Neanderthal behavior (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Neanderthal behavior" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

66nih.gov

4^th place

62doi.org

2^nd place

34harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

15semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

8worldcat.org

5^th place

4web.archive.org

1^st place

3sciencedaily.com

993^rd place

920^th place

3phys.org

1,283^rd place

1,130^th place

3theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

3bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

2newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

2artnet.com

2,153^rd place

1,399^th place

2scientificamerican.com

896^th place

674^th place

1archive.org

6^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1britarch.ac.uk

low place

1springer.com

274^th place

309^th place

1jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

1livescience.com

1,190^th place

959^th place

1sci.news

low place

1dur.ac.uk

3,728^th place

2,318^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1researchgate.net

120^th place

125^th place

1openedition.org

666^th place

1,300^th place

1waspress.co.uk

low place

1nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

1bbc.com

20^th place

30^th place

1smithsonianmag.com

503^rd place

364^th place

1sapiens.org

low place

1mpg.de

1,624^th place

1,592^nd place

1mrtredinnick.com

low place

archive.org

Stringer, C.; Gamble, C. (1993). In Search of the Neanderthals. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05070-5.

artnet.com

news.artnet.com

Archaeologists Have Discovered the World's Oldest Cave Paintings—And They're by Neanderthals. Sarah Cascone, Art Net. February 23, 2018.
Archaeologists Have Discovered the World's Oldest Cave Paintings—And They’re by Neanderthals. Sarah Cascone, Art Net. February 23, 2018.

bbc.co.uk

"50,000-year-old string found at France Neanderthal site". BBC News. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
Ghosh, Pallab. "Neanderthals cooked and ate vegetables." BBC News. 27 December 2010.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Neanderthal 'make-up' discovered". BBC News. 9 January 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

bbc.com

"Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave". BBC. 1 September 2014.

britarch.ac.uk

Pettitt, Paul (February 2000). "Odd man out: Neanderthals and modern humans". British Archaeology. 51. ISSN 1357-4442. Retrieved 18 May 2009.

