11-092965-2.
- Graves, Charles (1949). Ireland Revisited. Hutchinson. p. 151.
- Enterline, James Robert (2003). Erikson, Eskimos & Columbus: Medieval European Knowledge of America. Johns Hopkins University Press+ORM. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-8018-7547-2.
Some writers have suggested that it was during this visit to Iceland that Columbus heard of land in the west. Keeping the source of his information secret, they say, he concocted a plan to sail westward. Certainly the knowledge was generally available without attending any saga-telling parties. That this knowledge reached Columbus seems unlikely, however, for later, when trying to get backing for his project, he went to great lengths to unearth even the slightest scraps of information that would add to the plausibility of his scheme. Knowledge of the Norse explorations could have helped.
- Paolucci, Anne; Paolucci, Henry (1992). Columbus, America, and the World. Council on National Literatures. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-918680-33-4.
Many Columbists ... have doubted that Columbus could ever have gone to Iceland.
- Kolodny, Annette (2012). In Search of First Contact: The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo-American Anxiety of Discovery. Duke University Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-0-8223-5286-0.
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1991). Columbus. Oxford University Press. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-19-215898-7.
- Suranyi, Anna (2015). The Atlantic Connection: A History of the Atlantic World, 1450–1900. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-317-50066-7.
- Taviani, Paolo Emilio (2016). "Beatriz Arana". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Davidann, Jon; Gilbert, Marc Jason (2019). Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453–Present. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-429-75924-6.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 108. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Boxer, Charles Ralph (1967). The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650. University of California Press.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 227. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Murphy & Coye 2013. Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17028-3.
- Murphy & Coye 2013, p. 244. Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17028-3.
- Freely, John (2013). Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe. New York City: Abrams Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4683-0850-1.
- Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2018). Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-1-4985-9014-3.
Constructed on a framework of latitude and longitude, the Ptolemy-revival map projections revealed the extent of the known world in relation to the whole. Typically, they displayed a Eurasian landmass extending through 180° of longitude from a prime meridian in the west (variously the Canary Islands or Cape Verde) to a location in the "Far East."
- Zacher, Christian K. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. pp. 676–677. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Dilke, O. A. W. (2016). "Marinus of Tyre". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 452. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages A.D. 1492–1616. Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-501377-1.
- Butel, Paul (2002). The Atlantic. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-134-84305-3.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 110. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Edson, Evelyn (2007). The World Map, 1300–1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation. JHU Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8018-8589-1.
- Taylor, Alan (2002). American Colonies: The Settling of North America (The Penguin History of the United States, Volume 1). Penguin. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-14-200210-0.
- Gómez, Nicolás Wey (2008). The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies. MIT Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-262-23264-7.
It is also known that wind patterns and water currents in the Atlantic were crucial factors for launching an outward passage from the Canaries: Columbus understood that his chance of crossing the ocean was significantly greater just beyond the Canary calms, where he expected to catch the northeastern trade winds—although, as some authors have pointed out, "westing" from the Canaries, instead of dipping farther south, was hardly an optimal sailing choice, since Columbus's fleet was bound to lose, as soon it did, the northeasterlies in the mid-Atlantic.
- Pinheiro-Marques, Alfredo (2016). "Diogo Cão". In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Symcox, Geoffrey; Sullivan, Blair (2016). Christopher Columbus and the Enterprise of the Indies: A Brief History with Documents. Springer. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-137-08059-2.
in 1488 Columbus returned to Portugal and once again put his project to João II. Again it was rejected. In historical hindsight this looks like a fatally missed opportunity for the Portuguese crown, but the king had good reason not to accept Columbus's project. His panel of experts cast grave doubts on the assumptions behind it, noting that Columbus had underestimated the distance to China. And then in December 1488 Bartolomeu Dias returned from his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope. Certain now that they had found the sea route to India and the east, João II and his advisers had no further interest in what probably seemed to them a hare-brained and risky plan.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, pp. 131–32. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Lantigua, David M. (2020). Infidels and Empires in a New World Order: Early Modern Spanish Contributions to International Legal Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-108-49826-5.
The Capitulaciones de Santa Fe appointed Columbus as the official viceroy of the Crown, which entitled him, by virtue of royal concession, to all the honors and jurisdictions accorded the conquerors of the Canaries. Usage of the terms "to discover" (descubrir) and "to acquire" (ganar) were legal cues indicating the goals of Spanish possession through occupancy and conquest.
