Fine-structure constant (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Fine-structure constant" in English language version.

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antarctica.gov.au

"Poles and directions". Antarctica. Australian Government. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.

aps.org

link.aps.org

Fan, X.; Myers, T. G.; Sukra, B. A. D.; Gabrielse, G. (13 February 2023). "Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment". Physical Review Letters. 130 (7): 071801. arXiv:2209.13084. Bibcode:2023PhRvL.130g1801F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.071801. PMID 36867820.

archive.org

Feynman, R. P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-691-08388-9.
Peskin, M.; Schroeder, D. (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Westview Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-201-50397-5.
Sommerfeld, A. (1921). Atombau und Spektrallinien (in German) (2 ed.). Braunschweig, DE: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn. pp. 241–242, Equation 8. Das Verhältnis $v_{1}/c$ nennen wir $α$ . [The ratio $v_{1}/c$ we call $α$ .] English translation. Methuen & co. 1923.
Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity is Near. Viking Penguin. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3.
Miller, A. I. (2009). Deciphering the Cosmic Number: The Strange Friendship of Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-393-06532-9.
Hawking, S. (1988). A Brief History of Time. Bantam Books. pp. 7, 125. ISBN 978-0-553-05340-1.
Halzen, F.; Martin, A.D. (1984). Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-471-88741-6.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Bouchendira, Rym; Cladé, Pierre; Guellati-Khélifa, Saïda; Nez, François; Biraben, François (2011). "New determination of the fine-structure constant and test of the quantum electrodynamics" (PDF). Physical Review Letters (Submitted manuscript). 106 (8): 080801. arXiv:1012.3627. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106h0801B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.080801. PMID 21405559. S2CID 47470092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2018.
Morel, Léo; Yao, Zhibin; Cladé, Pierre; Guellati-Khélifa, Saïda (2020). "Determination of the fine-structure constant with an accuracy of 81 parts per trillion" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7836): 61–65. Bibcode:2020Natur.588...61M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2964-7. PMID 33268866. S2CID 227259475.

arsmagine.com

"137 | The Fine Structure Constant, Physics - ArsMagine.com". Ars Magine - Umetnost promišljanja i uobrazilje | אהיה (in Serbian). Retrieved 28 June 2024.