doi.org

Richards M.P.; Pettitt P.B.; Trinkaus E.; Smith F.H.; Paunović M.; Karavanić I. (June 2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–36. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Skov, Laurits; Peyrégne, Stéphane; Popli, Divyaratan; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Devièse, Thibaut; Slon, Viviane; Zavala, Elena I.; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Sümer, Arev P.; Grote, Steffi; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; López Herráez, David; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Richter, Julia (2022-10-19). "Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals". Nature. 610 (7932): 519–525. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..519S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9581778. PMID 36261548.
Wynn T, Coolidge F (14 January 2012). "The inner Neanderthal". New Scientist. 213 (2847): 26–27. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)60110-9.
Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). "Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation". Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki. 23: 17. doi:10.1186/s40709-016-0054-7. PMC 4947341. PMID 27429943.
Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Sadler, Greg; Gill, Christopher (2018). "Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach". Humanities. 7 (2): 39. doi:10.3390/h7020039..
Whiting, Kai; Konstantakos, Leonidas; Sadler, Greg; Gill, Christopher (2018-04-21). "Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach". Humanities. 7 (2): 39. doi:10.3390/h7020039.
P. Lieberman (2007). "The evolution of human speech". Current Anthropology. 48 (1): 39–66. doi:10.1086/509092. S2CID 28651524.
Arensburg B, Tillier AM, Vandermeersch B, Duday H, Schepartz LA, Rak Y (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". Nature. 338 (6218): 758–60. Bibcode:1989Natur.338..758A. doi:10.1038/338758a0. PMID 2716823. S2CID 4309147.
J.T. Laitman; B. Johansson (1990). "The Kebara hyoid: What can it tell us about the evolution of the hominid vocal tract". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 81 (2): 254. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330810204.
J.T. Laitman; .S. Reidenberg; D.R. Friedland; P.J. Gannon (1991). "What sayeth thou Neanderthal? A look at the evolution of their vocal tract and speech". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 34 (S12): 109. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330340505.
Lieberman, P. (1989). "Folk physiology and talking hyoids". Nature. 342 (6249): 486–7. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..486M. doi:10.1038/342486b0. PMID 2685609. S2CID 31049444.
P. Lieberman (1994). "Hyoid bone position and speech: reply to Dr. Arensburg et al. (1990)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 94 (2): 275–78. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330940211. PMID 8085618.
D’Anastasio, Ruggero; Wroe, Stephen; Tuniz, Claudio; Mancini, Lucia; Cesana, Deneb T.; Dreossi, Diego; Ravichandiran, Mayoorendra; Attard, Marie; Parr, William C.H.; Agur, Anne; Capasso, Luigi; Frayer, David (18 December 2013). "Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and Its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82261. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882261D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082261. PMC 3867335. PMID 24367509.
K. Ohnuma; K. Aoki; T. Akazawa (1997). "Transmission of tool-making through verbal and non-verbal communication: Preliminary experiments in Levallois flake production". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 105 (3): 159–68. doi:10.1537/ase.105.159.
T. Maricic; V. Günther; O. Georgiev; S. Gehre; et al. (2013). "A recent evolutionary change affects a regulatory element in the human FOXP2 gene". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (4): 844–52. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss271. PMID 23197593.
Pääbo, Svante (2014). "The human condition. A molecular approach". Cell. 157 (1): 216–26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.036. PMID 24679537.
Kay RF, Cartmill M, Balow M (April 1998). "The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behaviour". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (9): 5417–19. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5417K. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417. PMC 20276. PMID 9560291.
DeGusta D, Gilbert WH, Turner SP (February 1999). "Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (4): 1800–04. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.1800D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800. PMC 15600. PMID 9990105.
Martínez I, Rosa M, Arsuaga JL, Jarabo P, Quam R, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Carretero JM, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E (July 2004). "Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (27): 9976–81. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.9976M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101. PMC 454200. PMID 15213327.
C.P.E. Zollikofer; M.S. Ponce de León; B. Vandermeersch & F. Lévêque (2002). "Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal". PNAS. 99 (9): 6444–48. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6444Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.082111899. PMC 122968. PMID 11972028.
Churchill, Steven E. (2002). "Of assegais and bayonets: Reconstructing prehistoric spear use". Evolutionary Anthropology. 11 (5): 185–86. doi:10.1002/evan.10027.
Heyes, Peter J.; Anastasakis, Konstantinos; De Jong, Wiebren; Van Hoesel, Annelies; Roebroeks, Wil; Soressi, Marie (2016). "Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals". Scientific Reports. 6: 22159. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622159H. doi:10.1038/srep22159. PMC 4770591. PMID 26922901.
Kozowyk, P.R.B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G.H.J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8033. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8033K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5579016. PMID 28860591.
Tozzi, Carlo; Vitagliano, Silvana; Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Pollarolo, Luca; Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Degano, Ilaria (2019-06-20). "Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0213473. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413473D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213473. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6586293. PMID 31220106.
Schmidt P, Blessing M, Rageot M, Iovita R, Pfleging J, Nickel KG, Righetti L, Tennie, C (2019). "Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity". PNAS. 116 (36): 17707–17711. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617707S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1911137116. PMC 6731756. PMID 31427508.
Kuhn SL, Stiner MC, Reese DS, Güleç E (June 2001). "Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (13): 7641–46. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7641K. doi:10.1073/pnas.121590798. PMC 34721. PMID 11390976.
Gargett, R.H. (1999). "Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh". Journal of Human Evolution. 37 (1): 27–90. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0301. PMID 10375476.
Gargett, R.H. (1989). "Grave Shortcomings: The Evidence for Neandertal Burial". Current Anthropology. 30 (2): 157–90. doi:10.1086/203725. S2CID 146781901.
H. Dibble; V. Aldeias; P. Goldberg; D. Sandgathe; T.E. Steele (2015). "A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional burial". Journal of Archaeological Science. 53: 649–57. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.04.019.
Solecki, Ralph S. (November 1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq". Science. 190 (4217): 880–81. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..880S. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.880. S2CID 71625677.
Sommer, J. D. (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 9 (1): 127–29. doi:10.1017/S0959774300015249. ISSN 0959-7743. S2CID 162496872.
