Languages of Canada (English Wikipedia)

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Robertson, Leslie A. (2005). "1. Conversations among Europeans and Other Acts of Possession". Imagining Difference: Legend, Curse, and Spectacle in a Canadian Mining Town. Vancouver, BC, Canada: UBC Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780774810920. Retrieved 3 April 2022. His guides and interpreters included a "half Blackfoot" man named Paul and "a Stoney Hunter," both of whom had difficulties, according to Palliser, with Ktunaxa sign language.
Ronowicz, Eddie; Colin Yallop (2006). English: One Language, Different Cultures. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8264-7079-9.

brandonu.ca

www2.brandonu.ca

McLead, Neal. (2000). "Plains Cree Identity: Borderlands, Ambiguous Genealogies and Narrative Irony" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. XX (2). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2013-04-18.

cad.ca

"Statistics on Deaf Canadians". CAD. Canadian Association of the Deaf – Association des Sourds du Canada. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

canadiangeographic.ca

O'Toole, Darren (9 November 2017). "Toward a Métis homeland". Canadian Geographic. The Royal Canadian Geographical Society. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
Ottawa Valley facts Archived September 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at Canadian Geographic.ca

canlii.org

carleton.ca

curve.carleton.ca

Elgar, Margaret Fern (19 September 1997). A Comparative Study of Native Residential Schools and the Residential Schools for the Deaf in Canada (PDF) (Master of Anthropology). Carleton University. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

cayoosh.net

Mike Cleven. "Chinook Jargon website". Cayoosh.net. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-01-18.

cbc.ca

Mandeville, Curtis (21 July 2016). "Goodbye Great Slave Lake? Movement to decolonize N.W.T. maps is growing". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
Bilingualism growing, but not in French and English
"Inuit sign language makes debut in Nunavut legislature". CBC. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Albert, Ashley (15 April 2018). "Oneida sign language created to connect deaf community with their culture". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

clo-ocol.gc.ca

"Fast figures on Canada's official languages (2016)". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 4 July 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in New Brunswick". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Northwest Territories". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Prince Edward Island". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Ontario". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Nova Scotia". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Yukon". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Manitoba". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Alberta". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in British Columbia". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Saskatchewan". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Newfoundland and Labrador". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
"Infographic: The French presence in Nunavut". www.clo-ocol.gc.ca. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

discover-southern-ontario.com

"THE AMISH of Southern Ontario". Discover Southern Ontario. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

doi.org

Papen, Robert A (1984). "Quelques remarques sur un parler français méconnu de l'Ouest canadien: le métis" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique. 14 (1): 113. doi:10.7202/602530ar. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
Bone, Tracey A.; Wilkinson, Erin; Ferndale, Danielle; Adams, Rodney (19 April 2021). "Indigenous and Deaf People and the Implications of Ongoing Practices of Colonization: A Comparison of Australia and Canada". Humanity & Society. 46 (3): 495–521. doi:10.1177/01605976211001575. S2CID 234851479.
Harald Hammarström, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath & Sebastian Bank, eds., Glottolog, ver. 4.3 (Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 2020).
Papen, Robert A (2014). "Hybrid Languages in Canada Involving French". Journal of Language Contact. 7 (1): 154–183. doi:10.1163/19552629-00701007. S2CID 141988957.
Mishler, Craig (2008-09-17). "'That's a Rubbaboo'". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 23 (2): 264–287. doi:10.1075/jpcl.23.2.04mis. ISSN 0920-9034.
Tagliamonte, Sali; Poplack, Shana (1991). "African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians" (PDF). Language Variation and Change. 3 (3): 301–339. doi:10.1017/S0954394500000594. ISSN 1469-8021. S2CID 59147893. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23.

dx.doi.org

Mishler, Craig (2008-09-17). "'That's a Rubbaboo'". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 23 (2): 264–287. doi:10.1075/jpcl.23.2.04mis. ISSN 0920-9034.

