Endangered language (English Wikipedia)

Guérin, Valérie; Yourupi, Paulina (2017). "Language Endangerment". In Hiroko Sato; Joel Bradshaw (eds.). Languages of the Pacific Islands: Introductory Readings (2nd ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing. pp. 209–219.

bigthink.com (Global: 7,986^th place; English: 5,689^th place)

Pomeroy, Ross (September 25, 2023). "Are America's distinct accents dying out?". Big Think. Retrieved June 4, 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Crystal, David (2002-04-29). Language Death. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-521-01271-6. A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it any more. It may continue to have existence in a recorded form, of course traditionally in writing, more recently as part of a sound or video archive (and it does in a sense 'live on' in this way) but unless it has fluent speakers one would not talk of it as a 'living language'.
Austin, Peter K.; Sallabank, Julia (2011-03-24). The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50083-8.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

cambridge.org

Nonaka, Angela M. (9 October 2006). "The forgotten endangered languages: Lessons on the importance of remembering from Thailand's Ban Khor Sign Language". Language in Society. 33 (5): 737–767. doi:10.1017/S004740450404504X. Retrieved 25 June 2026 – via CambridgeCore.
Lee, Nala Huiying; Van Way, John (April 2016). "Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)". Language in Society. 45 (2): 271–292. doi:10.1017/S0047404515000962. ISSN 0047-4045.
Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005-11-03). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615931. ISBN 978-0-521-81621-2.

assets.cambridge.org

Grenoble, Lenore A.; Lindsay J. Whaley (1998). "Preface" (PDF). In Lenore A. Grenoble; Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.). Endangered languages: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 0-521-59102-3.

cuny.edu (Global: 2,325^th place; English: 1,345^th place)

academicworks.cuny.edu

Whalen, D. H.; Moss, Margaret; Baldwin, Daryl (9 May 2016). "Healing through language: Positive physical health effects of indigenous language use". F1000Research. 5: 852. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8656.1. hdl:10125/42055.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Phillipson, Robert (2012-03-01). "Imperialism and colonialism". In Spolsky, Bernard (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–225. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511979026.013. ISBN 978-0-511-97902-6.
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Phillipson, Robert (1996). "Linguicide and linguicism". Kontaktlinguistik. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 667–675. doi:10.1515/9783110132649.1.6.667. ISBN 978-3-11-013264-9.
Nonaka, Angela M. (9 October 2006). "The forgotten endangered languages: Lessons on the importance of remembering from Thailand's Ban Khor Sign Language". Language in Society. 33 (5): 737–767. doi:10.1017/S004740450404504X. Retrieved 25 June 2026 – via CambridgeCore.
Nonaka, Angela M. (1 May 2009). "Estimating size, scope, and membership of the speech/sign communities of undocumented indigenous/village sign languages: The Ban Khor case study". Language & Communication. 29 (3): 210–229. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2009.02.004. Retrieved 25 June 2026 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Lee, Nala Huiying; Van Way, John (April 2016). "Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)". Language in Society. 45 (2): 271–292. doi:10.1017/S0047404515000962. ISSN 0047-4045.
Whalen, D. H.; Moss, Margaret; Baldwin, Daryl (9 May 2016). "Healing through language: Positive physical health effects of indigenous language use". F1000Research. 5: 852. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8656.1. hdl:10125/42055.
Ladefoged, Peter (December 1992). "Another view of endangered languages". Language. 68 (4): 809–811. doi:10.1353/lan.1992.0013. JSTOR 416854. S2CID 144984900.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. (30 August 2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511612862. ISBN 0-511-01934-3.
Hinton, Leanne (1999). "Revitalization of endangered languages". In Austin, Peter K.; Sallabank, Julia (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–311. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975981.015. ISBN 978-0-511-97598-1.
Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005-11-03). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615931. ISBN 978-0-521-81621-2.
Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2011). "Language Hotspots: what (applied) linguistics and education should do about language endangerment in the twenty-first century". Language and Education. 25 (4): 273–289. doi:10.1080/09500782.2011.577218. S2CID 145802559.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

Economist"], ["The (December 15, 2022). "Japan's most endangered languages face extinction". The Economist. Retrieved June 4, 2024.

elararchive.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"avsl-panda-0112 | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2025-07-25.

ethnologue.com (Global: 354^th place; English: 413^th place)

"Statistical Summaries". Ethnologue Web Version. SIL International. 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Whalen, D. H.; Moss, Margaret; Baldwin, Daryl (9 May 2016). "Healing through language: Positive physical health effects of indigenous language use". F1000Research. 5: 852. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8656.1. hdl:10125/42055.

helenair.com (Global: low place; English: 9,026^th place)

Gazette, DONNA HEALY Billings (2010-08-13). "Tribal 'hand talk' considered an endangered language". The Independent Record. Retrieved 2025-07-25.