Pettitt, Paul (2002). "The Neanderthal dead". Before Farming. 2002 (1): 1–26. doi:10.3828/bfarm.2002.1.4.
Jaouen, Klervia; et al. (19 February 2019). "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (11): 4928–4933. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.4928J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814087116. PMC 6421459. PMID 30782806.
Bocherens, H.; Drucker, D. G.; Billiou, D.; Patou-Mathis, M.; Vandermeersch, B. (2005). "Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal: Review and use of a multi-source mixing model". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (1): 71–87. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.003. PMID 15869783.
Dusseldorp, G. L. (2013). "Neanderthals and Cave Hyenas: Co-existence, Competition or Conflict?" (PDF). In Clark, J. L.; Speth, J. D. (eds.). Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. pp. 191–208. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6766-9_12. ISBN 978-94-007-6765-2.
Richards, M. P.; Pettitt, P. B.; Trinkaus, E.; Smith, F. H.; Paunović, M.; Karavanić, I. (2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–66. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. JSTOR 122870. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Fiorenza, Luca; Benazzi, Stefano; Tausch, Jeremy; Kullmer, Ottmar; Bromage, Timothy G.; Schrenk, Friedemann (2011). Rosenberg, Karen (ed.). "Molar Macrowear Reveals Neanderthal Eco-Geographic Dietary Variation". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e14769. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614769F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014769. PMC 3060801. PMID 21445243.
Henry, A.G.; Brooks, A. "S.; Piperno, D.R. (2010). "Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (2): 486–91. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..486H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108. PMC 3021051. PMID 21187393.
Pathou-Mathis M (2000). "Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 10 (5): 379–95. doi:10.1002/1099-1212(200009/10)10:5<379::AID-OA558>3.0.CO;2-4.
Defleur A, White T, Valensi P, Slimak L, Cregut-Bonnoure E (1999). "Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France". Science. 286 (5437): 128–31. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.128. PMID 10506562.
Radovčić, D.; Sršen, A. O.; Radovčić, J.; Frayer, D. W.; Petraglia, M. D. (2015). "Evidence for Neandertal Jewelry: Modified White-Tailed Eagle Claws at Krapina". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0119802. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019802R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119802. PMC 4356571. PMID 25760648.
Pike, A. W.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Pettitt, P. B.; García-Diez, M.; Zilhão, J. (2017). "Dating Palaeolithic cave art: Why U–Th is the way to go" (PDF). Quaternary International. 432: 41–49. Bibcode:2017QuInt.432...41P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.013. S2CID 130629624.
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art". Science. 359 (6378): 912–15. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. doi:10.1126/science.aap7778. hdl:10498/21578. PMID 29472483.
R. S. Solecki (1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq". Science. 190 (4217): 880–81. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..880S. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.880. S2CID 71625677.
D.J. Sommer (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 9 (1): 127–29. doi:10.1017/s0959774300015249. S2CID 162496872.
Marquet, J.-C.; Lorblanchet, M. (2003). "A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France)". Antiquity. 77 (298): 661–670. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00061627. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162609308.
"But is it art?". Science. 302 (5, 652): 1890a–1890. 2003. doi:10.1126/science.302.5652.1890a. S2CID 149146480.
Higham, T.; Jacobi, R.; Julien, M.; David, F.; Basell, L.; Wood, R.; Davies, W.; Ramsey, C. B. (2010). "Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20234–20239. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720234H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007963107. PMC 2996711. PMID 20956292.
Mellars, P. (2010). "Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20147–20148. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720147M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107. PMC 2996706. PMID 21078972.
J.-J. Hublin; S. Talamo; M. Julien; F. David; N. Connet; P. Bodu; B. Vandermeersch; M.P. Richards (2012). "Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (46): 18743–18748. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918743H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212924109. PMC 3503158. PMID 23112183.
F. Welkera; M. Hajdinjak; S. Talamo; K. Jaouen; M. Dannemann; F. David; M. Julien; M. Meyer; J. Kelso; I. Barnes; S. Brace; P. Kamminga; R. Fischer; B.M. Kessler; J.R. Stewart; S. Pääbo; M.J. Collins; J.-J. Hublin (2016). "Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 113 (40): 11162–67. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311162W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605834113. PMC 5056053. PMID 27638212.
Finlayson, C.; Brown, K.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Negro, J. José; Bortolotti, G. R.; Finlayson, G.; Sánchez Marco, A.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Rodríguez Vidal, J.; Carrión, J. S.; Fa, D. A.; Rodríguez Llanes, J. M. (2012). "Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45927. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745927F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045927. PMC 3444460. PMID 23029321.
E. Callaway (2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15805. S2CID 163840392.
Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Pacheco, F. G. (2014). "A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (37): 13, 301–13, 306. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113301R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411529111. PMC 4169962. PMID 25197076.
E. Callaway (2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15805. S2CID 163840392.
Callaway, E. (2015). "Neanderthals wore eagle talons as jewellery". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17095. S2CID 191368693.
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Morales, J. I.; Cebrià, A.; Courtenay, L. A.; Fernández-Marchena, J. L.; García-Argudo, G.; Marín, J.; Saladié, P.; Soto, M.; Tejero, J.-M.; Fullola, J.-M. (2019). "The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes". Science Advances. 5 (11): eaax1984. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.1984R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1984. PMC 6824858. PMID 31701003.
Jaubert, J.; Verheyden, S.; Genty, D.; Soulier, M.; Cheng, H.; Blamart, D.; Burlet, C.; Camus, H.; Delaby, S.; Deldicque, D.; Edwards, R. L.; Ferrier, C.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Lévêque, F.; Maksud, F.; Mora, P.; Muth, X.; Régnier, É.; Rouzaud, J.-N.; Santos, F. (2016). "Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France". Nature. 534 (7605): 111–114. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..111J. doi:10.1038/nature18291. PMID 27251286. S2CID 205249458.
d’Errico, F.; Tsvelykh, A. (2017). "A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0173435. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1273435M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173435. PMC 5371307. PMID 28355292.
Marris, Emma (2018). "Neanderthal artists made oldest-known cave paintings". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02357-8.
Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie (2023-06-21). "The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France". PLOS ONE. 18 (6): e0286568. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1886568M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10284424. PMID 37343032.

