Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Human chimera" in English language version.
Hybrid embryos are embryos created by mixing human sperm and animal ova, or animal sperm and human ova. Human chimera embryos are human embryos that have had animal cells added to them during early development. … Lastly, transgenic human embryos are human embryos that have had animal genes inserted into them early in development.
No cases of hermaphroditism or parthenogenesis are found among birds and mammals.
But although hermaphroditism is common among invertebrates and occurs in some fish and other vertebrates, contrary to urban legends, human hermaphrodites do not exist.
In the past, the term hermaphrodite was widely applied in such cases, but humans are not hermaphroditic. In a truly hermaphroditic species, individuals have functional sets of male and female organs.
Hermaphroditism in the strict sense of the term does not exist in the human species. … may be equipped with both masculine and feminine gonads always more or less abnormal, incapable of simultaneously producing male and female gametes and not functional. This abnormal individual is therefore not a hermaphrodite but an intersex individual.
they certainly do not possess the complete and active sexual organs of both sexes, and so are not true hermaphrodites: they are known as false or pseudo-hermaphrodites … These false hermaphrodites may appear to possess the genital organs of both sexes, but they do not really do so.
Another form of chimera is the mosaic, which is a composite individual derived from a single fertilized egg.
A chimera is an organism whose cells are derived from two or more zygotes as opposed to a mosaic whose different cell lines are derived from a single zygote
In the current embryological (which is also the classical) sense, a "chimaera" is an organism whose cells derive from two or more distinct zygote lineages, and this is the sense which the term "genetical chimaera" is here intended to convey. "Genetical mosaic" is less suitable, because a mosaic is formed of the cells of a single zygote lineage.
Mosaicism originates by intrinsic genetic variations caused, among other processes, by somatic mutations, while chimerism originates from allogenic fusion or grafting. As such, chimerism is much rarer and involves a much larger genetic change than mosaicism.
Animals are less often hermaphrodites-no mammals or birds are so
Of note, the otherwise well-studied insects, birds, and mammals are strikingly absent here—with not a single species among these groups showing hermaphroditism (for details on a supposedly hermaphroditic scale insect, however, see Gardner and Ross, 2011).
It is now considered pejorative and outdated, although a small number of intersex people have reclaimed the term.
Some intersex people have reclaimed this word for themselves, but it is usually considered a slur. … it is not possible for one person to have both a fully developed penis and vagina.
Many people assume this is how all intersex people came to be. My mom even said when I was a baby, people hypothesized that I was twins (I'm not). Chimeras seem to play into an old cultural myth that a "hermaphrodite" must essentially be two people
A chimera is an organism whose cells are derived from two or more zygotes as opposed to a mosaic whose different cell lines are derived from a single zygote
Mosaicism originates by intrinsic genetic variations caused, among other processes, by somatic mutations, while chimerism originates from allogenic fusion or grafting. As such, chimerism is much rarer and involves a much larger genetic change than mosaicism.
Of note, the otherwise well-studied insects, birds, and mammals are strikingly absent here—with not a single species among these groups showing hermaphroditism (for details on a supposedly hermaphroditic scale insect, however, see Gardner and Ross, 2011).
