Ijtihad (English Wikipedia)

Fateh Muhammad, Aazadi; Muhammad Burfat, Fateh; Muhammad, Ghulam (2013). "Sociological Thought of Shah Wali Ullah" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research. 12: 129–143 – via iri.aiou.edu.pk.

al-islam.org

Shaykh Murtada Ansari
Jannati, Muhammad Ibrahim (17 March 2013). "The Term Ijtihad. The Forth Definition of Ijtihad". Ijtihad: Its Meaning, Sources, Beginnings and the Practice of Ray. Al-Islam.org. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
Mutahhari, Murtada (2 March 2013). "The Principle of Ijtihad in Islam". Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Mutahhari, Murtada (2 March 2013). "The Principles of Ijtihad in Islam". Retrieved 1 May 2013.

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cigilibrary.org

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"Ijtihad: Reinterpreting Islamic Principles for the 21st Century" (PDF). United States Institute of Peace Special Report. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved May 3, 2013.

dawn.com

ALI ENGINEER, ASGHAR (1 February 2013). "Is Sharia immutable?". Dawn. Retrieved 27 September 2016.

dhivehi.mv

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doi.org

B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20, 33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Gould, Rebecca (January 2015). "Ijtihād against Madhhab: Legal Hybridity and the Meanings of Modernity in Early Modern Daghestan". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 57 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000590. JSTOR 43908333. S2CID 121170987 – via JSTOR.
Marion Katz (2015). "The Age of Development and Continuity, 12th–15th Centuries CE". In Emon, Anver M; Ahmed, Rumee (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 436–458. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.013.14. ISBN 978-0-19-967901-0.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–26. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 22–25. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (1986). "On the Origins of the Controversy about the Existence of Mujtahids and the Gate of Ijtihad". Studia Islamica (63). Maisonneuve & Larose: 139–140. doi:10.2307/1595569. JSTOR 1595569 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 25–28. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 3–41. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTORA.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 27. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 30–32. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 29. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 28–30. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 32. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 32–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Ahl-i Hadith". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 9780195125580.
Indira Falk Gesnik (June 2003). ""Chaos on the Earth": Subjective Truths versus Communal Unity in Islamic Law and the Rise of Militant Islam". The American Historical Review. 108 (3). Oxford University Press: 710–733. doi:10.1086/529594. JSTOR 10.1086/529594.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 4–10. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 6–9. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 4–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Takim, Liyakat (2022). "2: Usul al-Fiqh and Ijtihad in Shi'ism". Shi'ism Revisited: Ijtihad and Reformation in Contemporary Times. New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 66. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197606575.001.0001. ISBN 9780197606575. To further vindicate their practice, the scholars cited traditions from the Imams that denounced Sunni interpretive tools like those of analogical deduction (qiyas) and independent reasoning (ijtihad). The negative stance toward Sunni legal practices was premised on the view that ijtihad was a deductive process based on personal conjecture and therefore had no legal basis in the shari'a. Due to this, the term ijtihad was used in a disparaging way by the Shi'is until the thirteenth century. The denunciation of ijtihad during this period also indicates that Shi'i jurists wanted to construct a legal edifice that was devoid of any doubt or uncertainty. With the passage of time, Shi‛i fuqaha' sensed the need to respond to newer issues and novel circumstances..

emel.com

"The Lost Female Scholars of Islam". Emel. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021.

islamuswest.org

"Voices of a New Ijtihad". Center for Dialogues. NYU. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved May 2, 2013.

jstor.org

B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20, 33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Gould, Rebecca (January 2015). "Ijtihād against Madhhab: Legal Hybridity and the Meanings of Modernity in Early Modern Daghestan". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 57 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000590. JSTOR 43908333. S2CID 121170987 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–26. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 22–25. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (1986). "On the Origins of the Controversy about the Existence of Mujtahids and the Gate of Ijtihad". Studia Islamica (63). Maisonneuve & Larose: 139–140. doi:10.2307/1595569. JSTOR 1595569 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 25–28. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 3–41. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTORA.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 27. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 30–32. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 29. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 28–30. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 32. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 32–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Indira Falk Gesnik (June 2003). ""Chaos on the Earth": Subjective Truths versus Communal Unity in Islamic Law and the Rise of Militant Islam". The American Historical Review. 108 (3). Oxford University Press: 710–733. doi:10.1086/529594. JSTOR 10.1086/529594.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 4–10. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 6–9. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 4–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.

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Baljon, J. M. S. (1986). 'Religion and Thought of Shah Wali Allah Dihlawi', 1703–1762. Brill Academic Pub. pp. 87–88.

muslimtents.com

see also: Hannan, Shah Abdul. "Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul Al Fiqh): Ijtihad". Muslim tents. Retrieved 27 September 2016.

oxfordhandbooks.com

Marion Katz (2015). "The Age of Development and Continuity, 12th–15th Centuries CE". In Emon, Anver M; Ahmed, Rumee (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 436–458. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.013.14. ISBN 978-0-19-967901-0.

oxfordislamicstudies.com

Esposito, John. "Ijtihad". The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Islamic Studies Online.^{[dead link]}
Esposito, John. "Ijtihad". The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
"Mujtahid". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
El Shamsy, Ahmed. "Ijtihad bi al-Ray". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2013.

oxfordreference.com

Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Ijtihād". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.
John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Taqiyah". Ijtihad. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Taqlid". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
Intisar A. Rabb (2009). "Ijtihād". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.