- González Sánchez, Carlos Alberto (2006). "Capitulations of Santa Fe". In Kaufman, Will; Francis, John Michael (eds.). Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-1-85109-421-9.
- Márquez, Luis Arranz (1982). Don Diego Colón, almirante, virrey y gobernador de las Indias (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. p. 175, note 4. ISBN 978-84-00-05156-3.
- McDonald, Mark P. (2005). Ferdinand Columbus: Renaissance Collector (1488–1539). British Museum Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7141-2644-9.
- Specht, Joshua; Stockland, Etienne (2017). The Columbian Exchange. CRC Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-351-35121-8.
- Horodowich, Elizabeth (2017). "Italy and the New World". In Horodowich, Elizabeth; Markey, Lia (eds.). The New World in Early Modern Italy, 1492–1750. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-108-50923-7.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, pp. 146–47. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Lopez, (1990, p. 14); Columbus & Toscanelli (2010, p. 35) Lopez, Barry (1990). The Rediscovery of North America. Lexicon, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-1742-3. Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo (2010) [1893]. Markham, Clements R. (ed.). The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01284-3.
- Lopez, (1990, p. 15) Lopez, Barry (1990). The Rediscovery of North America. Lexicon, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-1742-3.
- Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James E. Jr. (1989). The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492–1493. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-8061-2384-4.
- Columbus (1991, p. 87). Or "these people are very simple as regards the use of arms … for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them." (Columbus & Toscanelli, 2010, p. 41) Columbus, Christopher (1991) [1938]. First Voyage to America: From the log of the "Santa Maria". Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-26844-6. Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo (2010) [1893]. Markham, Clements R. (ed.). The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01284-3.
- Figueredo, D. H. (2008). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Infobase Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1438108315.
- Deagan, Kathleen A. (2008). Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498. Yale University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0300133899.
- Hunter, Douglas (2012). The Race to the New World: Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, and a Lost History of Discovery. Macmillan. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-230-34165-4.
- Magasich-Airola, Jorge; Beer, Jean-Marc de (2007). America Magica (2nd edition): When Renaissance Europe Thought It Had Conquered Paradise. Anthem Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84331-292-5.
- Anderson-Córdova, Karen F. (2017). Surviving Spanish Conquest: Indian Fight, Flight, and Cultural Transformation in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. University of Alabama Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8173-1946-5.
- Murphy & Coye 2013, pp. 31–32. Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17028-3.
- Gužauskytė, Evelina (2014). Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation. University of Toronto Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4426-6825-6.
- Yewell, John; Chris Dodge (1992). Confronting Columbus: An Anthology. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-89950-696-8. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- Markham, Clements R. (1893). The Journal of Christopher Columbus. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 159–160. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James E. Jr. (1989). The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492–1493. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-8061-2384-4.
- Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-317-75500-5.
- Deagan, Kathleen A.; Cruxent, José María (2008). Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town. Yale University Press. p. xxxix (5). ISBN 978-0-300-13391-2.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 705. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- Stannard, David E. (1993). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-19-983898-1.
- Deagan, Kathleen A.; Cruxent, José María (2008). Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493–1498. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-300-13389-9.
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America. New York: Random House. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-4000-6281-2.
- Cook, Noble David (1998). Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-521-62730-6.
- Saunders, Nicholas J. (2005). The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-57607-701-6.
- Flint, Valerie Irene Jane (2017). The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus. Princeton University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4008-8717-0.
- Fuson, Robert H. (1997). "The Columbian Voyages". In Allen, John Logan (ed.). North American Exploration. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-0-8032-1015-8.
- Bergreen 2011, p. 249. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Zerubavel, Eviatar (2003). Terra Cognita: The Mental Discovery of America. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-7658-0987-2.
- Cervantes, Fernando (2021). Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest. Penguin. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-101-98128-3.
- Bergreen 2011, p. 258. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot; Obregón, Mauricio (1964). The Caribbean as Columbus Saw it. Little, Brown. p. 11.
- Bergreen 2011, pp. 284–85. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Brink, Christopher (2019). Christopher Columbus: Controversial Explorer of the Americas. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 78.
- Hofmann, Heinz (1994). "Columbus in Neo-Latin Epic Poetry". In Haase, Wolfgang; Meyer, Reinhold (eds.). The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition (2 pts.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011572-7.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, p. 125. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Bergreen 2011, pp. 283. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Hale, Edward Everett (1 January 2021). The Life of Christopher Columbus. Prabhat Prakashan.
