Misinformation (English Wikipedia)

Scherer, Laura D.; McPhetres, Jon; Pennycook, Gordon; Kempe, Allison; Allen, Larry A.; Knoepke, Christopher E.; Tate, Channing E.; Matlock, Daniel D. (April 2021). "Who is susceptible to online health misinformation? A test of four psychosocial hypotheses". Health Psychology. 40 (4): 274–284. doi:10.1037/hea0000978. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 33646806.

apnews.com (Global: 129^th place; English: 89^th place)

"Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law". AP News. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
"New MIT Sloan research measures exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter". AP NEWS. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
"Misinformation on coronavirus is proving highly contagious". AP NEWS. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Libicki, Martin (2007). Conquest in Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–55. ISBN 978-0-521-87160-0.
O'Connor, Cailin; Weatherall, James Owen (2019). The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 10. ISBN 978-0-300-23401-5.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew; Yu, Chuan (April 2019). "Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media". Research & Politics. 6 (2): 205316801984855. arXiv:1809.05901. doi:10.1177/2053168019848554. ISSN 2053-1680. S2CID 52291737.
Sehgal, Vibhor; Peshin, Ankit; Afroz, Sadia; Farid, Hany (2021). "Mutual Hyperlinking Among Misinformation Peddlers". arXiv:2104.11694 [cs.SI].
Groh, Matthew; Epstein, Ziv; Firestone, Chaz; Picard, Rosalind (5 January 2022). "Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (1) e2110013119. arXiv:2105.06496. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11910013G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2110013119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8740705. PMID 34969837.
Lazer, David M. J.; Baum, Matthew A.; Benkler, Yochai; Berinsky, Adam J.; Greenhill, Kelly M.; Menczer, Filippo; Metzger, Miriam J.; Nyhan, Brendan; Pennycook, Gordon; Rothschild, David; Schudson, Michael; Sloman, Steven A.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Thorson, Emily A.; Watts, Duncan J.; Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018). "The science of fake news". Science. 359 (6380): 1094–1096. arXiv:2307.07903. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1094L. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998. PMID 29590025. S2CID 4410672.
Nikolov, Dimitar; Flammini, Alessandro; Menczer, Filippo (15 February 2021). "Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. arXiv:2010.01462. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-55.
Ferrara, Emilio (31 July 2017). "Disinformation and Social Bot Operations in the Run Up to the 2017 French Presidential Election". First Monday. arXiv:1707.00086. doi:10.5210/fm.v22i8.8005. ISSN 1396-0466.
Roca, Thomas; Roman, Anthony Cintron; Vega, Jehú Torres; Duarte, Marcelo; Wang, Pengce; White, Kevin; Misra, Amit; Ferres, Juan Lavista (12 May 2025). "How good are humans at detecting AI-generated images? Learnings from an experiment". arXiv:2507.18640 [cs.HC].
Deng, Zhenyun; Schlichtkrull, Michael; Vlachos, Andreas (2024). "Document-level Claim Extraction and Decontextualisation for Fact-Checking". arXiv:2406.03239 [cs.CL].
Afchar, Darius; Nozick, Vincent; Yamagishi, Junichi; Echizen, Isao (December 2018). "MesoNet: A Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Network". 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). IEEE. pp. 1–7. arXiv:1809.00888. doi:10.1109/wifs.2018.8630761. ISBN 978-1-5386-6536-7.
Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew; Yu, Chuan (April 2019). "Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media". Research & Politics. 6 (2): 205316801984855. arXiv:1809.05901. doi:10.1177/2053168019848554. S2CID 52291737.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Reality Check: Would Brexit mean extra £350m a week for NHS?". BBC News. 15 April 2016.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

"How should you talk to friends and relatives who believe conspiracy theories?". 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
Yee, Amy. "The country inoculating against disinformation". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
"Sky News Australia barred for week by YouTube over Covid misinformation". BBC News. 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
"Covid origin: Why the Wuhan lab-leak theory is being taken seriously". BBC News. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
"Hydroxychloroquine: Why a video promoted by Trump was pulled on social media". BBC News. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
"Stella Immanuel – the doctor behind unproven coronavirus cure claim". BBC News. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; English: 462^nd place)

qb3.berkeley.edu

"How to spot misleading science reporting – QB3 Berkeley". qb3.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

bmj.com (Global: 1,226^th place; English: 1,421^st place)