ecdip.org

Jessica Ball and B. May Bernhardt, "First Nations English dialects in Canada: Implications for speech-language pathology" Archived 2016-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, August 2008; 22(8): 570–588

edmundston.ca

"Le Brayonnaire" (PDF). City of Edmunston. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

erudit.org

Papen, Robert A (1993). "La Variation dialectale dans le parler français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". Francophonies d'Amérique. 3. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
Papen, Robert A (1984). "Quelques remarques sur un parler français méconnu de l'Ouest canadien: le métis" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique. 14 (1): 113. doi:10.7202/602530ar. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

ethnologue.com

"Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (Web Version online by SIL International, formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) (15 ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. Retrieved 2009-11-16. Since 2015 demands have been made to recognize all Aboriginal languages as official languages in Canada.
Lewis, M. Paul (2013). Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (eds.). "American Sign Language". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. SIL International.
"Hutterisch". Ethnologue.

facebook.com

Auld, Francis (23 November 2016). "ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam, n. sign language". Facebook. Ktunaxa Language Group. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

francopresse.ca

Doireau, Ophélie (1 Nov 2021). "Au Manitoba, redonner de la force au mitchif-français". FrancoPresse. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
Doireau, Ophélie (1 Nov 2021). "Au Manitoba, redonner de la force au mitchif-français". Francopresse. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

ghostarchive.org

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2001). "Languages in Canada: 2001 Census" (PDF). www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-08-19.

globalnews.ca

"Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca".

glottolog.org

"Glottolog Language: Jargon Loucheux". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-03-20.

gouv.qc.ca

oqlf.gouv.qc.ca

Office Québécois de la langue française. "Status of the French language". Government of Quebec. Retrieved November 10, 2010.

spl.gouv.qc.ca

"La dynamique des langues en quelques chiffres : Tableaux". Archived from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2014-03-17.

stat.gouv.qc.ca

"La Francophonie Canadienne" (PDF). stat.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada. October 3, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2003.

gov.nt.ca

ece.gov.nt.ca

"Official Languages". Northwest Territories Education, Culture and Employment. Government of the Northwest Territories. Retrieved 19 July 2014.

gov.nu.ca

"Official Languages". Department of Culture and Heritage. The Government of Nunavut. Retrieved 20 March 2022.

justice.gov.nu.ca

Consolidation of (S.Nu. 2008, c.10) (NIF) Official Languages Act^{[permanent dead link‍]} and Consolidation of Inuit Language Protection Act^{[permanent dead link‍]}

heritage.nf.ca

Clarke, Sandra; Paddock, Harold; MacKenzie, Marguerite. "Language". Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

icuf.ie

"Teagascóirí Gaeilge". Ireland Canada University Foundation. March 2013.

indiana.edu

Bakker, Peter (1989). "'The Language of the Coast Tribes is Half Basque': A Basque-American Indian Pidgin in Use between Europeans and Native Americans in North America, ca. 1540-ca. 1640". Anthropological Linguistics. 31 (3/4): 117–147. JSTOR 30027995. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2013-04-18.

jstor.org

Bakker, Peter (1989). "'The Language of the Coast Tribes is Half Basque': A Basque-American Indian Pidgin in Use between Europeans and Native Americans in North America, ca. 1540-ca. 1640". Anthropological Linguistics. 31 (3/4): 117–147. JSTOR 30027995. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2013-04-18.

langcom.nu.ca

"What are the Official Languages of Nunavut". Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-14.

linguisticsinamsterdam.nl

Schuit, Joke; Baker, Anne; Pfau, Roland. "Inuit Sign Language: a contribution to sign language typology". Universiteit van Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.

mayzil.com

MacGregor, JJ (June 9, 2021). "Souris: Of Mice and Mi'kmaq". Mayzil of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 21 March 2022.

metismuseum.ca

Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. "Michif and other languages of the Canadian Métis". Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research. Retrieved 10 August 2020.

metisportals.ca

Teillet, Jean. "The Boundaries of the Métis Nation" (PDF). The Métis Nation Self-Determination Gateway. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

mun.ca

"Irish Student Resources | Digital Learning Centre". Memorial University of Newfoundland.