- Felipe Fernández-Armesto (2010). Columbus on himself. Christopher Columbus. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-60384-317-1. OCLC 794493189.
Bobadilla was prejudiced in advance by what he heard, or what the monarchs relayed, from Columbus detractors. HIs brief was to conduct a judicial inquiry into Columbus' conduct, an unjust proceeding, in the Admiral's submission, since Bobadilla had a vested interest in an outcome that would keep him in power. [...] Motivated by self-interest or excessive zeal, Bobadilla clapped Columbus in irons with his brothers, gathered depositions against them, and shipped them back to Spain.
- Cervantes, Fernando (2021). Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest. [New York, New York]: Penguin. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-101-98128-3.
- Gužauskytė, Evelina (2014). Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation. University of Toronto Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4426-6825-6.
- Varela, Consuelo; Aguirre, Isabel (2006). La caída de Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 175. ISBN 978-84-96467-28-6.
- Sauer, Carl Ortwin (2008). The Early Spanish Main. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-521-08848-0.
- Cook, Noble David (1998). Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-521-62730-6.
- Bergreen 2011, pp. 288–89, 302–3. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Gužauskytė, Evelina (2014). Christopher Columbus's Naming in the 'diarios' of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation. University of Toronto Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4426-6825-6.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Armas, Antonio Rumeu de (1985). Nueva luz sobre las capitulaciones de Santa Fe de 1492 concertadas entre los Reyes Católicos y Cristóbal Colón: estudio institucional y diplomático (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-84-00-05961-3.
- Colindres, Enrique Ortez (1975). Integración Política de Centroamérica (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana. p. 20.
El 14 de agosto de 1502 Cristóbal Colón descubrió Punta Caxinas, hoy Punta Castilla o Cabo de Honduras.
- Calvo, Alfredo Castillero (2004). Historia general de Panamá: Tomo 1. Las sociedades originarias; El orden colonial. Tomo 2. El orden colonial (in Spanish). Comité Nacional del Centenario de la República. p. 86. ISBN 978-9962-02-581-8.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. pp. 720, 724. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Stirling, Matthew Williams; Stirling, Marion (1964). Archeological Notes on Almirante Bay, Bocas Del Toro, Panama. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Bergreen 2011, p. 330. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Bergreen 2011, p. 330–332. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
- Hakim, Joy (2002). The First Americans. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-19-515319-4.
- Rivera, Luis N.; Pagán, Luis Rivera (1992). A Violent Evangelism: The Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-664-25367-7.
- Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (2016). Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (eds.). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3.
- Scott, Ian C.; Galloway, James B.; Scott, David L. (2015). Inflammatory Arthritis in Clinical Practice. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4471-6648-1.
- Ritchlin, Christopher T.; FitzGerald, Oliver (2007). Psoriatic and Reactive Arthritis: A Companion to Rheumatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-323-03622-1.
- Nash, Elizabeth (2005). Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-518204-0.
- Bercovitch, Sacvan (2014). The Rites of Assent: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction of America. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-317-79619-0.
Thinking back in spring 1692 to "the antiquities of New England," Cotton Mather came upon a crucial connection, as he saw it, between the voyage of Columbus two centuries before and the Puritans' Great Migration. Considered together, the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the landing at San Salvador held the key to a great design. To begin with, Columbus's voyage was one of three shaping events of the modern age, all of which occurred in rapid succession at the turn of the sixteenth century: (1) "the Resurrection of Literature",... (2) the discovery of America, ... and (3) the Protestant Reformation.
- Bushman, Claudia L. (1992). America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero. University Press of New England. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-87451-576-3.
- Dewey, Donald (2007). The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons. NYU Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-8147-1985-5.
- Stanford, Jack A.; Hauer, F. Richard; Gregory, Stanley V.; Snyder, Eric B. (2011). "Columbia River Basin". In Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (eds.). Rivers of North America. Elsevier. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-08-045418-4.
- Bolotin, Norm; Laing, Christine (2002). The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893. University of Illinois Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-252-07081-5.
- West, Chris (2014). A History of America in Thirty-six Postage Stamps. Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-250-04368-9.
- Bedini, Silvio A. (2016). Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 489. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- Bello, Manuel; Shaver, Annis N. (2011). "Representation of Columbus in History Textbboks". In Provenzo, Eugene F. Jr.; Shaver, Annis N; Bello, Manuel (eds.). The Textbook as Discourse: Sociocultural Dimensions of American Schoolbooks. Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-136-86063-8.