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Ansari, Abu Khuzaimah (2 April 2017). "Answering the Book - Refutation of Those Who Do Not Follow The Four Schools PART 4 Was it The Norm to Only Follow the Four Madhabs in the seventh and eighth Century & The Existence of Other Madhabs". Salafi Research Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.
Ansari, Abu Khuzaimah (2 April 2017). "Answering the Book - Refutation of Those Who Do Not Follow The Four Schools and that Taqlid of them is Guidance". Salafi Research Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. (Mu'eed an-Na'am Wa Mubeed an-Naqam pg.76)

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20, 33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Gould, Rebecca (January 2015). "Ijtihād against Madhhab: Legal Hybridity and the Meanings of Modernity in Early Modern Daghestan". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 57 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000590. JSTOR 43908333. S2CID 121170987 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–26. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 22–25. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
Hallaq, Wael B. (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 25–28. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 3–41. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTORA.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 27. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 30–32. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 29. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 28–30. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 32. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 32–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 4–10. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 6–9. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.
B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1). Cambridge University Press: 4–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995 – via JSTOR.

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Kesgin, Salih (2011). "A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SCHACHT'S ARGUMENT AND CONTEMPORARY DEBATES ON LEGAL REASONING THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE". The Journal of International Social Research. 4 (19): 160–163 – via Sosyalarastirmalar.Com.

ssrn.com

See: Mirjam Künkler and Roja Fazaeli, “The Life of Two Mujtahidas: Female Religious Authority in 20th Century Iran”, in Women, Leadership and Mosques: Changes in Contemporary Islamic Authority, ed. Masooda Bano and Hilary Kalmbach (Brill Publishers, 2012), 127-160. SSRN 1884209

thehumblei.com

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"Taqlid & Madhhabs: The Good, Bad and the Ugly [1/2]". The Humble i. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018.

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S. Vikør, Knut (June 1995). "The development of ijtihad and Islamic reform, 1750-1850". Archived from the original on 10 March 2018.
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usc.edu

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Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid is 18th and 19th century Islam" (PDF). Die Welt des Islams. XX, 3–4. University of Amsterdam: 131–145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid is 18th and 19th century Islam" (PDF). Die Welt des Islams. XX, 3–4. University of Amsterdam: 131–145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "IJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2019.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2019.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2019.

wahhabis.com

"Shaykh Abd Allaah Bin Muhammad Bin Abd Al-Wahhaab on Fiqh, Ijtihaad, Madhhabs and Taqlid". 'Wahhabis'.com. August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. And also we are upon the madhhab of Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal in the matters of jurisprudence, and we do not show rejection to the one who made taqleed of one of the four Imaams..

web.archive.org

Esposito, John. "Ijtihad". The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Aaliyah, Abu (17 October 2012). "Practical Steps for Learning Fiqh". Thehumblei. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020.
Ansari, Abu Khuzaimah (2 April 2017). "Answering the Book - Refutation of Those Who Do Not Follow The Four Schools PART 4 Was it The Norm to Only Follow the Four Madhabs in the seventh and eighth Century & The Existence of Other Madhabs". Salafi Research Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.
Ansari, Abu Khuzaimah (2 April 2017). "Answering the Book - Refutation of Those Who Do Not Follow The Four Schools and that Taqlid of them is Guidance". Salafi Research Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. (Mu'eed an-Na'am Wa Mubeed an-Naqam pg.76)
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid is 18th and 19th century Islam" (PDF). Die Welt des Islams. XX, 3–4. University of Amsterdam: 131–145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid is 18th and 19th century Islam" (PDF). Die Welt des Islams. XX, 3–4. University of Amsterdam: 131–145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019.
ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad. "The Six Foundations" (PDF). Salafi Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2020.
"Shaykh Abd Allaah Bin Muhammad Bin Abd Al-Wahhaab on Fiqh, Ijtihaad, Madhhabs and Taqlid". 'Wahhabis'.com. August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. And also we are upon the madhhab of Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal in the matters of jurisprudence, and we do not show rejection to the one who made taqleed of one of the four Imaams..
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "IJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2019.
"Taqlid & Madhhabs: The Good, Bad and the Ugly [1/2]". The Humble i. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018.
S. Vikør, Knut (June 1995). "The development of ijtihad and Islamic reform, 1750-1850". Archived from the original on 10 March 2018.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2019.
S. Vikør, Knut (June 1995). "The development of ijtihad and Islamic reform, 1750-1850". Archived from the original on 10 March 2018.
Peters, Rudolph (September 1980). "Ijtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2019.
"Voices of a New Ijtihad". Center for Dialogues. NYU. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
"Mujtahid". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
El Shamsy, Ahmed. "Ijtihad bi al-Ray". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
"The Lost Female Scholars of Islam". Emel. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021.