Flat Earth (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Flat Earth" in English language version.

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25books.google.com

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Russell, Jefrey Burton (1991). Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians. Praeger. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-275-95904-3.
Gottlieb, Anthony (2000). The Dream of Reason. Penguin. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-393-04951-0.
Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1905]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 20, 37–38. ISBN 978-0-486-60079-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
On the Heavens, Book ii Chapter 14. Lloyd, G. E. R. (1968). Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 162–64. ISBN 978-0-521-07049-2.
Gombrich, R. F. (1975). Blacker, Carmen; Loewe, Michael (eds.). Ancient Cosmologies. George Allen & Unwin. pp. 110–39. ISBN 978-0-04-100038-2.
St. John Chrysostom, Homilies Concerning the Statues, Homily IX, paras. 7–8, in A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Series I, Vol IX, ed. Philip Schaff, American reprint of the Edinburgh edition (1978), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, p. 403: "When therefore thou beholdest not a small pebble, but the whole earth borne upon the waters, and not submerged, admire the power of Him who wrought these marvellous things in a supernatural manner! And whence does this appear, that the earth is borne upon the waters? The prophet declares this when he says, 'He hath founded it upon the seas, and prepared it upon the floods.' And again: 'To him who hath founded the earth upon the waters.' What sayest thou? The water is not able to support a small pebble on its surface, and yet bears up the earth, great as it is; and mountains, and hills, and cities, and plants, and men, and brutes; and it is not submerged!"
Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1991), Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians, New York: Praeger, pp. 37–45, ISBN 978-0-275-93956-4

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; English: 462^nd place)

mse.berkeley.edu

De Fontaine, Didier (2002). "Flat worlds: Today and in antiquity". Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana. 1 (3): 257–62. Bibcode:2002MmSAI..73S.257D. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007.

bestiary.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Brehaut, Ernest (1912). An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages. Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Frankfort, H.; Wilson, J. A.; Jacobsen, T. (1951). Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man; an Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East. An Oriental Institute essay. Penguin Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-14-020198-7. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Berlin, Adele (2011). "Cosmology and Creation". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973004-9.
Philpot, J.H. (1897). The Sacred Tree: Or, The Tree in Religion and Myth. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 113.
Lindow, J. (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-19-515382-8. The world was a flat disk, with the Earth in the center and the sea all around. Thus the serpent is about as far away from the center, where men and gods lived
Needham, J. (1959). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-521-05801-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Tull, Herman Wayne (1989). The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual. State University of New York Press. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-0-7914-0094-4. The Vedic texts contain several depictions of the shape of the cosmos. The Rigveda alone contains two basic images of the cosmos: a bipartite cosmos, consisting of the two spheres of heavens and Earth, and a tripartite cosmos consisting of the three spheres of heavens and Earth (...)
Sarma, K. V. (2013). Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 114–15. ISBN 978-94-017-1416-7.
A. A. Macdonell (1986). Vedic Mythology. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 9. ISBN 978-81-208-1113-3.
Plofker (2009, pp. 50–53). Plofker, Kim (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6.
Edelmann, Jonathan (2013). Gupta, Ravi M.; Valpey, Kenneth R. (eds.). The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition. Columbia University Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-231-53147-4.
Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). pp. 4–5, 17–25, 46–47. ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
Bercot, David (1998). A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-56563-357-5. The world, being made spherical, is confined within the circles of heaven.
J. L. E. Dreyer (1906), A History of Planetary Systems, (1906), pp. 211–212.
Isidore of Seville (2010). "XIV ii 1". The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Translated by Stephen A. Barney; W. J. Lewis; J. A. Beach; Oliver Berghof. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83749-1.
W. G. Randles (2000). Geography, Cartography and Nautical Science in the Renaissance. UK, Ashgate Variorum. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-86078-836-2. In other passages of the Etymologies, he writes of an orbis. Also in: Wolfgang Haase; Meyer Reinhold, eds. (1994). The Classical tradition and the Americas, vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-11-011572-7. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
Isidore, Etymologiae, III. XXXII.
Isidore, Etymologiae, XIV. I.
English translation by Laistner, M. L. W. (1966) [1931]. Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.D. 500 to 900 (2nd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 184–185. The original Latin reads: De perversa autem et iniqua doctrina, quae contra Deum et animam suam locutus est, si clarificatum fuerit ita eum confiteri, quod alius mundus et alii homines sub terra seu sol et luna, hunc habito concilio ab ęcclesia pelle sacerdotii honore privatum. (MGH, 1, 80, pp. 178–79).
Laistner, (1966, p. 184).
Simek (1996, p. 53). Simek, Rudolf (1996) [1992]. Heaven and Earth in the Middle Ages: The Physical World Before Columbus. Angela Hall (trans.). The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-608-8. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
Kaiser, Christopher B. (1997). Creational Theology and the History of Physical Science: the Creationist Tradition from Basil to Bohr. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 48. ISBN 978-90-04-10669-7.
Hasse, Wolfgang; Reinhold, Meyer, eds. (1993). The Classical Tradition and the Americas. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011572-7.
Moretti, Gabriella (1993). The Other World and the 'Antipodes'. The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance. Walter de Gruyter. p. 265. ISBN 978-3-11-011572-7. In Hasse & Reinhold (1993, pp. 241–284).
Wright, Charles Darwin (1993). The Irish Tradition in Old English Literature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-521-41909-3.
Fallacara, Giuseppe; Occhinegro, Ubaldo (2013), Manoscritto Voynich e Castel del Monte: Nuova chiave interpretativa del documento per inediti percorsi di ricerca [The Voynich Manuscript and Castel del Monte: A new interpretive key to the document through unpublished courses of research] (in Italian), Gangemi Editore, p. 127, ISBN 978-88-492-7749-4