dur.ac.uk

dro.dur.ac.uk

Pike, A. W.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Pettitt, P. B.; García-Diez, M.; Zilhão, J. (2017). "Dating Palaeolithic cave art: Why U–Th is the way to go" (PDF). Quaternary International. 432: 41–49. Bibcode:2017QuInt.432...41P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.013. S2CID 130629624.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art". Science. 359 (6378): 912–15. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. doi:10.1126/science.aap7778. hdl:10498/21578. PMID 29472483.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Richards M.P.; Pettitt P.B.; Trinkaus E.; Smith F.H.; Paunović M.; Karavanić I. (June 2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–36. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Skov, Laurits; Peyrégne, Stéphane; Popli, Divyaratan; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Devièse, Thibaut; Slon, Viviane; Zavala, Elena I.; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Sümer, Arev P.; Grote, Steffi; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; López Herráez, David; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Richter, Julia (2022-10-19). "Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals". Nature. 610 (7932): 519–525. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..519S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9581778. PMID 36261548.
Arensburg B, Tillier AM, Vandermeersch B, Duday H, Schepartz LA, Rak Y (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". Nature. 338 (6218): 758–60. Bibcode:1989Natur.338..758A. doi:10.1038/338758a0. PMID 2716823. S2CID 4309147.
Lieberman, P. (1989). "Folk physiology and talking hyoids". Nature. 342 (6249): 486–7. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..486M. doi:10.1038/342486b0. PMID 2685609. S2CID 31049444.
D’Anastasio, Ruggero; Wroe, Stephen; Tuniz, Claudio; Mancini, Lucia; Cesana, Deneb T.; Dreossi, Diego; Ravichandiran, Mayoorendra; Attard, Marie; Parr, William C.H.; Agur, Anne; Capasso, Luigi; Frayer, David (18 December 2013). "Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and Its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82261. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882261D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082261. PMC 3867335. PMID 24367509.
Kay RF, Cartmill M, Balow M (April 1998). "The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behaviour". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (9): 5417–19. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5417K. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417. PMC 20276. PMID 9560291.
DeGusta D, Gilbert WH, Turner SP (February 1999). "Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (4): 1800–04. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.1800D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800. PMC 15600. PMID 9990105.
Martínez I, Rosa M, Arsuaga JL, Jarabo P, Quam R, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Carretero JM, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E (July 2004). "Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (27): 9976–81. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.9976M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101. PMC 454200. PMID 15213327.
C.P.E. Zollikofer; M.S. Ponce de León; B. Vandermeersch & F. Lévêque (2002). "Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal". PNAS. 99 (9): 6444–48. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6444Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.082111899. PMC 122968. PMID 11972028.
Heyes, Peter J.; Anastasakis, Konstantinos; De Jong, Wiebren; Van Hoesel, Annelies; Roebroeks, Wil; Soressi, Marie (2016). "Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals". Scientific Reports. 6: 22159. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622159H. doi:10.1038/srep22159. PMC 4770591. PMID 26922901.
Kozowyk, P.R.B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G.H.J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8033. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8033K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5579016. PMID 28860591.
Tozzi, Carlo; Vitagliano, Silvana; Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Pollarolo, Luca; Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Degano, Ilaria (2019-06-20). "Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0213473. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413473D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213473. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6586293. PMID 31220106.
Schmidt P, Blessing M, Rageot M, Iovita R, Pfleging J, Nickel KG, Righetti L, Tennie, C (2019). "Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity". PNAS. 116 (36): 17707–17711. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617707S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1911137116. PMC 6731756. PMID 31427508.
Kuhn SL, Stiner MC, Reese DS, Güleç E (June 2001). "Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (13): 7641–46. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7641K. doi:10.1073/pnas.121590798. PMC 34721. PMID 11390976.
Solecki, Ralph S. (November 1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq". Science. 190 (4217): 880–81. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..880S. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.880. S2CID 71625677.
Jaouen, Klervia; et al. (19 February 2019). "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (11): 4928–4933. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.4928J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814087116. PMC 6421459. PMID 30782806.
Richards, M. P.; Pettitt, P. B.; Trinkaus, E.; Smith, F. H.; Paunović, M.; Karavanić, I. (2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–66. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. JSTOR 122870. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Fiorenza, Luca; Benazzi, Stefano; Tausch, Jeremy; Kullmer, Ottmar; Bromage, Timothy G.; Schrenk, Friedemann (2011). Rosenberg, Karen (ed.). "Molar Macrowear Reveals Neanderthal Eco-Geographic Dietary Variation". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e14769. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614769F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014769. PMC 3060801. PMID 21445243.
Henry, A.G.; Brooks, A. "S.; Piperno, D.R. (2010). "Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (2): 486–91. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..486H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108. PMC 3021051. PMID 21187393.
Radovčić, D.; Sršen, A. O.; Radovčić, J.; Frayer, D. W.; Petraglia, M. D. (2015). "Evidence for Neandertal Jewelry: Modified White-Tailed Eagle Claws at Krapina". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0119802. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019802R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119802. PMC 4356571. PMID 25760648.
Pike, A. W.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Pettitt, P. B.; García-Diez, M.; Zilhão, J. (2017). "Dating Palaeolithic cave art: Why U–Th is the way to go" (PDF). Quaternary International. 432: 41–49. Bibcode:2017QuInt.432...41P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.013. S2CID 130629624.
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art". Science. 359 (6378): 912–15. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. doi:10.1126/science.aap7778. hdl:10498/21578. PMID 29472483.
R. S. Solecki (1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq". Science. 190 (4217): 880–81. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..880S. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.880. S2CID 71625677.
Higham, T.; Jacobi, R.; Julien, M.; David, F.; Basell, L.; Wood, R.; Davies, W.; Ramsey, C. B. (2010). "Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20234–20239. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720234H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007963107. PMC 2996711. PMID 20956292.
Mellars, P. (2010). "Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20147–20148. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720147M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107. PMC 2996706. PMID 21078972.
J.-J. Hublin; S. Talamo; M. Julien; F. David; N. Connet; P. Bodu; B. Vandermeersch; M.P. Richards (2012). "Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (46): 18743–18748. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918743H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212924109. PMC 3503158. PMID 23112183.
F. Welkera; M. Hajdinjak; S. Talamo; K. Jaouen; M. Dannemann; F. David; M. Julien; M. Meyer; J. Kelso; I. Barnes; S. Brace; P. Kamminga; R. Fischer; B.M. Kessler; J.R. Stewart; S. Pääbo; M.J. Collins; J.-J. Hublin (2016). "Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 113 (40): 11162–67. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311162W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605834113. PMC 5056053. PMID 27638212.
Finlayson, C.; Brown, K.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Negro, J. José; Bortolotti, G. R.; Finlayson, G.; Sánchez Marco, A.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Rodríguez Vidal, J.; Carrión, J. S.; Fa, D. A.; Rodríguez Llanes, J. M. (2012). "Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45927. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745927F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045927. PMC 3444460. PMID 23029321.
Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Pacheco, F. G. (2014). "A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (37): 13, 301–13, 306. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113301R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411529111. PMC 4169962. PMID 25197076.
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Morales, J. I.; Cebrià, A.; Courtenay, L. A.; Fernández-Marchena, J. L.; García-Argudo, G.; Marín, J.; Saladié, P.; Soto, M.; Tejero, J.-M.; Fullola, J.-M. (2019). "The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes". Science Advances. 5 (11): eaax1984. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.1984R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1984. PMC 6824858. PMID 31701003.
Jaubert, J.; Verheyden, S.; Genty, D.; Soulier, M.; Cheng, H.; Blamart, D.; Burlet, C.; Camus, H.; Delaby, S.; Deldicque, D.; Edwards, R. L.; Ferrier, C.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Lévêque, F.; Maksud, F.; Mora, P.; Muth, X.; Régnier, É.; Rouzaud, J.-N.; Santos, F. (2016). "Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France". Nature. 534 (7605): 111–114. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..111J. doi:10.1038/nature18291. PMID 27251286. S2CID 205249458.
d’Errico, F.; Tsvelykh, A. (2017). "A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0173435. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1273435M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173435. PMC 5371307. PMID 28355292.
Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie (2023-06-21). "The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France". PLOS ONE. 18 (6): e0286568. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1886568M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10284424. PMID 37343032.

jstor.org

Richards, M. P.; Pettitt, P. B.; Trinkaus, E.; Smith, F. H.; Paunović, M.; Karavanić, I. (2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–66. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. JSTOR 122870. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.

livescience.com

Andrea Thompson (4 December 2006). "Neanderthals Were Cannibals, Study Confirms". Health SciTech. LiveScience.

