Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty (English Wikipedia)

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John Merton Patrick, 1961, "Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (Monograph series)," Vol. 8, No. 3, Logan, Utah:Utah State University Press, p. 10, see [1], accessed 30 December 2014.
See also: zhen tian lei, or chen t'ien lei (entry), in The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare, Matthew Bennett, Ed., 1998, Abingdon, UK:Taylor & Francis, p. 356, ISBN 1579581161, see [3], accessed 30 December 2014. The entry reads, substantially, as follows:
"zhen tian lei (or chen t'ien lei) (Chinese 'heaven-shaking thunder') medieval Chinese explosive bombs first used by the Jurchen Jin dynasty at the siege of the Song Chinese city of Qizhou in 1221... [Replacing bamboo enclosures,] the zhen tian lei had a cast-iron casing [that produced] a genuine fragmentation bomb. [They] were used by the Jin in defense of Kaifeng..., by the Song defenders of Xiangyang... and other cities, and in the Mongol invasions of Japan. They were launched from trebuchets, or even lowered on chains into besiegers approach trenches. The fragments pierced iron armor and the explosion could be heard 50 km / 31 miles away."
John Merton Patrick (1961). Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Vol. 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0874210262. Retrieved 28 November 2011. overthrown, as we shall see—since the final counter-offensive launched by the Chinese against their Mongol overlords of the Yuan dynasty is a story in which artillery features significantly. By 1259 at least, if not earlier during the first Mongol invasions, the Chinese were using tubes that shot bullets. The t'u huo ch'iang ("rushing- forth fire- gun") was a long bamboo tube into which bullets in the true sense (tzu-k'o)
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Hucker 1985, p. 66.
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Stephen R. Turnbull (2003). Genghis Khan & the Mongol conquests, 1190–1400 (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 1-84176-523-6. Retrieved 28 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
Stephen Turnbull (2002). Siege weapons of the Far East: AD 960–1644 (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 1-84176-340-3. Retrieved 28 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
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Hua, Kaiqi (2018). "Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1358)". In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.). Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 213. doi:10.1163/9789004366152_008. ISBN 978-9004366152.
Waterson, James (2013), Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370, Casemate Publishers, p. 88, ISBN 978-1783469437.
Waterson, James (2013), Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370, Casemate Publishers, p. 92, ISBN 978-1783469437.
Waterson, James (2013), Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370, Casemate Publishers, p. 230, ISBN 978-1783469437.
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Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan Ricardo; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (2015). Global Connections. Vol. 1 of Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0521191890.
Man, John (2013). Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1466861565.
Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia (reprint, revised ed.). Brill. p. 122. ISBN 978-9004282483.
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cnhubei.com

news.cnhubei.com

"揭秘730多年无影古塔为武汉现存最早古建筑（图）" [Uncovering the Secrets of the over 730-year-old Wuying Ancient Pagoda: Wuhan's Oldest Extant Ancient Architectural Structure (with Photographs)]. Hubei Daily Online. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.

doi.org

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Hua, Kaiqi (2018). "Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1358)". In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.). Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 213. doi:10.1163/9789004366152_008. ISBN 978-9004366152.

google.com

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gutenberg-e.org

Yang, Bin (2009). "Chapter 4 Rule Based on Native Customs". Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). Columbia University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0231142540. Alt URL

hawaii.edu

manoa.hawaii.edu

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jstor.org

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klxsw.com

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nssd.org

"窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨 – 兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库". Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

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hb.qq.com

范 Fàn, 宁 Níng (15 May 2013). "无影有踪追溯洪山无影塔历史 ("No Shadow But With History": (play on the name of the pagoda and the Chinese phrase 无影无踪 'Disappear without a Trace') Tracing the History of the Hongshan Wuying Pagoda (Mount Hong Shadowless Pagoda))". Tencent Dachuwang. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.

wanfangdata.com.cn

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web.archive.org

"窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨 – 兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库". Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
范 Fàn, 宁 Níng (15 May 2013). "无影有踪追溯洪山无影塔历史 ("No Shadow But With History": (play on the name of the pagoda and the Chinese phrase 无影无踪 'Disappear without a Trace') Tracing the History of the Hongshan Wuying Pagoda (Mount Hong Shadowless Pagoda))". Tencent Dachuwang. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
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wikisource.org

zh.wikisource.org

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