Oyeyemi, Sunday Oluwafemi; Gabarron, Elia; Wynn, Rolf (14 October 2014). "Ebola, Twitter, and misinformation: a dangerous combination?". BMJ. 349 g6178. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6178. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 25315514. S2CID 731448. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Thai, My T.; Wu, Weili; Xiong, Hui (1 December 2016). Big Data in Complex and Social Networks. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-315-39669-9.
Southwell, Brian G.; Thorson, Emily A.; Sheble, Laura (2018). Misinformation and Mass Audiences. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-1458-6.
Sinha, P.; Shaikh, S.; Sidharth, A. (2019). India Misinformed: The True Story. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-93-5302-838-1.

brennancenter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Deepfakes, Elections, and Shrinking the Liar's Dividend | Brennan Center for Justice". www.brennancenter.org. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

brookings.edu (Global: 1,634^th place; English: 1,093^rd place)

Messerole, Chris (9 May 2018). "How misinformation spreads on social media – And what to do about it". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

bundesregierung.de (Global: 5,817^th place; English: low place)

"What is disinformation?". Die Bundesregierung. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Godfrey-Smith, Peter (December 1989). "Misinformation". Canadian Journal of Philosophy. 19 (4): 533–550. doi:10.1080/00455091.1989.10716781. ISSN 0045-5091. S2CID 246637810.
Nguyen, C. Thi (2020). "Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles". Episteme. 17 (2): 141–161. doi:10.1017/epi.2018.32. ISSN 1742-3600. S2CID 171520109. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

cell.com (Global: 2,814^th place; English: 6,533^rd place)

Brady, William J.; Jackson, Joshua Conrad; Lindström, Björn; Crockett, M. J. (1 October 2023). "Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 27 (10): 947–960. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.008. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 37543440.

chapman.edu (Global: low place; English: 6,881^st place)

digitalcommons.chapman.edu

Walter, Nathan; Tukachinsky, Riva (March 2020). "A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Continued Influence of Misinformation in the Face of Correction: How Powerful Is It, Why Does It Happen, and How to Stop It?". Communication Research. 47 (2): 155–177. doi:10.1177/0093650219854600. S2CID 197731687. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.

chequeado.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Desinformación en Telegram: cómo se propaga y por qué los desinformantes eligen esta red de mensajería - Chequeado" (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2025.

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95^th place; English: 70^th place)

Jones, Tim (31 October 2020). "Dewey defeats Truman: The most famous wrong call in electoral history". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 3 April 2024.

cjr.org (Global: 4,313^th place; English: 2,441^st place)

Benkler, Y. (2017). "Study: Breitbart-led rightwing media ecosystem altered broader media agenda". Archived from the original on 4 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.

clarin.com (Global: 365^th place; English: 1,047^th place)

"Joaquín Correa fue presentado en Botafogo para jugar el Mundial de Clubes y tuvo un insólito cruce con un periodista: "No es mi hermano"". Clarin. 14 June 2025. Retrieved 10 August 2025.

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; English: 225^th place)

Elliott, Matt. "Fake news spotter: How to enable Microsoft Edge's NewsGuard". CNET. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

Darcy, Oliver (24 July 2020). "Wikipedia administrators caution editors about using Fox News as source on 'contentious' claims". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
Tucker, Emma (18 September 2022). "TikTok's search engine repeatedly delivers misinformation to its majority-young user base, report says". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

rm.coe.int

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). "Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policymaking." Council of Europe Report. Retrieved from rm.coe.int

databrary.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Lombardi, Doug (2020), Debunking Handbook 2020, Databrary, pp. 9–11, doi:10.17910/b7.1182, retrieved 20 January 2021