- McFarlane, Anthony (2004). "Pre-Columbian and colonial Latin America". In King, John (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Latin American Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-63651-3.
- Dennis, Matthew (2018). Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar. Cornell University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-1-5017-2370-4.
- Houbert, Jean (2003). "Creolisation and Decolonisation". In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S.; Pankhurst, Richard (eds.). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-86543-980-1.
- Phillips, William D. (2000). Testimonies from the Columbian Lawsuits. Brepols. p. 25. ISBN 978-2-503-51028-6.
When we speak today of the "legacy" of Christopher Columbus, we usually refer to the broadly historic consequences of his famous voyages, meaning the subsequent European conquest and colonization of the Americas.
- Nedkvitne, Arnved (2018). Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-351-25958-3.
- Restall, Matthew (2021). Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest: Updated Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-753729-9.
- Berkhofer, Robert F. (1979). The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian, from Columbus to the Present. Vintage Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-394-72794-3.
- Thomas F. McIlwraith; Edward K. Muller (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8.
- Bergreen 2011, p. 244. Bergreen, Lawrence (2011). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504. Penguin Group US. ISBN 978-1-101-54432-7.
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- Koning, Hans (1976). Columbus. Monthly Review Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-85345-600-1. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- Lynch, Lawrence Dixson (1993). "Columbus in Myth and History". In McCrank, Lawrence J. (ed.). Discovery in the Archives of Spain and Portugal: Quincentenary Essays, 1492–1992. Vol. 2. Haworth Press. p. 265. doi:10.1300/J269v02n01_09. ISBN 9781560246435.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Varela, Consuelo; Aguirre, Isabel (2006). "La venta de esclavos" [The sale of slaves]. La caída de Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla [The fall of Christopher Columbus: the Bobadilla trial] (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 111–118. ISBN 978-84-96467-28-6.
- Jennings, Evelyn (2020). Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana: State Slavery in Defense and Development, 1762–1835. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-7464-7.
- Cook, Noble David (1998). Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-0-521-62730-6.
- Oliver, José R. (2009). Caciques and Cemí idols: the web spun by Taíno rulers between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8173-5515-9. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
- Aufderheide, Arthur C.; Rodríguez-Martín, Conrado; Langsjoen, Odin (1998). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-55203-6.
- Reséndez, Andrés (2016). The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-547-64098-3.
- Stannard, David E. (1993). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-19-983898-1.
- Phillips & Phillips 1992, pp. 85–86. Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6.
- Wilson, Ian (1991). The Columbus Myth: Did Men of Bristol Reach America Before Columbus?. Simon & Schuster. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-671-71067-5.
Of Columbus, too, none of the familiarly reproduced portraits is thought to have been made in his lifetime.
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- Kadir, Djelal (1992). "Chapter VII Making Ends Meet: The Dire Unction of Prophecy". Columbus and the Ends of the Earth: Europe's Prophetic Rhetoric as Conquering Ideology. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 193–194.
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- Lester, Paul M. (January 1993). "Looks are deceiving: The portraits of Christopher Columbus". Visual Anthropology. 5 (3–4): 211–227. doi:10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590.
- Quinn, David B. (1992). "Columbus and the North: England, Iceland, and Ireland". The William and Mary Quarterly. 49 (2): 278–297. doi:10.2307/2947273. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2947273.
- Delaney, Carol (8 March 2006). "Columbus's Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem" (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 48 (2). Cambridge University Press: 260–92. doi:10.1017/S0010417506000119. JSTOR 3879352. S2CID 144148903. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2020.
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- Rickey, V. Frederick (1992). "How Columbus Encountered America". Mathematics Magazine. 65 (4): 219–225. doi:10.2307/2691445. ISSN 0025-570X. JSTOR 2691445.
- Rickey, V. Frederick (1992). "How Columbus Encountered America". Mathematics Magazine. 65 (4): 224. doi:10.2307/2691445. ISSN 0025-570X. JSTOR 2691445.
- Keegan, William F. (1 January 2015). "Mobility and Disdain: Columbus and Cannibals in the Land of Cotton". Ethnohistory. 62 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1215/00141801-2821644.
- Yeager, Timothy J. (3 March 2009). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. doi:10.1017/S0022050700042182. JSTOR 2123819. S2CID 155030781.
- Méndez, Diego (2020). "VIII: Shipwrecked by Worms, Saved by Canoe: The Last Voyage of Columbus". In Roorda, Paul (ed.). The Ocean Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 300. doi:10.1515/9781478007456-065. ISBN 978-1-4780-0745-6. S2CID 241132438.