mpg.de

"Neanderthals thought like we do". www.mpg.de. Retrieved 2019-07-05.

mrtredinnick.com

World's Oldest Cave Art Found—Made by Neanderthals?. Ker Than. National Geographic News. Published June 14, 2012.

nature.com

E. Callaway (2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15805. S2CID 163840392.

newscientist.com

Marshall, Michael (18 February 2020). "70,000-year-old remains suggest Neanderthals buried their dead". newscientist.com. New Scientist. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
"Did Neanderthals use feathers for fashion?". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 June 2017.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Richards M.P.; Pettitt P.B.; Trinkaus E.; Smith F.H.; Paunović M.; Karavanić I. (June 2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–36. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Skov, Laurits; Peyrégne, Stéphane; Popli, Divyaratan; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Devièse, Thibaut; Slon, Viviane; Zavala, Elena I.; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Sümer, Arev P.; Grote, Steffi; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; López Herráez, David; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Richter, Julia (2022-10-19). "Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals". Nature. 610 (7932): 519–525. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..519S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9581778. PMID 36261548.
Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). "Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation". Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki. 23: 17. doi:10.1186/s40709-016-0054-7. PMC 4947341. PMID 27429943.
Arensburg B, Tillier AM, Vandermeersch B, Duday H, Schepartz LA, Rak Y (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". Nature. 338 (6218): 758–60. Bibcode:1989Natur.338..758A. doi:10.1038/338758a0. PMID 2716823. S2CID 4309147.
Lieberman, P. (1989). "Folk physiology and talking hyoids". Nature. 342 (6249): 486–7. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..486M. doi:10.1038/342486b0. PMID 2685609. S2CID 31049444.
P. Lieberman (1994). "Hyoid bone position and speech: reply to Dr. Arensburg et al. (1990)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 94 (2): 275–78. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330940211. PMID 8085618.
D’Anastasio, Ruggero; Wroe, Stephen; Tuniz, Claudio; Mancini, Lucia; Cesana, Deneb T.; Dreossi, Diego; Ravichandiran, Mayoorendra; Attard, Marie; Parr, William C.H.; Agur, Anne; Capasso, Luigi; Frayer, David (18 December 2013). "Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and Its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82261. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882261D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082261. PMC 3867335. PMID 24367509.
T. Maricic; V. Günther; O. Georgiev; S. Gehre; et al. (2013). "A recent evolutionary change affects a regulatory element in the human FOXP2 gene". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (4): 844–52. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss271. PMID 23197593.
Pääbo, Svante (2014). "The human condition. A molecular approach". Cell. 157 (1): 216–26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.036. PMID 24679537.
Kay RF, Cartmill M, Balow M (April 1998). "The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behaviour". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (9): 5417–19. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5417K. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417. PMC 20276. PMID 9560291.
DeGusta D, Gilbert WH, Turner SP (February 1999). "Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (4): 1800–04. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.1800D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800. PMC 15600. PMID 9990105.
Martínez I, Rosa M, Arsuaga JL, Jarabo P, Quam R, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Carretero JM, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E (July 2004). "Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (27): 9976–81. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.9976M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101. PMC 454200. PMID 15213327.
C.P.E. Zollikofer; M.S. Ponce de León; B. Vandermeersch & F. Lévêque (2002). "Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal". PNAS. 99 (9): 6444–48. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6444Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.082111899. PMC 122968. PMID 11972028.
Heyes, Peter J.; Anastasakis, Konstantinos; De Jong, Wiebren; Van Hoesel, Annelies; Roebroeks, Wil; Soressi, Marie (2016). "Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals". Scientific Reports. 6: 22159. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622159H. doi:10.1038/srep22159. PMC 4770591. PMID 26922901.
Kozowyk, P.R.B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G.H.J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8033. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8033K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5579016. PMID 28860591.
Tozzi, Carlo; Vitagliano, Silvana; Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Pollarolo, Luca; Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Degano, Ilaria (2019-06-20). "Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0213473. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413473D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213473. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6586293. PMID 31220106.
Schmidt P, Blessing M, Rageot M, Iovita R, Pfleging J, Nickel KG, Righetti L, Tennie, C (2019). "Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity". PNAS. 116 (36): 17707–17711. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617707S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1911137116. PMC 6731756. PMID 31427508.
Kuhn SL, Stiner MC, Reese DS, Güleç E (June 2001). "Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (13): 7641–46. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7641K. doi:10.1073/pnas.121590798. PMC 34721. PMID 11390976.
Gargett, R.H. (1999). "Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh". Journal of Human Evolution. 37 (1): 27–90. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0301. PMID 10375476.
Jaouen, Klervia; et al. (19 February 2019). "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (11): 4928–4933. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.4928J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814087116. PMC 6421459. PMID 30782806.
Bocherens, H.; Drucker, D. G.; Billiou, D.; Patou-Mathis, M.; Vandermeersch, B. (2005). "Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal: Review and use of a multi-source mixing model". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (1): 71–87. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.003. PMID 15869783.
Richards, M. P.; Pettitt, P. B.; Trinkaus, E.; Smith, F. H.; Paunović, M.; Karavanić, I. (2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–66. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. JSTOR 122870. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Fiorenza, Luca; Benazzi, Stefano; Tausch, Jeremy; Kullmer, Ottmar; Bromage, Timothy G.; Schrenk, Friedemann (2011). Rosenberg, Karen (ed.). "Molar Macrowear Reveals Neanderthal Eco-Geographic Dietary Variation". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e14769. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614769F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014769. PMC 3060801. PMID 21445243.
Henry, A.G.; Brooks, A. "S.; Piperno, D.R. (2010). "Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (2): 486–91. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..486H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108. PMC 3021051. PMID 21187393.
Defleur A, White T, Valensi P, Slimak L, Cregut-Bonnoure E (1999). "Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France". Science. 286 (5437): 128–31. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.128. PMID 10506562.
Radovčić, D.; Sršen, A. O.; Radovčić, J.; Frayer, D. W.; Petraglia, M. D. (2015). "Evidence for Neandertal Jewelry: Modified White-Tailed Eagle Claws at Krapina". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0119802. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019802R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119802. PMC 4356571. PMID 25760648.
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art". Science. 359 (6378): 912–15. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. doi:10.1126/science.aap7778. hdl:10498/21578. PMID 29472483.
Higham, T.; Jacobi, R.; Julien, M.; David, F.; Basell, L.; Wood, R.; Davies, W.; Ramsey, C. B. (2010). "Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20234–20239. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720234H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007963107. PMC 2996711. PMID 20956292.
Mellars, P. (2010). "Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20147–20148. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720147M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107. PMC 2996706. PMID 21078972.
J.-J. Hublin; S. Talamo; M. Julien; F. David; N. Connet; P. Bodu; B. Vandermeersch; M.P. Richards (2012). "Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (46): 18743–18748. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918743H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212924109. PMC 3503158. PMID 23112183.
F. Welkera; M. Hajdinjak; S. Talamo; K. Jaouen; M. Dannemann; F. David; M. Julien; M. Meyer; J. Kelso; I. Barnes; S. Brace; P. Kamminga; R. Fischer; B.M. Kessler; J.R. Stewart; S. Pääbo; M.J. Collins; J.-J. Hublin (2016). "Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 113 (40): 11162–67. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311162W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605834113. PMC 5056053. PMID 27638212.
Finlayson, C.; Brown, K.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Negro, J. José; Bortolotti, G. R.; Finlayson, G.; Sánchez Marco, A.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Rodríguez Vidal, J.; Carrión, J. S.; Fa, D. A.; Rodríguez Llanes, J. M. (2012). "Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45927. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745927F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045927. PMC 3444460. PMID 23029321.
Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Pacheco, F. G. (2014). "A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (37): 13, 301–13, 306. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113301R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411529111. PMC 4169962. PMID 25197076.