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fetzer, James H. (1 May 2004). "Information: Does it Have To Be True?". Minds and Machines. 14 (2): 223–229. doi:10.1023/B:MIND.0000021682.61365.56. ISSN 1572-8641. S2CID 31906034.
Caramancion, Kevin Matthe (2020). "An Exploration of Disinformation as a Cybersecurity Threat". 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT). pp. 440–444. doi:10.1109/icict50521.2020.00076. ISBN 978-1-7281-7283-5. S2CID 218651389.
Fallis, Don (2015). "What Is Disinformation?". Library Trends. 63 (3): 401–426. doi:10.1353/lib.2015.0014. hdl:2142/89818. ISSN 1559-0682. S2CID 13178809.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (30 October 2023). "Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach". New Media & Society. 27 (4): 2188–2211. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. ISSN 1461-4448.
Mirhoseini, Mahdi; Early, Spencer; El Shamy, Nour; Hassanein, Khaled (1 April 2023). "Actively open-minded thinking is key to combating fake news: A multimethod study". Information & Management. 60 (3) 103761. doi:10.1016/j.im.2023.103761. ISSN 0378-7206.
Maertens, Rakoen; Götz, Friedrich M.; Golino, Hudson F.; Roozenbeek, Jon; Schneider, Claudia R.; Kyrychenko, Yara; Kerr, John R.; Stieger, Stefan; McClanahan, William P.; Drabot, Karly; He, James; van der Linden, Sander (1 March 2024). "The Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST): A psychometrically validated measure of news veracity discernment". Behavior Research Methods. 56 (3): 1863–1899. doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02124-2. ISSN 1554-3528. PMC 10991074. PMID 37382812.
Munusamy, Shalini; Syasyila, Kalaivanan; Shaari, Azahah Abu Hassan; Pitchan, Muhammad Adnan; Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim; Jatnika, Ratna (18 November 2024). "Psychological factors contributing to the creation and dissemination of fake news among social media users: a systematic review". BMC Psychology. 12 (1): 673. doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02129-2. ISSN 2050-7283. PMC 11575416. PMID 39558439.
Bode, Leticia; Vraga, Emily (23 June 2015). "In Related News, That was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media". Journal of Communication. 65 (4): 619–638. doi:10.1111/jcom.12166. S2CID 142769329. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
Ecker, Ullrich K.H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cheung, Candy S.C.; Maybery, Murray T. (November 2015). "He did it! She did it! No, she did not! Multiple causal explanations and the continued influence of misinformation" (PDF). Journal of Memory and Language. 85: 101–115. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.09.002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
Zeng, Jing; Chan, Chung-hong (1 January 2021). "A cross-national diagnosis of infodemics: comparing the topical and temporal features of misinformation around COVID-19 in China, India, the US, Germany and France". Online Information Review. 45 (4): 709–728. doi:10.1108/OIR-09-2020-0417. ISSN 1468-4527. S2CID 234242942.
Vraga, E.". K., & Bode, L. (2020). "Defining Misinformation and Understanding Its Bind to Political Communication." 'Political Communication', 37(1), 136-144. doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1716494
Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew; Yu, Chuan (April 2019). "Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media". Research & Politics. 6 (2): 205316801984855. arXiv:1809.05901. doi:10.1177/2053168019848554. ISSN 2053-1680. S2CID 52291737.
Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (9 March 2018). "The spread of true and false news online". Science. 359 (6380): 1146–1151. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1146V. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29590045.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter (December 1989). "Misinformation". Canadian Journal of Philosophy. 19 (4): 533–550. doi:10.1080/00455091.1989.10716781. ISSN 0045-5091. S2CID 246637810.
West, Jevin D.; Bergstrom, Carl T. (13 April 2021). "Misinformation in and about science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (15) e1912444117. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912444117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8054004. PMID 33837146.
Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai; Fu, King-Wa; Chan, Chung-Hong; Chan, Benedict Shing Bun; Cheung, Chi-Ngai; Abraham, Thomas; Tse, Zion Tsz Ho (May 2016). "Social Media's Initial Reaction to Information and Misinformation on Ebola, August 2014: Facts and Rumors". Public Health Reports. 131 (3): 461–473. doi:10.1177/003335491613100312. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 4869079. PMID 27252566.
Oyeyemi, Sunday Oluwafemi; Gabarron, Elia; Wynn, Rolf (14 October 2014). "Ebola, Twitter, and misinformation: a dangerous combination?". BMJ. 349 g6178. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6178. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 25315514. S2CID 731448. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Swire-Thompson, Briony; Lazer, David (2 April 2020). "Public Health and Online Misinformation: Challenges and Recommendations". Annual Review of Public Health. 41 (1): 433–451. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 31874069.
Stewart, Mallory (2021). "Defending Weapons Inspections from the Effects of Disinformation". AJIL Unbound. 115: 106–110. doi:10.1017/aju.2021.4. S2CID 232070073.
Loomba, Sahil; de Figueiredo, Alexandre; Piatek, Simon J.; de Graaf, Kristen; Larson, Heidi J. (2021). "Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (3): 337–348. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33547453.
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). "Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633.
Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (8 August 2022). "Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 42: 18–35. doi:10.1177/07439156221103852. ISSN 0743-9156.