bostonglobe.com (Global: 553^rd place; English: 334^th place)

Humphries, Courtney (October 28, 2017). "What does it take to believe the world is flat?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 4, 2022.

brill.com (Global: 1,840^th place; English: 1,115^th place)

Gleede, Benjamin (July 4, 2022), "The Christian Rejection of Ptolemean Cosmography in (Late) Antiquity: Motives, Modalities, and Backgrounds", Platonism and Christianity in Late Ancient Cosmology, Brill, pp. 184–204, doi:10.1163/9789004518469_009, ISBN 978-90-04-51846-9, retrieved April 8, 2025{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
Tabatabaʾi, Mohammad Ali; Mirsadri, Saida (May 26, 2016). "The Qurʾānic Cosmology, as an Identity in Itself". Arabica. 63 (3–4): 211. doi:10.1163/15700585-12341398. ISSN 1570-0585.

brillonline.com (Global: 1,199^th place; English: 816^th place)

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Ragep, F. Jamil (2009). "Astronomy". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652. Retrieved July 30, 2022.

business2community.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Abbott, Erica. "Mark Zuckerberg Banning All Flat Earth Groups from Facebook Is A Hoax". Business2community.com. Business2community. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Cullen, C. (February 1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan Tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1). Cambridge University Press (published December 24, 2009): 106–127. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00052137. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 171017315. Retrieved April 4, 2022.

cbsnews.com (Global: 108^th place; English: 80^th place)

Novacic, Ines (March 5, 2020). "From "flat Earth" to climate change denial, kids are deluged with fake science. Now teachers are fighting back - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved May 8, 2025.

ccel.org (Global: 1,688^th place; English: 1,180^th place)

Lactantius, The Divine Institutes, Book III, Chapter XXIV, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol VII, ed. Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, American reprint of the Edinburgh edition (1979), William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, pp. 94–95.
De Civitate Dei, Book XVI, Chapter 9 – Whether We are to Believe in the Antipodes, translated by Rev. Marcus Dods; from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College.
"Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography. Preface to the online edition". www.ccel.org.

denverpost.com (Global: 770^th place; English: 472^nd place)