arxiv.org

Fan, X.; Myers, T. G.; Sukra, B. A. D.; Gabrielse, G. (13 February 2023). "Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment". Physical Review Letters. 130 (7): 071801. arXiv:2209.13084. Bibcode:2023PhRvL.130g1801F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.071801. PMID 36867820.
Aoyama, T.; Hayakawa, M.; Kinoshita, T.; Nio, M. (2012). "Tenth-order QED contribution to the electron g − 2 and an improved value of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 109 (11): 111807. arXiv:1205.5368. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109k1807A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.111807. PMID 23005618. S2CID 14712017.
Bouchendira, Rym; Cladé, Pierre; Guellati-Khélifa, Saïda; Nez, François; Biraben, François (2011). "New determination of the fine-structure constant and test of the quantum electrodynamics" (PDF). Physical Review Letters (Submitted manuscript). 106 (8): 080801. arXiv:1012.3627. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106h0801B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.080801. PMID 21405559. S2CID 47470092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2018.
Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A. N.; Novoselov, K. S.; Booth, T. J.; Stauber, T.; Peres, N. M. R.; Geim, A. K. (2008). "Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene". Science. 320 (5881): 1308. arXiv:0803.3718. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1308N. doi:10.1126/science.1156965. PMID 18388259. S2CID 3024573.
Fritzsch, Harald (2002). "Fundamental constants at high energy". Fortschritte der Physik. 50 (5–7): 518–524. arXiv:hep-ph/0201198. Bibcode:2002ForPh..50..518F. doi:10.1002/1521-3978(200205)50:5/7<518::AID-PROP518>3.0.CO;2-F. S2CID 18481179.
Aoyama, Tatsumi; Kinoshita, Toichiro; Nio, Makiko (8 February 2018). "Revised and improved value of the QED tenth-order electron anomalous magnetic moment". Physical Review D. 97 (3): 036001. arXiv:1712.06060. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..97c6001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.036001. S2CID 118922814.
Parker, Richard H.; Yu, Chenghui; Zhong, Weicheng; Estey, Brian; Müller, Holger (2018). "Measurement of the fine-structure constant as a test of the Standard Model". Science. 360 (6385): 191–195. arXiv:1812.04130. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..191P. doi:10.1126/science.aap7706. PMID 29650669. S2CID 4875011.
Uzan, J.-P. (2003). "The fundamental constants and their variation: Observational status and theoretical motivations". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 403–455. arXiv:hep-ph/0205340. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..403U. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.403. S2CID 118684485.
Uzan, J.-P. (2004). "Variation of the constants in the late and early universe". AIP Conference Proceedings. 736: 3–20. arXiv:astro-ph/0409424. Bibcode:2004AIPC..736....3U. doi:10.1063/1.1835171. S2CID 15435796.
Webb, John K.; Flambaum, Victor V.; Churchill, Christopher W.; Drinkwater, Michael J.; Barrow, John D. (February 1999). "Search for time variation of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 82 (5): 884–887. arXiv:astro-ph/9803165. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82..884W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.884. S2CID 55638644.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V.; Dzuba, V.A.; Churchill, C.W.; Prochaska, J.X.; et al. (11 November 2001). "Possible evidence for a variable fine-structure constant from QSO absorption lines: motivations, analysis and results". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 327 (4): 1208–1222. arXiv:astro-ph/0012419. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.327.1208M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04840.x. S2CID 14294586.
Webb, J.K.; Murphy, M.T.; Flambaum, V.V.; Dzuba, V.A.; Barrow, J.D.; Churchill, C.W.; et al. (9 August 2001). "Further evidence for cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 87 (9): 091301. arXiv:astro-ph/0012539. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87i1301W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.091301. PMID 11531558. S2CID 40461557.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V. (October 2003). "Further evidence for a variable fine-structure constant from Keck/HIRES QSO absorption spectra". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 345 (2): 609–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0306483. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345..609M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06970.x. S2CID 13182756.