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A. (January 2022). "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction". Nature Reviews Psychology. 1 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y. hdl:1983/889ddb0f-0d44-44f4-a54f-57c260ae4917. ISSN 2731-0574.
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Robson, Samuel G.; Faasse, Kate; Gordon, Eliza-Rose; Jones, Samuel P.; Drew, Manisara; Martire, Kristy A. (9 October 2024). "Lazy or different? A quantitative content analysis of how believers and nonbelievers of misinformation reason". Advances.in/Psychology. 2: e003511. doi:10.56296/aip00027. ISSN 2976-937X.
Scherer, Laura D.; McPhetres, Jon; Pennycook, Gordon; Kempe, Allison; Allen, Larry A.; Knoepke, Christopher E.; Tate, Channing E.; Matlock, Daniel D. (April 2021). "Who is susceptible to online health misinformation? A test of four psychosocial hypotheses". Health Psychology. 40 (4): 274–284. doi:10.1037/hea0000978. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 33646806.
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Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Cook, John (December 2017). "Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the 'post-truth' era" (PDF). Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 6 (4): 353–369. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008. hdl:1983/1b4da4f3-009d-4287-8e45-a0a1d7b688f7. S2CID 149003083. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
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Hameleers, Michael; Brosius, Anna (16 February 2022). "You Are Wrong Because I Am Right! The Perceived Causes and Ideological Biases of Misinformation Beliefs". International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 34 (1) edab028. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edab028. ISSN 0954-2892.
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Chadwick, Matthew (22 April 2020). "Can Corrections Spread Misinformation to New Audiences? Testing for the Elusive Familiarity Backfire Effect". Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 5 (1): 41. doi:10.31219/osf.io/et4p3. hdl:1983/0d5feec2-5878-4af6-b5c7-fbbd398dd4c4. PMC 7447737. PMID 32844338. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). "Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633.
Cowles, Kelsey; Miller, Rebekah; Suppok, Rachel (2 January 2024). "When Seeing Isn't Believing: Navigating Visual Health Misinformation through Library Instruction". Medical Reference Services Quarterly. 43 (1): 44–58. doi:10.1080/02763869.2024.2290963. ISSN 0276-3869. PMID 38237023.
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Groh, Matthew; Epstein, Ziv; Firestone, Chaz; Picard, Rosalind (5 January 2022). "Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (1) e2110013119. arXiv:2105.06496. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11910013G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2110013119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8740705. PMID 34969837.
Khan, M. Laeeq; Idris, Ika Karlina (2 December 2019). "Recognise misinformation and verify before sharing: a reasoned action and information literacy perspective". Behaviour & Information Technology. 38 (12): 1194–1212. doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1578828. S2CID 86681742.
Lazer, David M. J.; Baum, Matthew A.; Benkler, Yochai; Berinsky, Adam J.; Greenhill, Kelly M.; Menczer, Filippo; Metzger, Miriam J.; Nyhan, Brendan; Pennycook, Gordon; Rothschild, David; Schudson, Michael; Sloman, Steven A.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Thorson, Emily A.; Watts, Duncan J.; Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018). "The science of fake news". Science. 359 (6380): 1094–1096. arXiv:2307.07903. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1094L. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998. PMID 29590025. S2CID 4410672.
Vraga, Emily K.; Bode, Leticia (December 2017). "Leveraging institutions, educators, and networks to correct misinformation: A commentary on Lewandosky, Ecker, and Cook". Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 6 (4): 382–388. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.008.
Caramancion, Kevin Matthe (2020). "Understanding the Impact of Contextual Clues in Misinformation Detection". 2020 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/IEMTRONICS51293.2020.9216394. ISBN 978-1-7281-9615-2. S2CID 222297695.
Anspach, Nicolas M; Carlson, Taylor N (1 August 2024). "Not who you think? Exposure and vulnerability to misinformation". New Media & Society. 26 (8): 4847–4866. doi:10.1177/14614448221130422. ISSN 1461-4448.
Lyons, Benjamin A. (24 July 2023). "Older Americans are more vulnerable to prior exposure effects in news evaluation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-118.
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Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (9 March 2018). "The spread of true and false news online". Science. 359 (6380): 1146–1151. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1146V. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29590045.
West, Jevin D.; Bergstrom, Carl T. (13 April 2021). "Misinformation in and about science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (15) e1912444117. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912444117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8054004. PMID 33837146.
Scheufele, Dietram; Krause, Nicole (16 April 2019). "Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (16): 7662–7669. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7662S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115. PMC 6475373. PMID 30642953.
Törnberg, Petter (20 September 2018). Bauch, Chris T. (ed.). "Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion". PLOS ONE. 13 (9) e0203958. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303958T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203958. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147442. PMID 30235239.