nationalpost.com

Hopper, Tristin (29 May 2021). "Why so many children died at Indian Residential Schools". National Post. Postmedia National Inc. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

native-land.ca

"Michif Piyii (Métis)". native-land.ca. Native Land Digital. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

nla.gov.au

trove.nla.gov.au

Clarke, Sandra (1993). Focus on Canada. Amsterdam; Philadelphia : J. Benjamins Pub. Co.

nnsl.com

"Signs of changing times: Deaf Nunavummiut working to improve quality of life". Northern News Services Online. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 23 August 2015.

noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca

"Bungee, Bungi". Our Languages. Government of Canada. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

novascotia.ca

"Legislation Enshrines Mi'kmaw as Nova Scotia's First Language". Province of Nova Scotia (in English and Mi'kmaw). L'nu Affairs. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

nslegislature.ca

Mi'kmaw Language Act (Bill 148). Nova Scotia Legislature. 1 October 2022. Cite error: The named reference "LangAct" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

oneidalanguage.ca

"Oneida Sign Language". Onyota'a:ka Lutñu takhwa' Kʌtyohkwoyʌ. Oneida Language & Cultural Centre. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

ontario.ca

Government of Ontario, “About Ontario” (March 7, 2019).

ontla.on.ca

Province of Ontario (2007). "Bill 213: An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario".

ourcommons.ca

"Recognize Indigenous Sign Languages – Reconnaître les Langues des Signes Autochtones" (PDF). BC Hummingbird Society for the Deaf (BCHSD). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

parl.ca

"Government Bill (House of Commons) C-91 (42-1) - Royal Assent - Indigenous Languages Act - Parliament of Canada".

lop.parl.ca

https://lop.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/HillStudies/PDF/2015-131-E.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

publications.gc.ca

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Mother tongue, official language and home language". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-25.

queensu.ca

Gold, Elaine; McAlpine, Janice (eds.). "Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader" (PDF). Strathy Language Unit: Occasional Papers. 6. Kingston, Ontario: Queen’s University. Retrieved 23 May 2022.

revparlcan.ca

"Honouring Indigenous Languages within Parliament – Canadian Parliamentary Review – la Revue parlementaire canadienne". 8 August 2019.

rvf.ca

"Chiac, Brayon et autres couleurs de l'accent acadien!". Les Rendez-Vous de la Francophonie. Fondation canadienne pour le dialogue des cultures. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

salic-slmc.ca

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semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bone, Tracey A.; Wilkinson, Erin; Ferndale, Danielle; Adams, Rodney (19 April 2021). "Indigenous and Deaf People and the Implications of Ongoing Practices of Colonization: A Comparison of Australia and Canada". Humanity & Society. 46 (3): 495–521. doi:10.1177/01605976211001575. S2CID 234851479.
Papen, Robert A (2014). "Hybrid Languages in Canada Involving French". Journal of Language Contact. 7 (1): 154–183. doi:10.1163/19552629-00701007. S2CID 141988957.
Tagliamonte, Sali; Poplack, Shana (1991). "African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians" (PDF). Language Variation and Change. 3 (3): 301–339. doi:10.1017/S0954394500000594. ISSN 1469-8021. S2CID 59147893. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Tagliamonte, Sali; Poplack, Shana (1991). "African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians" (PDF). Language Variation and Change. 3 (3): 301–339. doi:10.1017/S0954394500000594. ISSN 1469-8021. S2CID 59147893. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23.

statcan.ca

www12.statcan.ca

Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages, 2006 Census of Canada Archived July 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

statcan.gc.ca

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"2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations – Mother Tongue - Detailed Aboriginal Languages (85), Languages Spoken Most Often at Home - Detailed Aboriginal Languages (85), Other Languages Spoken Regularly at Home - Aboriginal Languages (12), Age Groups (13A), Sex (3) and Area of Residence (6) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2011 Census". 24 October 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
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"Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census". 2 August 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
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The percentage figures cited are the top languages spoken as a home language in Canada, shown as a percentage of total single responses. Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 6–10. Data available online at: "Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home". 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
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statcan.gc.ca

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