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Morales, J. I.; Cebrià, A.; Courtenay, L. A.; Fernández-Marchena, J. L.; García-Argudo, G.; Marín, J.; Saladié, P.; Soto, M.; Tejero, J.-M.; Fullola, J.-M. (2019). "The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes". Science Advances. 5 (11): eaax1984. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.1984R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1984. PMC 6824858. PMID 31701003.
Jaubert, J.; Verheyden, S.; Genty, D.; Soulier, M.; Cheng, H.; Blamart, D.; Burlet, C.; Camus, H.; Delaby, S.; Deldicque, D.; Edwards, R. L.; Ferrier, C.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Lévêque, F.; Maksud, F.; Mora, P.; Muth, X.; Régnier, É.; Rouzaud, J.-N.; Santos, F. (2016). "Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France". Nature. 534 (7605): 111–114. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..111J. doi:10.1038/nature18291. PMID 27251286. S2CID 205249458.
d’Errico, F.; Tsvelykh, A. (2017). "A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0173435. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1273435M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173435. PMC 5371307. PMID 28355292.
Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie (2023-06-21). "The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France". PLOS ONE. 18 (6): e0286568. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1886568M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10284424. PMID 37343032.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Richards M.P.; Pettitt P.B.; Trinkaus E.; Smith F.H.; Paunović M.; Karavanić I. (June 2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–36. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Skov, Laurits; Peyrégne, Stéphane; Popli, Divyaratan; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Devièse, Thibaut; Slon, Viviane; Zavala, Elena I.; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Sümer, Arev P.; Grote, Steffi; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; López Herráez, David; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Richter, Julia (2022-10-19). "Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals". Nature. 610 (7932): 519–525. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..519S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9581778. PMID 36261548.
Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). "Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation". Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki. 23: 17. doi:10.1186/s40709-016-0054-7. PMC 4947341. PMID 27429943.
D’Anastasio, Ruggero; Wroe, Stephen; Tuniz, Claudio; Mancini, Lucia; Cesana, Deneb T.; Dreossi, Diego; Ravichandiran, Mayoorendra; Attard, Marie; Parr, William C.H.; Agur, Anne; Capasso, Luigi; Frayer, David (18 December 2013). "Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and Its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82261. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882261D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082261. PMC 3867335. PMID 24367509.
Kay RF, Cartmill M, Balow M (April 1998). "The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behaviour". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (9): 5417–19. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5417K. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417. PMC 20276. PMID 9560291.
DeGusta D, Gilbert WH, Turner SP (February 1999). "Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (4): 1800–04. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.1800D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800. PMC 15600. PMID 9990105.
Martínez I, Rosa M, Arsuaga JL, Jarabo P, Quam R, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Carretero JM, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E (July 2004). "Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (27): 9976–81. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.9976M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101. PMC 454200. PMID 15213327.
C.P.E. Zollikofer; M.S. Ponce de León; B. Vandermeersch & F. Lévêque (2002). "Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal". PNAS. 99 (9): 6444–48. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6444Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.082111899. PMC 122968. PMID 11972028.
Heyes, Peter J.; Anastasakis, Konstantinos; De Jong, Wiebren; Van Hoesel, Annelies; Roebroeks, Wil; Soressi, Marie (2016). "Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals". Scientific Reports. 6: 22159. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622159H. doi:10.1038/srep22159. PMC 4770591. PMID 26922901.
Kozowyk, P.R.B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G.H.J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8033. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8033K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5579016. PMID 28860591.
Tozzi, Carlo; Vitagliano, Silvana; Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Pollarolo, Luca; Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Degano, Ilaria (2019-06-20). "Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0213473. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413473D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213473. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6586293. PMID 31220106.
Schmidt P, Blessing M, Rageot M, Iovita R, Pfleging J, Nickel KG, Righetti L, Tennie, C (2019). "Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity". PNAS. 116 (36): 17707–17711. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617707S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1911137116. PMC 6731756. PMID 31427508.
Kuhn SL, Stiner MC, Reese DS, Güleç E (June 2001). "Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (13): 7641–46. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7641K. doi:10.1073/pnas.121590798. PMC 34721. PMID 11390976.
Jaouen, Klervia; et al. (19 February 2019). "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (11): 4928–4933. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.4928J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1814087116. PMC 6421459. PMID 30782806.
Richards, M. P.; Pettitt, P. B.; Trinkaus, E.; Smith, F. H.; Paunović, M.; Karavanić, I. (2000). "Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7663–66. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997. JSTOR 122870. PMC 16602. PMID 10852955.
Fiorenza, Luca; Benazzi, Stefano; Tausch, Jeremy; Kullmer, Ottmar; Bromage, Timothy G.; Schrenk, Friedemann (2011). Rosenberg, Karen (ed.). "Molar Macrowear Reveals Neanderthal Eco-Geographic Dietary Variation". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e14769. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614769F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014769. PMC 3060801. PMID 21445243.
Henry, A.G.; Brooks, A. "S.; Piperno, D.R. (2010). "Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (2): 486–91. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..486H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108. PMC 3021051. PMID 21187393.
Radovčić, D.; Sršen, A. O.; Radovčić, J.; Frayer, D. W.; Petraglia, M. D. (2015). "Evidence for Neandertal Jewelry: Modified White-Tailed Eagle Claws at Krapina". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0119802. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019802R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119802. PMC 4356571. PMID 25760648.
Higham, T.; Jacobi, R.; Julien, M.; David, F.; Basell, L.; Wood, R.; Davies, W.; Ramsey, C. B. (2010). "Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20234–20239. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720234H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007963107. PMC 2996711. PMID 20956292.
Mellars, P. (2010). "Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (47): 20147–20148. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720147M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107. PMC 2996706. PMID 21078972.
J.-J. Hublin; S. Talamo; M. Julien; F. David; N. Connet; P. Bodu; B. Vandermeersch; M.P. Richards (2012). "Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (46): 18743–18748. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918743H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212924109. PMC 3503158. PMID 23112183.
F. Welkera; M. Hajdinjak; S. Talamo; K. Jaouen; M. Dannemann; F. David; M. Julien; M. Meyer; J. Kelso; I. Barnes; S. Brace; P. Kamminga; R. Fischer; B.M. Kessler; J.R. Stewart; S. Pääbo; M.J. Collins; J.-J. Hublin (2016). "Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 113 (40): 11162–67. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311162W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605834113. PMC 5056053. PMID 27638212.
Finlayson, C.; Brown, K.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Negro, J. José; Bortolotti, G. R.; Finlayson, G.; Sánchez Marco, A.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Rodríguez Vidal, J.; Carrión, J. S.; Fa, D. A.; Rodríguez Llanes, J. M. (2012). "Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45927. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745927F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045927. PMC 3444460. PMID 23029321.
Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Pacheco, F. G. (2014). "A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (37): 13, 301–13, 306. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113301R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411529111. PMC 4169962. PMID 25197076.
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Morales, J. I.; Cebrià, A.; Courtenay, L. A.; Fernández-Marchena, J. L.; García-Argudo, G.; Marín, J.; Saladié, P.; Soto, M.; Tejero, J.-M.; Fullola, J.-M. (2019). "The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes". Science Advances. 5 (11): eaax1984. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.1984R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1984. PMC 6824858. PMID 31701003.
d’Errico, F.; Tsvelykh, A. (2017). "A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0173435. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1273435M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173435. PMC 5371307. PMID 28355292.
Hoffmann, Dirk L.; Angelucci, Diego E.; Villaverde, Valentín; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João (2018). "Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago". Science Advances. 4 (2): eaar5255. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.5255H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5255. PMC 5833998. PMID 29507889.
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie (2023-06-21). "The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France". PLOS ONE. 18 (6): e0286568. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1886568M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10284424. PMID 37343032.