Ambrose, Graham (July 7, 2017). "These Coloradans say Earth is flat. And gravity's a hoax. Now, they're being persecuted". The Denver Post. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

dmgh.de (Global: 8,566^th place; English: low place)

English translation by Laistner, M. L. W. (1966) [1931]. Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.D. 500 to 900 (2nd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 184–185. The original Latin reads: De perversa autem et iniqua doctrina, quae contra Deum et animam suam locutus est, si clarificatum fuerit ita eum confiteri, quod alius mundus et alii homines sub terra seu sol et luna, hunc habito concilio ab ęcclesia pelle sacerdotii honore privatum. (MGH, 1, 80, pp. 178–79).

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Ragep, F. Jamil (2009). "Astronomy". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
Cullen, C. (February 1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan Tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1). Cambridge University Press (published December 24, 2009): 106–127. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00052137. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 171017315. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
Cullen, Christopher (1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1): 106–27 [p. 107]. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137. S2CID 171017315.
Anchassi, Omar (December 14, 2022). "Against Ptolemy? Cosmography in Early Kalām". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 142 (4): 861, n. 72. doi:10.7817/jaos.142.4.2022.ar033. ISSN 2169-2289.
Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. 11 (1). Saint Catherines Press: 267–94. doi:10.1086/368583. S2CID 144330867.
Cullen, Christopher (1980). "Joseph Needham on Chinese Astronomy". Past & Present (87): 39–53 [pp. 42, 49]. doi:10.1093/past/87.1.39. JSTOR 650565.
Cullen, Christopher (1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1): 106–27 [pp. 107–09]. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137. S2CID 171017315.
Nothaft, C. P. E. (2011). "Augustine and the Shape of the Earth: A Critique of Leo Ferrari". Augustinian Studies. 42 (1): 33–48. doi:10.5840/augstudies20114213.
Nothaft, C. P. E. (2011), "Augustine and the Shape of the Earth: A Critique of Leo Ferrari", Augustinian Studies, 42 (1): 35, doi:10.5840/augstudies20114213
Gleede, Benjamin (July 4, 2022), "The Christian Rejection of Ptolemean Cosmography in (Late) Antiquity: Motives, Modalities, and Backgrounds", Platonism and Christianity in Late Ancient Cosmology, Brill, pp. 184–204, doi:10.1163/9789004518469_009, ISBN 978-90-04-51846-9, retrieved April 8, 2025{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
McCready, William D. (1996). "Isidore, the Antipodeans, and the Shape of the Earth". Isis. 87 (1): 120. doi:10.1086/357404.
Kedwards, Dale (September 18, 2020). The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 2. doi:10.2307/j.ctvxhrjnp. ISBN 978-1-78744-791-2. S2CID 224902444.
Wesley M. Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum", Isis, 71 (1980): 268–77. Stevens, Wesley M. (1980). "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's "De natura rerum"". Isis. 71 (2): 268–77. doi:10.1086/352464. JSTOR 230175. S2CID 133430429., page 274
Carey, John (1989). "Ireland and the Antipodes: The Heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg". Speculum. 64 (1): 1–10. doi:10.2307/2852184. JSTOR 2852184. S2CID 162378383.
Jill Tattersall (1981). "The Earth, Sphere or Disc?". Modern Language Review. 76 (1): 31–46. doi:10.2307/3727009. JSTOR 3727009.
Tabatabaʾi, Mohammad Ali; Mirsadri, Saida (May 26, 2016). "The Qurʾānic Cosmology, as an Identity in Itself". Arabica. 63 (3–4): 211. doi:10.1163/15700585-12341398. ISSN 1570-0585.

dx.doi.org

Kedwards, Dale (September 18, 2020). The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 2. doi:10.2307/j.ctvxhrjnp. ISBN 978-1-78744-791-2. S2CID 224902444.

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Özsoy, Sibel (March 2012). "Is the Earth Flat or Round? Primary School Children's Understandings of the Planet Earth: The Case of Turkish Children" (PDF). International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education. 4 (2): 407–415.