Chand, H.; Srianand, R.; Petitjean, P.; Aracil, B. (April 2004). "Probing the cosmological variation of the fine-structure constant: Results based on VLT-UVES sample". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 417 (3): 853–871. arXiv:astro-ph/0401094. Bibcode:2004A&A...417..853C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035701. S2CID 17863903.
Srianand, R.; Chand, H.; Petitjean, P.; Aracil, B. (26 March 2004). "Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars". Physical Review Letters. 92 (12): 121302. arXiv:astro-ph/0402177. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92l1302S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.121302. PMID 15089663. S2CID 29581666.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V. (6 December 2007). "Comment on 'Limits on the time Variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars'". Physical Review Letters. 99 (23): 239001. arXiv:0708.3677. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99w9001M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.239001. PMID 18233422. S2CID 29266168.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V. (March 2008). "Revision of VLT/UVES constraints on a varying fine-structure constant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 384 (3): 1053–1062. arXiv:astro-ph/0612407. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.384.1053M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12695.x. S2CID 10476451.
King, J. A.; Mortlock, D. J.; Webb, J. K.; Murphy, M. T. (2009). "Markov chain Monte Carlo methods applied to measuring the fine structure constant from quasar spectroscopy". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 80: 864. arXiv:0910.2699. Bibcode:2009MmSAI..80..864K.
Lamoreaux, S. K.; Torgerson, J. R. (2004). "Neutron moderation in the Oklo natural reactor and the time variation of alpha". Physical Review D. 69 (12): 121701. arXiv:nucl-th/0309048. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69l1701L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.121701. S2CID 119337838.
Khatri, Rishi; Wandelt, Benjamin D. (14 March 2007). "21 cm radiation: A new probe of variation in the fine-structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 98 (11): 111301. arXiv:astro-ph/0701752. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98k1301K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.111301. PMID 17501040. S2CID 43502450.
Barrow, John D.; Sandvik, Håvard Bunes; Magueijo, João (21 February 2002). "Behavior of varying-alpha cosmologies". Physical Review D. 65 (6): 063504. arXiv:astro-ph/0109414. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65f3504B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.063504. S2CID 118077783.
Webb, J. K.; King, J. A.; Murphy, M. T.; Flambaum, V. V.; Carswell, R. F.; Bainbridge, M. B. (31 October 2011). "Indications of a spatial variation of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 107 (19): 191101. arXiv:1008.3907. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107s1101W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.191101. hdl:1959.3/207294. PMID 22181590. S2CID 23236775.
King, Julian A. (1 February 2012). Searching for variations in the fine-structure constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio using quasar absorption lines (Thesis). arXiv:1202.6365. Bibcode:2012PhDT........14K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.750.8595. hdl:1959.4/50886.
Wilczynska, Michael R.; Webb, John K.; Bainbridge, Matthew; Barrow, John D.; Bosman, Sarah E. I.; Carswell, Robert F.; et al. (1 April 2020). "Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago". Science Advances. 6 (17): eaay9672. arXiv:2003.07627. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.9672W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay9672. PMC 7182409. PMID 32917582.
Milaković, Dinko; Lee, Chung-Chi; Carswell, Robert F.; Webb, John K.; Molaro, Paolo; Pasquini, Luca (5 March 2021). "A new era of fine structure constant measurements at high redshift". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500: 1–21. arXiv:2008.10619. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3217.
da Fonseca, Vitor; Barreiro, Tiago; Nunes, Nelson J.; Cristiani, Stefano; Cupani, Guido; D'Odorico, Valentina; et al. (2022). "Fundamental physics with ESPRESSO: Constraining a simple parametrisation for varying α". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 666: A57. arXiv:2204.02930. Bibcode:2022A&A...666A..57D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243795. S2CID 247996839.