Selvaraj, Senthil; Borkar, Durga S.; Prasad, Vinay (17 January 2014). "Media Coverage of Medical Journals: Do the Best Articles Make the News?". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e85355. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985355S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085355. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3894978. PMID 24465543.
Groh, Matthew; Epstein, Ziv; Firestone, Chaz; Picard, Rosalind (5 January 2022). "Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (1) e2110013119. arXiv:2105.06496. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11910013G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2110013119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8740705. PMID 34969837.
Lazer, David M. J.; Baum, Matthew A.; Benkler, Yochai; Berinsky, Adam J.; Greenhill, Kelly M.; Menczer, Filippo; Metzger, Miriam J.; Nyhan, Brendan; Pennycook, Gordon; Rothschild, David; Schudson, Michael; Sloman, Steven A.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Thorson, Emily A.; Watts, Duncan J.; Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018). "The science of fake news". Science. 359 (6380): 1094–1096. arXiv:2307.07903. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1094L. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998. PMID 29590025. S2CID 4410672.
Bakshy, Eytan; Messing, Solomon; Adamic, Lada A. (5 June 2015). "Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook". Science. 348 (6239): 1130–1132. Bibcode:2015Sci...348.1130B. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25953820.
Allen, Jennifer; Arechar, Antonio A.; Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (September 2021). "Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds". Science Advances. 7 (36) eabf4393. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4393A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf4393. PMC 8442902. PMID 34516925.
Cook, John; Ellerton, Peter; Kinkead, David (1 February 2018). "Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors". Environmental Research Letters. 13 (2): 024018. Bibcode:2018ERL....13b4018C. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa49f. S2CID 149353744.
Roozenbeek, Jon; van der Linden, Sander; Goldberg, Beth; Rathje, Steve; Lewandowsky, Stephan (26 August 2022). "Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media". Science Advances. 8 (34) eabo6254. Bibcode:2022SciA....8O6254R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo6254. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9401631. PMID 36001675.
Roozenbeek, Jon; van der Linden, Sander; Goldberg, Beth; Rathje, Steve; Lewandowsky, Stephan (26 August 2022). "Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media". Science Advances. 8 (34) eabo6254. Bibcode:2022SciA....8O6254R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo6254. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9401631. PMID 36001675.
Treen, Kathie M. d'I.; Williams, Hywel T. P.; O'Neill, Saffron J. (September 2020). "Online misinformation about climate change". WIREs Climate Change. 11 (5) e665. Bibcode:2020WIRCC..11E.665T. doi:10.1002/wcc.665. S2CID 221879878.
Mosleh, Mohsen; Rand, David G. (21 November 2022). "Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 7144. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.7144M. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34769-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9681735. PMID 36414634.
Nyhan B (2021). "Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (15) e1912440117. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812440N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912440117. PMC 8053951. PMID 33837144.
Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (9 March 2018). "The spread of true and false news online" (PDF). Science. 359 (6380): 1146–1151. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1146V. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559. PMID 29590045. S2CID 4549072. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
Törnberg, P. (2018). "Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion". PLOS ONE. 13 (9) e0203958. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303958T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203958. PMC 6147442. PMID 30235239.
Scheufele, Dietram A.; Krause, Nicole M. (16 April 2019). "Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (16): 7662–7669. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7662S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115. PMC 6475373. PMID 30642953.
West, Jevin D.; Bergstrom, Carl T. (2021). "Misinformation in and about science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (15) e1912444117. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912444117. PMC 8054004. PMID 33837146.
Iyengar, Shanto; Massey, Douglas S. (16 April 2019). "Scientific communication in a post-truth society". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (16): 7656–7661. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7656I. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805868115. PMC 6475392. PMID 30478050.
Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (9 March 2018). "The spread of true and false news online". Science. 359 (6380): 1146–1151. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1146V. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29590045. S2CID 4549072.
Gayathri Vaidyanathan (22 July 2020). "News Feature: Finding a vaccine for misinformation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (32): 18902–18905. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11718902V. doi:10.1073/PNAS.2013249117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7431032. PMID 32699146. Wikidata Q97652640.

misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu

Lyons, Benjamin A. (24 July 2023). "Older Americans are more vulnerable to prior exposure effects in news evaluation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-118.
Nikolov, Dimitar; Flammini, Alessandro; Menczer, Filippo (15 February 2021). "Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. arXiv:2010.01462. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-55.
Tay, Li Qian; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Hurlstone, Mark J.; Kurz, Tim; Ecker, Ullrich K. H. (5 October 2023). "A focus shift in the evaluation of misinformation interventions". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. 4 (5). doi:10.37016/mr-2020-124. PMC 7616579. PMID 39301480.
Bode, Leticia; Vraga, Emily K.; Tully, Melissa (11 June 2020). "Do the right thing: Tone may not affect correction of misinformation on social media". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-026.

dash.harvard.edu

Darnton, Robert (2007). "The Devil in the Holy Water: Political Libel in Eighteenth-Century France". Proceedings of the British Academy. 151: 387–422 – via Harvard University's Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH).

hewlett.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tucker, Joshua A.; Guess, Andrew; Barbera, Pablo; Vaccari, Cristian; Siegel, Alexandra; Sanovich, Sergey; Stukal, Denis; Nyhan, Brendan. "Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature". Hewlett Foundation White Paper. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.

hhs.gov (Global: 5,973^rd place; English: 3,693^rd place)

"Health Misinformation — Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General". www.hhs.gov. Retrieved 22 April 2024.

icfj.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Posetti, Julie; Matthews, Alice (23 June 2018). "A Short Guide to the History of 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A New ICFJ Learning Module". International Center for Journalists. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
"A short guide to the history of 'fake news' and disinformation". International Center for Journalists. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.

ijoc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Woolley, Samuel C.; Howard, Philip N. (2016). "Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents". International Journal of Communication. 10: 4882–4890. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

Mishra, Stuti (4 May 2023). "Google profiting from climate misinformation on YouTube, report finds". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023.
"The misinformation that was told about Brexit during and after the referendum". The Independent. 2 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022.

informationr.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Karlova, Natascha A.; Fisher, Karen E. (15 March 2013). "A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour". informationr.net. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.

integrityinstitute.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Misinformation Amplification Analysis and Tracking Dashboard". Integrity Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

journalism.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shearer, Elisa; Gottfried, Jeffrey (7 September 2017). "News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017". Pew Research Center's Journalism Project. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). "Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633.
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). "Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633.

knightcolumbia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Algorithmic Amplification and Society". Knight First Amendment Institute. Retrieved 4 December 2025.

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

Healy, Melissa (8 February 2020). "Misinformation about the coronavirus abounds, but correcting it can backfire". Los Angeles Times.

maartengrootendorst.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Grootendorst, Maarten (23 March 2021). "Misleading Graphs". Maarten Grootendorst. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

maldita.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Telegram is a proven amplifier of disinformation: Maldita.es Foundation and the University of Granada present recommendations for the EU in an event in Brussels with the participation of Vice President Jourová·Maldita.es". Maldita.es. 8 October 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2025.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

Merriam-Webster Dictionary (19 August 2020). "Misinformation". Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
"Definition of RUMOR". www.merriam-webster.com. 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

middcreate.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

dlinq.middcreate.net

"Information Environmentalism". Digital Learning and Inquiry (DLINQ). 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

news.mit.edu

"On social media platforms, more sharing means less caring about accuracy". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2025.

nationalacademies.org (Global: 7,189^th place; English: 6,078^th place)

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (22 June 2023). "Nobel Prize Summit Fuels Initiatives to Combat Misinformation and Disinformation and Build Trust in Science". National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Wikidata Q124711722.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

Loomba, Sahil; de Figueiredo, Alexandre; Piatek, Simon J.; de Graaf, Kristen; Larson, Heidi J. (2021). "Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (3): 337–348. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33547453.
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A. (January 2022). "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction". Nature Reviews Psychology. 1 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y. hdl:1983/889ddb0f-0d44-44f4-a54f-57c260ae4917. ISSN 2731-0574.
van der Linden, Sander (March 2022). "Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public". Nature Medicine. 28 (3): 460–467. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 35273402.
Guay, Brian; Berinsky, Adam J.; Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David (August 2023). "How to think about whether misinformation interventions work". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (8): 1231–1233. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01667-w. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 37563304.