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,384^th place; English: 2,463^rd place)

"Endangered languages in Europe: indexes". www.helsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2025-07-25.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Ladefoged, Peter (December 1992). "Another view of endangered languages". Language. 68 (4): 809–811. doi:10.1353/lan.1992.0013. JSTOR 416854. S2CID 144984900.

ku.edu (Global: 3,127^th place; English: 1,940^th place)

kuscholarworks.ku.edu

Dwyer, Arienne M. 2011. Tools and techniques for endangered-language assessment and revitalization

lang1234.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Reviews of Language Courses". Lang1234. Retrieved 11 Sep 2012.

langlxmelanesia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paris, Brian. The impact of immigrants on language vitality: A case study of Awar and Kayan. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 32.2: 62-75. Web access Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine.

linguisticsociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What Is an Endangered Language? | Linguistic Society of America". www.linguisticsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2023-07-24.

news.com.au (Global: 456^th place; English: 254^th place)

theaustralian.news.com.au

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (August 26, 2009). "Aboriginal Languages Deserve Revival". The Australian Higher Education. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Romero, Simon; Rios, Desiree (April 9, 2023). "New Mexico Is Losing a Form of Spanish Spoken Nowhere Else on Earth". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2024.

pislresearch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hand Talk: American Indian Sign Language". Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2017-09-21.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

blogs.reuters.com

Lalmalsawma, David. "India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in last 50 years – survey". Reuters Blogs. Archived from the original on 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2017-01-07.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Nonaka, Angela M. (1 May 2009). "Estimating size, scope, and membership of the speech/sign communities of undocumented indigenous/village sign languages: The Ban Khor case study". Language & Communication. 29 (3): 210–229. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2009.02.004. Retrieved 25 June 2026 – via Elsevier Science Direct.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Ladefoged, Peter (December 1992). "Another view of endangered languages". Language. 68 (4): 809–811. doi:10.1353/lan.1992.0013. JSTOR 416854. S2CID 144984900.
Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2011). "Language Hotspots: what (applied) linguistics and education should do about language endangerment in the twenty-first century". Language and Education. 25 (4): 273–289. doi:10.1080/09500782.2011.577218. S2CID 145802559.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

nmai.si.edu

"Infinity of Nations: Art and History in the Collections of the National Museum of the American Indian – George Gustav Heye Center, New York". Retrieved 2012-03-25.

sil.org (Global: 3,204^th place; English: 2,534^th place)

www-01.sil.org

Lewis, M. Paul & Gary F. Simons. 2010. Assessing Endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS. Revue Roumaine de linguistique 55(2). 103–120. Online version Archived 2015-12-27 at the Wayback Machine

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

Eschner, Kat. "Four Things That Happen When a Language Dies". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-22.

thesolutionsjournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Saving Endangered Languages Before They Disappear". The Solutions Journal. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 2020-08-22.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

unesco.org

UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages (2003). "Language Vitality and Endangerment" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2016.
"FAQ on endangered languages | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 25 January 2017.

unesdoc.unesco.org

Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 9 December 2025.

univie.ac.at (Global: 2,083^rd place; English: 2,828^th place)

phaidra.univie.ac.at

Åkermark, Sia Spiliopoulou; Laakso, Johanna; Sarhimaa, Anneli; Toivanen, Reetta; Kühhirt, Eva; Djerf, Kari. "ELDIA EuLaViBar Toolkit". Universität Wien.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"What Is an Endangered Language? | Linguistic Society of America". www.linguisticsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
"Endangered languages in Europe: indexes". www.helsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
"Hand Talk: American Indian Sign Language". Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
Lewis, M. Paul & Gary F. Simons. 2010. Assessing Endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS. Revue Roumaine de linguistique 55(2). 103–120. Online version Archived 2015-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
Lalmalsawma, David. "India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in last 50 years – survey". Reuters Blogs. Archived from the original on 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
Paris, Brian. The impact of immigrants on language vitality: A case study of Awar and Kayan. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 32.2: 62-75. Web access Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine.
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (August 26, 2009). "Aboriginal Languages Deserve Revival". The Australian Higher Education. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Lee, Nala Huiying; Van Way, John (April 2016). "Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)". Language in Society. 45 (2): 271–292. doi:10.1017/S0047404515000962. ISSN 0047-4045.

Endangered language (English Wikipedia)

abc.net.au (Global: 120th place; English: 70th place)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

bigthink.com (Global: 7,986th place; English: 5,689th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

cambridge.org

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cuny.edu (Global: 2,325th place; English: 1,345th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331st place; English: 272nd place)

elararchive.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 354th place; English: 413th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

helenair.com (Global: low place; English: 9,026th place)

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,384th place; English: 2,463rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

ku.edu (Global: 3,127th place; English: 1,940th place)

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lang1234.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

langlxmelanesia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

linguisticsociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

news.com.au (Global: 456th place; English: 254th place)

theaustralian.news.com.au

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

pislresearch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; English: 30th place)

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sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

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si.edu (Global: 256th place; English: 197th place)

nmai.si.edu

sil.org (Global: 3,204th place; English: 2,534th place)

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smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663rd place; English: 431st place)

thesolutionsjournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

unesco.org (Global: 104th place; English: 170th place)

unesco.org

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univie.ac.at (Global: 2,083rd place; English: 2,828th place)

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web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

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abc.net.au (Global: 120^th place; English: 70^th place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

bigthink.com (Global: 7,986^th place; English: 5,689^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

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cuny.edu (Global: 2,325^th place; English: 1,345^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 354^th place; English: 413^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

helenair.com (Global: low place; English: 9,026^th place)

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,384^th place; English: 2,463^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

ku.edu (Global: 3,127^th place; English: 1,940^th place)

news.com.au (Global: 456^th place; English: 254^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

sil.org (Global: 3,204^th place; English: 2,534^th place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

univie.ac.at (Global: 2,083^rd place; English: 2,828^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)