books.google.com

Riazuddin, Fayyazuddin (2012). A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics (third ed.). World Scientific. p. 4. ISBN 9789814338837. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
MacGregor, M.H. (2007). The Power of Alpha. World Scientific. p. 69. ISBN 978-981-256-961-5.

cam.ac.uk

statslab.cam.ac.uk

Good, I. J. (1990). "A quantal hypothesis for hadrons and the judging of physical numerology". Disorder in Physical Systems. By Grimmett, G. R.; Welsh, D. J. A. Oxford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-19-853215-6.

doi.org

Fan, X.; Myers, T. G.; Sukra, B. A. D.; Gabrielse, G. (13 February 2023). "Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment". Physical Review Letters. 130 (7): 071801. arXiv:2209.13084. Bibcode:2023PhRvL.130g1801F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.071801. PMID 36867820.
Yu, C.; Zhong, W.; Estey, B.; Kwan, J.; Parker, R.H.; Müller, H. (2019). "Atom-interferometry measurement of the fine structure constant". Annalen der Physik. 531 (5): 1800346. Bibcode:2019AnP...53100346Y. doi:10.1002/andp.201800346.
Aoyama, T.; Hayakawa, M.; Kinoshita, T.; Nio, M. (2012). "Tenth-order QED contribution to the electron g − 2 and an improved value of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 109 (11): 111807. arXiv:1205.5368. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109k1807A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.111807. PMID 23005618. S2CID 14712017.
Bouchendira, Rym; Cladé, Pierre; Guellati-Khélifa, Saïda; Nez, François; Biraben, François (2011). "New determination of the fine-structure constant and test of the quantum electrodynamics" (PDF). Physical Review Letters (Submitted manuscript). 106 (8): 080801. arXiv:1012.3627. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106h0801B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.080801. PMID 21405559. S2CID 47470092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2018.
Morel, Léo; Yao, Zhibin; Cladé, Pierre; Guellati-Khélifa, Saïda (2020). "Determination of the fine-structure constant with an accuracy of 81 parts per trillion" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7836): 61–65. Bibcode:2020Natur.588...61M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2964-7. PMID 33268866. S2CID 227259475.
Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A. N.; Novoselov, K. S.; Booth, T. J.; Stauber, T.; Peres, N. M. R.; Geim, A. K. (2008). "Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene". Science. 320 (5881): 1308. arXiv:0803.3718. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1308N. doi:10.1126/science.1156965. PMID 18388259. S2CID 3024573.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1 April 1984). "On stars, their evolution and their stability". Reviews of Modern Physics. 56 (2): 137–147. Bibcode:1984RvMP...56..137C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137. S2CID 2317589.
Bedford, D.; Krumm, P. (2004). "Heisenberg indeterminacy and the fine structure constant". American Journal of Physics. 72 (7): 969. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72..969B. doi:10.1119/1.1646135.
Fritzsch, Harald (2002). "Fundamental constants at high energy". Fortschritte der Physik. 50 (5–7): 518–524. arXiv:hep-ph/0201198. Bibcode:2002ForPh..50..518F. doi:10.1002/1521-3978(200205)50:5/7<518::AID-PROP518>3.0.CO;2-F. S2CID 18481179.
Sommerfeld, A. (1916). "Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien" [On the quantum theory of spectral lines] (PDF). Annalen der Physik. 4th series (in German). 51 (17): 1–94. Bibcode:1916AnP...356....1S. doi:10.1002/andp.19163561702.
Kragh, Helge (July 2003). "Magic number: A partial history of the fine-structure constant". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 57 (5): 395–431. doi:10.1007/s00407-002-0065-7. JSTOR 41134170. S2CID 118031104.
Aoyama, Tatsumi; Kinoshita, Toichiro; Nio, Makiko (8 February 2018). "Revised and improved value of the QED tenth-order electron anomalous magnetic moment". Physical Review D. 97 (3): 036001. arXiv:1712.06060. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..97c6001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.036001. S2CID 118922814.
Parker, Richard H.; Yu, Chenghui; Zhong, Weicheng; Estey, Brian; Müller, Holger (2018). "Measurement of the fine-structure constant as a test of the Standard Model". Science. 360 (6385): 191–195. arXiv:1812.04130. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..191P. doi:10.1126/science.aap7706. PMID 29650669. S2CID 4875011.
Dirac, Paul A.M. (1937). "The cosmological constants". Nature. 139 (3512): 323. Bibcode:1937Natur.139..323D. doi:10.1038/139323a0. S2CID 4106534.
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Gamow, G. (1967). "Variability of elementary charge and quasistellar objects". Physical Review Letters. 19 (16): 913–914. Bibcode:1967PhRvL..19..913G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.913.
Uzan, J.-P. (2003). "The fundamental constants and their variation: Observational status and theoretical motivations". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 403–455. arXiv:hep-ph/0205340. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..403U. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.403. S2CID 118684485.
Uzan, J.-P. (2004). "Variation of the constants in the late and early universe". AIP Conference Proceedings. 736: 3–20. arXiv:astro-ph/0409424. Bibcode:2004AIPC..736....3U. doi:10.1063/1.1835171. S2CID 15435796.
Olive, K.; Qian, Y.-Z. (2003). "Were fundamental constants different in the past?". Physics Today. Vol. 57, no. 10. pp. 40–45. Bibcode:2004PhT....57j..40O. doi:10.1063/1.1825267.
Fujii, Yasunori (2004). "Oklo constraint on the time-variability of the fine-structure constant". Astrophysics, Clocks, and Fundamental Constants. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 648. pp. 167–185. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-40991-5_11. ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5.