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De Fontaine, Didier (2002). "Flat worlds: Today and in antiquity". Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana. 1 (3): 257–62. Bibcode:2002MmSAI..73S.257D. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007.

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Herreria, Carla (April 22, 2017). "Neil deGrasse Tyson Cites Celebrity Flat-Earthers To Make A Point About Politics". HuffPost. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

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Martzloff, Jean-Claude (1993–1994). "Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". Chinese Science (11): 66–92 [p. 69]. JSTOR 43290474. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Cullen, Christopher (1980). "Joseph Needham on Chinese Astronomy". Past & Present (87): 39–53 [pp. 42, 49]. doi:10.1093/past/87.1.39. JSTOR 650565.
Wesley M. Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum", Isis, 71 (1980): 268–77. Stevens, Wesley M. (1980). "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's "De natura rerum"". Isis. 71 (2): 268–77. doi:10.1086/352464. JSTOR 230175. S2CID 133430429., page 274
Carey, John (1989). "Ireland and the Antipodes: The Heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg". Speculum. 64 (1): 1–10. doi:10.2307/2852184. JSTOR 2852184. S2CID 162378383.
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For example, see verses Q15:19 ^{[Quran 15:19]}, Q20:53 ^{[Quran 20:53]}, Q50:7 ^{[Quran 50:7]}, and Q51:48 ^{[Quran 51:48]}.

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Cullen, C. (February 1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan Tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1). Cambridge University Press (published December 24, 2009): 106–127. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00052137. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 171017315. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
Cullen, Christopher (1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1): 106–27 [p. 107]. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137. S2CID 171017315.
Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. 11 (1). Saint Catherines Press: 267–94. doi:10.1086/368583. S2CID 144330867.
Cullen, Christopher (1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1): 106–27 [pp. 107–09]. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00052137. S2CID 171017315.
Kedwards, Dale (September 18, 2020). The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 2. doi:10.2307/j.ctvxhrjnp. ISBN 978-1-78744-791-2. S2CID 224902444.
Wesley M. Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum", Isis, 71 (1980): 268–77. Stevens, Wesley M. (1980). "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's "De natura rerum"". Isis. 71 (2): 268–77. doi:10.1086/352464. JSTOR 230175. S2CID 133430429., page 274
Carey, John (1989). "Ireland and the Antipodes: The Heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg". Speculum. 64 (1): 1–10. doi:10.2307/2852184. JSTOR 2852184. S2CID 162378383.

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theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Dure, Beau (January 20, 2016). "Flat-Earthers are back: 'It's almost like the beginning of a new religion'". The Guardian. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

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web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Dr. James Hannam (May 18, 2010). "Science Versus Christianity?". Patheos. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. The myth that people in the Middle Ages thought the earth is flat appears to date from the 17th century as part of the campaign by Protestants against Catholic teaching.
Seely, Paul H. (1991). "The Firmament and the Water Above" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal. 53: 227–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
De Fontaine, Didier (2002). "Flat worlds: Today and in antiquity". Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana. 1 (3): 257–62. Bibcode:2002MmSAI..73S.257D. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007.
Martzloff, Jean-Claude (1993–1994). "Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". Chinese Science (11): 66–92 [p. 69]. JSTOR 43290474. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
"Saint Basil the Great, Hexaemeron 9 – Homily IX – "The creation of terrestrial animals" Holy Innocents Orthodox Church". Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
Brehaut, Ernest (1912). An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages. Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
Abbott, Erica. "Mark Zuckerberg Banning All Flat Earth Groups from Facebook Is A Hoax". Business2community.com. Business2community. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

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Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven J.; Wallis, Faith (2005). Medieval science, technology, and medicine : an encyclopedia. Routledge encyclopedias of the Middle Ages, 11. New York: New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96930-1. OCLC 61228669.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Cullen, C. (February 1976). "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan Tzu 淮南子". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 39 (1). Cambridge University Press (published December 24, 2009): 106–127. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00052137. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 171017315. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
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Flat Earth (English Wikipedia)

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