- Vigneras, Louis André (1 November 1978). "Diego Méndez, Secretary of Christopher Columbus and Alguacil Mayor of Santo Domingo: A Biographical Sketch". Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (4): 680. doi:10.1215/00182168-58.4.676. ISSN 0018-2168. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
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- Álvarez-Cubero, M.J.; Mtnez.-Gonzalez, L.J.; Saiz, M.; Álvarez, J.C.; Lorente, J.A. (June 2010). "Nuevas aplicaciones en identificación genética" [New applications in genetic identification]. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense (in Spanish). 16 (1–2). doi:10.4321/S1135-76062010000100002.
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Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent. Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts. Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit. On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England. Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia."
- Zeuske, Michael; Otálvaro, Andrés (2017). "La construcción de Colombeia: Francisco de Miranda y su paso por el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, 1785–1789". Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. 44: 177. doi:10.15446/achsc.v44n1.61224. ISSN 0120-2456.
- Handler, Richard (June 2016). "Mining the time-space matrix: Commemorative postage stamps and US world's fairs, 1893–1915". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 6 (1): 296–300. doi:10.14318/hau6.1.017. S2CID 159668550.
- Boivin, Nicole; Fuller, Dorian Q; Crowther, Alison (September 2012). "Old World globalization and the Columbian exchange: comparison and contrast". World Archaeology. 44 (3): 452–469. doi:10.1080/00438243.2012.729404. JSTOR 42003541. S2CID 3285807.
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- Axtell, James (1992). "Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy". The History Teacher. 25 (4): 407–425. doi:10.2307/494350. ISSN 0018-2745. JSTOR 494350.
... Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist. He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house." The cataclysmic loss of native life, largely to imported diseases, "was surely the greatest tragedy in the history of the human species.
- Nuccetelli, Susana (31 October 2020). "Setting the Scene: The Iberian Conquest". An Introduction to Latin American Philosophy. pp. 16–17. doi:10.1017/9781107705562.002. ISBN 9781107705562. S2CID 234937836.
- Lazo, Rodrigo (1 December 2013). "The Invention of America Again: On the Impossibility of an Archive". American Literary History. 25 (4): 755. doi:10.1093/alh/ajt049.
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Colón was directly responsible for instituting this cycle of violence, murder, and slavery... This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people... Disease, only in combination with this cycle of brutal colonial violence, could produce the death toll that we see on the island of Española. Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent. However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial.
- Lynch, Lawrence Dixson (1993). "Columbus in Myth and History". In McCrank, Lawrence J. (ed.). Discovery in the Archives of Spain and Portugal: Quincentenary Essays, 1492–1992. Vol. 2. Haworth Press. p. 265. doi:10.1300/J269v02n01_09. ISBN 9781560246435.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Hanke, Lewis (1 February 1971). "A Modest Proposal for a Moratorium on Grand Generalizations: Some Thoughts on the Black Legend". Hispanic American Historical Review. 51 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 112–127. doi:10.1215/00182168-51.1.112. JSTOR 2512616.
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- Keen, Benjamin (1 May 1971). "The White Legend Revisited: A Reply to Professor Hanke's 'Modest Proposal'". Hispanic American Historical Review. 51 (2). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 336–355. doi:10.1215/00182168-51.2.336. JSTOR 2512479.
- Soule, Emily Berquist (23 April 2017). "From Africa to the Ocean Sea: Atlantic slavery in the origins of the Spanish Empire". Atlantic Studies. 15 (1): 16–39. doi:10.1080/14788810.2017.1315514. S2CID 218620874. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
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- Schuman, H.; Schwartz, B.; D'Arcy, H. (28 February 2005). "Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?" (PDF). Public Opinion Quarterly. 69 (1): 2–29. doi:10.1093/poq/nfi001. S2CID 145447081. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2020.
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- Koch, Alexander; Brierley, Chris; Maslin, Mark; Lewis, Simon (1 March 2019). "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492". Quaternary Science Reviews. 207. Wollongong, New South Wales: Elsevier: 13–36. Bibcode:2019QSRv..207...13K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.