ned.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cima.ned.org

"Fighting Fake News: How Mis- and Disinformation Legislation is Weaponized Against Journalists". Center for International Media Assistance. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2025.

newschannel20.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

NEWS, MOLLY LEVINE, NBC 10 (17 December 2025). "Expert: Sharing unofficial AI-generated images could confuse, hinder Brown investigation". WICS. Retrieved 19 December 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

newsguardtech.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Misinformation Monitor: September 2022". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.

nhk.or.jp (Global: 145^th place; English: 1,388^th place)

www3.nhk.or.jp

Junya, Yabuuchi (17 December 2025). "Fake news spreads after quake in northern Japan".

niemanlab.org (Global: low place; English: 6,277^th place)

"Journalists know news and opinion are separate, but readers often can't tell the difference". Nieman Lab. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Maertens, Rakoen; Götz, Friedrich M.; Golino, Hudson F.; Roozenbeek, Jon; Schneider, Claudia R.; Kyrychenko, Yara; Kerr, John R.; Stieger, Stefan; McClanahan, William P.; Drabot, Karly; He, James; van der Linden, Sander (1 March 2024). "The Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST): A psychometrically validated measure of news veracity discernment". Behavior Research Methods. 56 (3): 1863–1899. doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02124-2. ISSN 1554-3528. PMC 10991074. PMID 37382812.
Munusamy, Shalini; Syasyila, Kalaivanan; Shaari, Azahah Abu Hassan; Pitchan, Muhammad Adnan; Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim; Jatnika, Ratna (18 November 2024). "Psychological factors contributing to the creation and dissemination of fake news among social media users: a systematic review". BMC Psychology. 12 (1): 673. doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02129-2. ISSN 2050-7283. PMC 11575416. PMID 39558439.
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West, Jevin D.; Bergstrom, Carl T. (13 April 2021). "Misinformation in and about science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (15) e1912444117. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912444117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8054004. PMID 33837146.
Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai; Fu, King-Wa; Chan, Chung-Hong; Chan, Benedict Shing Bun; Cheung, Chi-Ngai; Abraham, Thomas; Tse, Zion Tsz Ho (May 2016). "Social Media's Initial Reaction to Information and Misinformation on Ebola, August 2014: Facts and Rumors". Public Health Reports. 131 (3): 461–473. doi:10.1177/003335491613100312. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 4869079. PMID 27252566.
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Loomba, Sahil; de Figueiredo, Alexandre; Piatek, Simon J.; de Graaf, Kristen; Larson, Heidi J. (2021). "Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (3): 337–348. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 33547453.
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). "Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633.
Scheufele, Dietram; Krause, Nicole (16 April 2019). "Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (16): 7662–7669. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7662S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115. PMC 6475373. PMID 30642953.
Pennycook, Gordon; Cheyne, James Allan; Seli, Paul; Koehler, Derek J.; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. (1 June 2012). "Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief". Cognition. 123 (3): 335–346. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.003. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 22481051.
Scherer, Laura D.; McPhetres, Jon; Pennycook, Gordon; Kempe, Allison; Allen, Larry A.; Knoepke, Christopher E.; Tate, Channing E.; Matlock, Daniel D. (April 2021). "Who is susceptible to online health misinformation? A test of four psychosocial hypotheses". Health Psychology. 40 (4): 274–284. doi:10.1037/hea0000978. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 33646806.
Törnberg, Petter (20 September 2018). Bauch, Chris T. (ed.). "Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion". PLOS ONE. 13 (9) e0203958. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303958T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203958. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6147442. PMID 30235239.
Newman, Eryn J.; Garry, Maryanne; Bernstein, Daniel M.; Kantner, Justin; Lindsay, D. Stephen (October 2012). "Nonprobative photographs (or words) inflate truthiness". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 19 (5): 969–974. doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0292-0. ISSN 1531-5320. PMID 22869334.
Selvaraj, Senthil; Borkar, Durga S.; Prasad, Vinay (17 January 2014). "Media Coverage of Medical Journals: Do the Best Articles Make the News?". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e85355. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985355S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085355. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3894978. PMID 24465543.
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Chadwick, Matthew (22 April 2020). "Can Corrections Spread Misinformation to New Audiences? Testing for the Elusive Familiarity Backfire Effect". Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 5 (1): 41. doi:10.31219/osf.io/et4p3. hdl:1983/0d5feec2-5878-4af6-b5c7-fbbd398dd4c4. PMC 7447737. PMID 32844338. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Seifert, Colleen M.; Schwarz, Norbert; Cook, John (2012). "Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 13 (3): 106–131. doi:10.1177/1529100612451018. JSTOR 23484653. PMID 26173286. S2CID 42633.
Cowles, Kelsey; Miller, Rebekah; Suppok, Rachel (2 January 2024). "When Seeing Isn't Believing: Navigating Visual Health Misinformation through Library Instruction". Medical Reference Services Quarterly. 43 (1): 44–58. doi:10.1080/02763869.2024.2290963. ISSN 0276-3869. PMID 38237023.
Groh, Matthew; Epstein, Ziv; Firestone, Chaz; Picard, Rosalind (5 January 2022). "Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (1) e2110013119. arXiv:2105.06496. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11910013G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2110013119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8740705. PMID 34969837.
Lazer, David M. J.; Baum, Matthew A.; Benkler, Yochai; Berinsky, Adam J.; Greenhill, Kelly M.; Menczer, Filippo; Metzger, Miriam J.; Nyhan, Brendan; Pennycook, Gordon; Rothschild, David; Schudson, Michael; Sloman, Steven A.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Thorson, Emily A.; Watts, Duncan J.; Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018). "The science of fake news". Science. 359 (6380): 1094–1096. arXiv:2307.07903. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1094L. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998. PMID 29590025. S2CID 4410672.
Brashier, Nadia M.; Schacter, Daniel L. (1 June 2020). "Aging in an Era of Fake News". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 29 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1177/0963721420915872. ISSN 0963-7214. PMC 7505057. PMID 32968336.
van der Linden, Sander (March 2022). "Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public". Nature Medicine. 28 (3): 460–467. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 35273402.
Dobbs, Mitch; DeGutis, Joseph; Morales, Jorge; Joseph, Kenneth; Swire-Thompson, Briony (18 December 2023). "Democrats are better than Republicans at discerning true and false news but do not have better metacognitive awareness". Communications Psychology. 1 (1) 46: 1–10. doi:10.1038/s44271-023-00040-x. ISSN 2731-9121. PMC 11332161. PMID 39242894.
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Bakshy, Eytan; Messing, Solomon; Adamic, Lada A. (5 June 2015). "Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook". Science. 348 (6239): 1130–1132. Bibcode:2015Sci...348.1130B. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25953820.
Tay, Li Qian; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Hurlstone, Mark J.; Kurz, Tim; Ecker, Ullrich K. H. (5 October 2023). "A focus shift in the evaluation of misinformation interventions". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. 4 (5). doi:10.37016/mr-2020-124. PMC 7616579. PMID 39301480.
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worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Misinformation (English Wikipedia)