Webb, John K.; Flambaum, Victor V.; Churchill, Christopher W.; Drinkwater, Michael J.; Barrow, John D. (February 1999). "Search for time variation of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 82 (5): 884–887. arXiv:astro-ph/9803165. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82..884W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.884. S2CID 55638644.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V.; Dzuba, V.A.; Churchill, C.W.; Prochaska, J.X.; et al. (11 November 2001). "Possible evidence for a variable fine-structure constant from QSO absorption lines: motivations, analysis and results". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 327 (4): 1208–1222. arXiv:astro-ph/0012419. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.327.1208M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04840.x. S2CID 14294586.
Webb, J.K.; Murphy, M.T.; Flambaum, V.V.; Dzuba, V.A.; Barrow, J.D.; Churchill, C.W.; et al. (9 August 2001). "Further evidence for cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 87 (9): 091301. arXiv:astro-ph/0012539. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87i1301W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.091301. PMID 11531558. S2CID 40461557.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V. (October 2003). "Further evidence for a variable fine-structure constant from Keck/HIRES QSO absorption spectra". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 345 (2): 609–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0306483. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345..609M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06970.x. S2CID 13182756.
Chand, H.; Srianand, R.; Petitjean, P.; Aracil, B. (April 2004). "Probing the cosmological variation of the fine-structure constant: Results based on VLT-UVES sample". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 417 (3): 853–871. arXiv:astro-ph/0401094. Bibcode:2004A&A...417..853C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035701. S2CID 17863903.
Srianand, R.; Chand, H.; Petitjean, P.; Aracil, B. (26 March 2004). "Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars". Physical Review Letters. 92 (12): 121302. arXiv:astro-ph/0402177. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92l1302S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.121302. PMID 15089663. S2CID 29581666.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V. (6 December 2007). "Comment on 'Limits on the time Variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars'". Physical Review Letters. 99 (23): 239001. arXiv:0708.3677. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99w9001M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.239001. PMID 18233422. S2CID 29266168.
Murphy, M.T.; Webb, J.K.; Flambaum, V.V. (March 2008). "Revision of VLT/UVES constraints on a varying fine-structure constant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 384 (3): 1053–1062. arXiv:astro-ph/0612407. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.384.1053M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12695.x. S2CID 10476451.
Lamoreaux, S. K.; Torgerson, J. R. (2004). "Neutron moderation in the Oklo natural reactor and the time variation of alpha". Physical Review D. 69 (12): 121701. arXiv:nucl-th/0309048. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69l1701L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.121701. S2CID 119337838.
Khatri, Rishi; Wandelt, Benjamin D. (14 March 2007). "21 cm radiation: A new probe of variation in the fine-structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 98 (11): 111301. arXiv:astro-ph/0701752. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98k1301K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.111301. PMID 17501040. S2CID 43502450.
Rosenband, T.; Hume, D. B.; Schmidt, P. O.; Chou, C. W.; Brusch, A.; Lorini, L.; et al. (28 March 2008). "Frequency ratio of Al⁺ and Hg⁺ single-ion optical clocks; metrology at the 17th decimal place". Science. 319 (5871): 1808–1812. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1808R. doi:10.1126/science.1154622. PMID 18323415. S2CID 206511320.
Barrow, John D.; Sandvik, Håvard Bunes; Magueijo, João (21 February 2002). "Behavior of varying-alpha cosmologies". Physical Review D. 65 (6): 063504. arXiv:astro-ph/0109414. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65f3504B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.063504. S2CID 118077783.
Webb, J. K.; King, J. A.; Murphy, M. T.; Flambaum, V. V.; Carswell, R. F.; Bainbridge, M. B. (31 October 2011). "Indications of a spatial variation of the fine structure constant". Physical Review Letters. 107 (19): 191101. arXiv:1008.3907. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107s1101W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.191101. hdl:1959.3/207294. PMID 22181590. S2CID 23236775.
Wilczynska, Michael R.; Webb, John K.; Bainbridge, Matthew; Barrow, John D.; Bosman, Sarah E. I.; Carswell, Robert F.; et al. (1 April 2020). "Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago". Science Advances. 6 (17): eaay9672. arXiv:2003.07627. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.9672W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay9672. PMC 7182409. PMID 32917582.
Milaković, Dinko; Lee, Chung-Chi; Carswell, Robert F.; Webb, John K.; Molaro, Paolo; Pasquini, Luca (5 March 2021). "A new era of fine structure constant measurements at high redshift". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500: 1–21. arXiv:2008.10619. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3217.
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"Wir fügen den Bohrschen Gleichungen (46) und (47) die charakteristische Konstante unserer Feinstrukturen (49) α = ⁠2πe²/ch⁠ hinzu, die zugleich mit der Kenntnis des Wasserstoffdubletts oder des Heliumtripletts in §10 oder irgend einer analogen Struktur bekannt ist."
———
(We add, to Bohr's equations (46) and (47), the characteristic constant of our fine structures (49) α = ⁠2πe²/ch⁠ which is known at once from knowledge of the hydrogen doublet or the helium triplet in §10 or any analogous structure.)^[25]^(p91)
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