While most of the other epidemics in history however were confined to a single pathogen and typically lasted for less than a decade, the Americas differed in that multiple pathogens caused multiple waves of virgin soil epidemics over more than a century. Those who survived influenza, may later have succumbed to smallpox, while those who survived both, may then have caught a later wave of measles. Hence, there were documented disease outbreaks in the Americas that killed 30% of the remaining indigenous population over 50 years after initial contact, i.e. between 1568 CE and 1605 CE
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Colón was directly responsible for instituting this cycle of violence, murder, and slavery... This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people... Disease, only in combination with this cycle of brutal colonial violence, could produce the death toll that we see on the island of Española. Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent. However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial.
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While most of the other epidemics in history however were confined to a single pathogen and typically lasted for less than a decade, the Americas differed in that multiple pathogens caused multiple waves of virgin soil epidemics over more than a century. Those who survived influenza, may later have succumbed to smallpox, while those who survived both, may then have caught a later wave of measles. Hence, there were documented disease outbreaks in the Americas that killed 30% of the remaining indigenous population over 50 years after initial contact, i.e. between 1568 CE and 1605 CE
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Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent. Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts. Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit. On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England. Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia."
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... Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist. He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house." The cataclysmic loss of native life, largely to imported diseases, "was surely the greatest tragedy in the history of the human species.
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When referring to the conquest, Venezuelans tend to side with the original "Indians" inhabiting the territory, even though "we" are generally careful to distinguish ourselves from them, and above all from their contemporary descendants. This tactical identification suggests that the force of this rejoinder comes not just from the hold of the familiar — Columbus already discovered America, so what's new — but from the appeal of a more exclusive familiarity evoked by a shift of location — he only "discovered" it for Europe, not for "us". It is as if we viewed Columbus's arrival from two perspectives, his own, and that of the natives. When we want to privilege "our" special viewpoint, we claim as ours the standpoint of the original Americans, the view not from the foreign ship but from our "native" land.
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Colón was directly responsible for instituting this cycle of violence, murder, and slavery... This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people... Disease, only in combination with this cycle of brutal colonial violence, could produce the death toll that we see on the island of Española. Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent. However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial.
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The encounter between two worlds is a fact that cannot be denied... The word discovery gives prominence to the heroes of the enterprise; the word encounter gives more emphasis to the peoples who actually "encountered" each other and gave substance to a New World. Whereas discovery marks a happening, an event, encounter conveys better the idea of the political journey that has brought us to the reality of today, spanning the five hundred years since 1492... These historical and political milestones are valuable because they relate the present to both the past and the future. It was inevitable that history written from a Eurocentric standpoint should speak in terms of discovery and it is equally inevitable that, as history has now come to be seen in universal terms, we should have adopted so evocative a term as encounter.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Felipe Fernández-Armesto (2010). Columbus on himself. Christopher Columbus. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-60384-317-1. OCLC 794493189.
Bobadilla was prejudiced in advance by what he heard, or what the monarchs relayed, from Columbus detractors. HIs brief was to conduct a judicial inquiry into Columbus' conduct, an unjust proceeding, in the Admiral's submission, since Bobadilla had a vested interest in an outcome that would keep him in power. [...] Motivated by self-interest or excessive zeal, Bobadilla clapped Columbus in irons with his brothers, gathered depositions against them, and shipped them back to Spain.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Vigneras, Louis André (1 November 1978). "Diego Méndez, Secretary of Christopher Columbus and Alguacil Mayor of Santo Domingo: A Biographical Sketch". Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (4): 680. doi:10.1215/00182168-58.4.676. ISSN 0018-2168. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
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Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent. Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts. Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit. On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England. Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia."
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... Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist. He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house." The cataclysmic loss of native life, largely to imported diseases, "was surely the greatest tragedy in the history of the human species.
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When referring to the conquest, Venezuelans tend to side with the original "Indians" inhabiting the territory, even though "we" are generally careful to distinguish ourselves from them, and above all from their contemporary descendants. This tactical identification suggests that the force of this rejoinder comes not just from the hold of the familiar — Columbus already discovered America, so what's new — but from the appeal of a more exclusive familiarity evoked by a shift of location — he only "discovered" it for Europe, not for "us". It is as if we viewed Columbus's arrival from two perspectives, his own, and that of the natives. When we want to privilege "our" special viewpoint, we claim as ours the standpoint of the original Americans, the view not from the foreign ship but from our "native" land.
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Colón was directly responsible for instituting this cycle of violence, murder, and slavery... This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people... Disease, only in combination with this cycle of brutal colonial violence, could produce the death toll that we see on the island of Española. Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent. However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American holocaust denial.