nytimes.com

Wade, Nicholas (19 October 2007). "Neanderthals Had Important Speech Gene, DNA Evidence Shows". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 May 2009.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Marquet, J.; Lorblanchet, M.; Oberlin, C.; Thamo-Bozso, E.; Aubry, T. (2016). "New dating of the "mask" of La Roche-Cotard (Langeais, Indre-et-Loire, France)". Paleo Revue d'Archéologie Préhistorique. 27: 253–263.

phys.org

Yika, Bob (19 February 2019). "Isotopes found in bones suggest Neanderthals were fresh meat eaters". Phys.org. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
"The caves that prove Neanderthals were cannibals".
"Researchers discover the first evidence of Neanderthal cannibalism in northern Europe".

researchgate.net

Pettitt, P. B. (2002). "The Neanderthal Dead, exploring mortuary variability in Middle Paleolithic Eurasia". Before Farming. 1 (4).

sapiens.org

It's Official: Neanderthals Created Art. Chris Standish and Alistair Pike. Sapiens.org. 22 May 2018.

sci.news

Lazaro, Enrico de (January 18, 2017). "Neanderthals Capable of Incorporating Symbolic Objects into Their Culture, Discovery Suggests | Archaeology | Sci-News.com". Sci.News: Breaking Science News.

sciencedaily.com

scientificamerican.com

blogs.scientificamerican.com

Harmon, Katherine (27 December 2010). "Fossilized food stuck in Neandertal teeth indicates plant-rich diet". Scientific American. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

scientificamerican.com

N. Branan (2010). "Neandertal Symbolism: Evidence Suggests a Biological Basis for Symbolic Thought". Scientific American.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

