Batson, C. D.; Klein, T. R.; Highberger, L.; Shaw, L. L. (1995). "Immorality from empathy-induced altruism: When compassion and justice conflict". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 68 (6): 1042–1054. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1042.
Batson, C. Daniel; Fultz, Jim; Schoenrade, Patricia A. (1 March 1987). "Distress and Empathy: Two Qualitatively Distinct Vicarious Emotions with Different Motivational Consequences". Journal of Personality. 55 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x. ISSN1467-6494. PMID3572705.
Vollhardt, Johanna Ray (March 2009). "Altruism Born of Suffering and Prosocial Behavior Following Adverse Life Events: A Review and Conceptualization". Social Justice Research. 22 (1): 53–97. doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0088-1. S2CID144224070.
Staub, E.; Vollhardt, J. M. (2008). "Atruism born of suffering; the roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 78 (3): 267–280. doi:10.1037/a0014223. PMID19123746.
Batson, C. Daniel; Fultz, Jim; Schoenrade, Patricia A. (1 March 1987). "Distress and Empathy: Two Qualitatively Distinct Vicarious Emotions with Different Motivational Consequences". Journal of Personality. 55 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x. ISSN1467-6494. PMID3572705.
Staub, E.; Vollhardt, J. M. (2008). "Atruism born of suffering; the roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 78 (3): 267–280. doi:10.1037/a0014223. PMID19123746.
Vollhardt, Johanna Ray (March 2009). "Altruism Born of Suffering and Prosocial Behavior Following Adverse Life Events: A Review and Conceptualization". Social Justice Research. 22 (1): 53–97. doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0088-1. S2CID144224070.
Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development. Essays on Moral Development. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-064760-5. OCLC7307342.
Batson, C. Daniel; Fultz, Jim; Schoenrade, Patricia A. (1 March 1987). "Distress and Empathy: Two Qualitatively Distinct Vicarious Emotions with Different Motivational Consequences". Journal of Personality. 55 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x. ISSN1467-6494. PMID3572705.