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cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; English: 225^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

ed.gov (Global: 576^th place; English: 352^nd place)

elsevier.com (Global: 610^th place; English: 704^th place)

factcheck.org (Global: 7,075^th place; English: 4,103^rd place)

gallup.com (Global: 2,558^th place; English: 1,868^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

gwu.edu (Global: 1,353^rd place; English: 938^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harpers.org (Global: 6,640^th place; English: 3,977^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

hhs.gov (Global: 5,973^rd place; English: 3,693^rd place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

nationalacademies.org (Global: 7,189^th place; English: 6,078^th place)

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

nhk.or.jp (Global: 145^th place; English: 1,388^th place)

niemanlab.org (Global: low place; English: 6,277^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

nybooks.com (Global: 1,785^th place; English: 1,133^rd place)

nymag.com (Global: 346^th place; English: 229^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

osf.io (Global: 7,153^rd place; English: 4,975^th place)

oup.com (Global: 485^th place; English: 440^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,418^th place; English: 966^th place)

politico.com (Global: 312^th place; English: 197^th place)

proquest.com (Global: 206^th place; English: 124^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

royalsociety.org (Global: 2,415^th place; English: 2,060^th place)

rsf.org (Global: 2,397^th place; English: 2,494^th place)

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; English: 638^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 179^th place; English: 183^rd place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

unhcr.org (Global: 1,804^th place; English: 1,429^th place)

usc.edu (Global: 1,077^th place; English: 761^st place)

uwa.edu.au (Global: 7,226^th place; English: 4,917^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

weforum.org (Global: 1,771^st place; English: 1,426^th place)

who.int (Global: 195^th place; English: 302^nd place)

wikidata.org (Global: 43^rd place; English: 161^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)