P. Lieberman (2007). "The evolution of human speech". Current Anthropology. 48 (1): 39–66. doi:10.1086/509092. S2CID 28651524.
Arensburg B, Tillier AM, Vandermeersch B, Duday H, Schepartz LA, Rak Y (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone". Nature. 338 (6218): 758–60. Bibcode:1989Natur.338..758A. doi:10.1038/338758a0. PMID 2716823. S2CID 4309147.
Lieberman, P. (1989). "Folk physiology and talking hyoids". Nature. 342 (6249): 486–7. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..486M. doi:10.1038/342486b0. PMID 2685609. S2CID 31049444.
Gargett, R.H. (1989). "Grave Shortcomings: The Evidence for Neandertal Burial". Current Anthropology. 30 (2): 157–90. doi:10.1086/203725. S2CID 146781901.
Solecki, Ralph S. (November 1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq". Science. 190 (4217): 880–81. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..880S. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.880. S2CID 71625677.
Sommer, J. D. (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 9 (1): 127–29. doi:10.1017/S0959774300015249. ISSN 0959-7743. S2CID 162496872.
Pike, A. W.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Pettitt, P. B.; García-Diez, M.; Zilhão, J. (2017). "Dating Palaeolithic cave art: Why U–Th is the way to go" (PDF). Quaternary International. 432: 41–49. Bibcode:2017QuInt.432...41P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.013. S2CID 130629624.
R. S. Solecki (1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq". Science. 190 (4217): 880–81. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..880S. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.880. S2CID 71625677.
D.J. Sommer (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 9 (1): 127–29. doi:10.1017/s0959774300015249. S2CID 162496872.
Marquet, J.-C.; Lorblanchet, M. (2003). "A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France)". Antiquity. 77 (298): 661–670. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00061627. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162609308.
"But is it art?". Science. 302 (5, 652): 1890a–1890. 2003. doi:10.1126/science.302.5652.1890a. S2CID 149146480.
E. Callaway (2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15805. S2CID 163840392.
E. Callaway (2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15805. S2CID 163840392.
Callaway, E. (2015). "Neanderthals wore eagle talons as jewellery". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17095. S2CID 191368693.
Jaubert, J.; Verheyden, S.; Genty, D.; Soulier, M.; Cheng, H.; Blamart, D.; Burlet, C.; Camus, H.; Delaby, S.; Deldicque, D.; Edwards, R. L.; Ferrier, C.; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F.; Lévêque, F.; Maksud, F.; Mora, P.; Muth, X.; Régnier, É.; Rouzaud, J.-N.; Santos, F. (2016). "Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France". Nature. 534 (7605): 111–114. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..111J. doi:10.1038/nature18291. PMID 27251286. S2CID 205249458.

smithsonianmag.com

Eagle Talon Jewelry Suggests Neanderthals Were Capable of Human-Like Thought. Megan Gannon, Smithsonian Magazine. 1 November 2019.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Dusseldorp, G. L. (2013). "Neanderthals and Cave Hyenas: Co-existence, Competition or Conflict?" (PDF). In Clark, J. L.; Speth, J. D. (eds.). Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. pp. 191–208. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6766-9_12. ISBN 978-94-007-6765-2.

theguardian.com

Geddes, Linda (23 November 2022). "Oldest cooked leftovers ever found suggest Neanderthals were foodies". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
I. Sample (2014). "Neanderthals were not less intelligent than modern humans, scientists find". The Guardian.
Sample, Ian (21 June 2023). "French cave markings said to be oldest known engravings by Neanderthals". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

waspress.co.uk

Pettitt, P. B. (2003). "Is this the infancy of art? Or the art of an infant? A possible Neanderthal face from La Roche-Cotard, France" (PDF). Before Farming. 11 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011.

web.archive.org

Leake, Jonathan "We’ll have our neighbours for dinner – raw", The Sunday Times, London, 24 November 2013. Retrieved on 19 April 2015.
Pettitt, P. B. (2003). "Is this the infancy of art? Or the art of an infant? A possible Neanderthal face from La Roche-Cotard, France" (PDF). Before Farming. 11 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011.
World's Oldest Cave Art Found—And Neanderthals Made It. Michael Greshko, National Geographic. 22 February 2018.
Sample, Ian (21 June 2023). "French cave markings said to be oldest known engravings by Neanderthals". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Skov, Laurits; Peyrégne, Stéphane; Popli, Divyaratan; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Devièse, Thibaut; Slon, Viviane; Zavala, Elena I.; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Sümer, Arev P.; Grote, Steffi; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; López Herráez, David; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Richter, Julia (2022-10-19). "Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals". Nature. 610 (7932): 519–525. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..519S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9581778. PMID 36261548.
Pettitt, Paul (February 2000). "Odd man out: Neanderthals and modern humans". British Archaeology. 51. ISSN 1357-4442. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
Kozowyk, P.R.B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G.H.J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8033. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8033K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5579016. PMID 28860591.
Tozzi, Carlo; Vitagliano, Silvana; Douka, Katerina; Jacobs, Zenobia; Lucejko, Jeannette J.; Pollarolo, Luca; Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Degano, Ilaria (2019-06-20). "Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0213473. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413473D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213473. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6586293. PMID 31220106.
Sommer, J. D. (1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 9 (1): 127–29. doi:10.1017/S0959774300015249. ISSN 0959-7743. S2CID 162496872.
Marquet, J.-C.; Lorblanchet, M. (2003). "A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France)". Antiquity. 77 (298): 661–670. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00061627. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162609308.
Sample, Ian (21 June 2023). "French cave markings said to be oldest known engravings by Neanderthals". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie (2023-06-21). "The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France". PLOS ONE. 18 (6): e0286568. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1886568M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10284424. PMID 37343032.