Ningyo (English Wikipedia)

Kumagusu Minakata (1973) [1901], p. 306. also cited by Yoshioka 1993, p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
- Minakata 1973 [1901], p. 306. Cited by Yoshioka (1993), p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報

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Hayward (2018), p. 53. Hayward, Philip (2018). "Chapter 3. Japan: The 'Mermaidisation' of the Ningyo and related folkloric figures". Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. Indiana University Press. pp. 51–68. ISBN 978-0861967322.
Hayward (2018), pp. 51–52, 66. Hayward, Philip (2018). "Chapter 3. Japan: The 'Mermaidisation' of the Ningyo and related folkloric figures". Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. Indiana University Press. pp. 51–68. ISBN 978-0861967322.
Kumagusu Minakata (1973) [1901], p. 306. also cited by Yoshioka 1993, p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
- Toriyama, Sekien (2017), "Ningyo" 人魚, Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 168, ISBN 9780486818757
- Aramata, Hiroshi; Ōya, Yasunori (2021). "Ningyo" 人魚. Aramata Hiroshi no Nihon zenkoku yōkai mapu アラマタヒロシの日本全国妖怪マップ. Shūwa System. p. 53. ISBN 9784798065076.
- Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "292. Hill-fish (Lingyu)" 陵魚. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
- Porter, Deborah Lynn (1996). From Deluge to Discourse: Myth, History, and the Generation of Chinese Fiction. SUNY Press. p. 210 and note 8. ISBN 9781438416342.
- Guo Pu (1667). "ling yu" 陵魚 [Hill fish]. Tuxiang Shanhaijing xiangzhu 圖像山海經詳註. Wu Zhiyi (annot.); Wang Han (ed.). Wen Yu Tang.
- Kingdon, Nathaniel (2019). "Chapter 2. Half the Picture: Korean Scholars and the Environment in the Early Nineteenth Century". In Lee, De-nin D. (ed.). Eco–Art History in East and Southeast Asia. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 70–72. ISBN 9781527527300.
- Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "266. The Di people (Diren)" 氐人. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
- Guo Pu (1667). "Di ren guo" 氐人國 [Nation of the Di people]. Tuxiang Shanhaijing xiangzhu 圖像山海經詳註. Wu Zhiyi (annot.); Wang Han (ed.). Wen Yu Tang.
- Jonston, Johannes (1660). "Boek. I. / III. Opschrift./ I. Hooft-St.: Van de visch Anthropomorphus, oft die een menschen-gestalte heeft, en van de Remorant". Beschryvingh van de Natuur der Vissen en bloedloze Water-dieren. Amsterdam: I. I. Schipper. p. 168, Tab. XL.
- Hayward (2018), p. 18. Hayward, Philip (2018). "Chapter 3. Japan: The 'Mermaidisation' of the Ningyo and related folkloric figures". Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. Indiana University Press. pp. 51–68. ISBN 978-0861967322.
- Murai, Mayako (2019), Bacchilega, Cristina; Brown, Marie Alohalani (eds.), "Yao Bikuni", The Penguin Book of Mermaids, vol. 1, Shūwa system, pp. 210–212, ISBN 9780525505570
- Foster (2015), p. 155. Foster, Michael Dylan (2015). The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95912-5.
- Glassman, Hank (2008), "5. At the Crossroads of Birth and Death: The Blood Pool Hell and Postmortem Fetal Extraction Middle Ages", in Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse; Walter, Mariko Namba (eds.), Death and the Afterlife in Japanese Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 182–184, ISBN 9780824832049
- Yao Bikuni ryaku engi (八百比丘尼略縁起, "Yao Bikuni's abbreviated history"), held by Kūin-ji temple. Quoted in: Kōshin kōwakai, ed. (1978). Kōshin: minkan denshō no kenkyū 庚申: 民間信仰の研究. Kyoto: Dōhōsha. pp. 544–545. and Adachi, Ichirō; Nakajio, Seinosuke, eds. (1977). "Yao bikuni" 八百比丘尼. Fukuiken Kyōdoshi: jinbutsu hen・minkandenshō hen 福井県郷土誌 : 人物篇・民間伝承篇著. Rekishi toshokan. pp. 156–174.
- Fraser, Lucy (2017). "1. Fairy Tale Transformations in Japanese and English. §Prehistory: Mermaids in Japan". The Pleasures of Metamorphosis: Japanese and English Fairy Tale Transformations of "The Little Mermaid". Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814342459.
- Yamazaki, Yoshishige [in Japanese] (1850). "Book 4, 22. Wakasa no happyaku ni" 若狭の八百尼. Teisei kidan 提醒紀談. Suharaya Ihachi.; reprinted in Mozume (1922) 10: 623 Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
- Mozume (1922) "Shira bikuni", Kōbunko 10: 623–624 Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
- Griffiths, Caitilin J. (2016). "2. Itinerant Path: Women on the Road". Tracing the Itinerant Path: Jishū Nuns of Medieval Japan. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780824859398.
- "Gamōgawa (Hinokawa)" がもうがわ蒲生川 (日野川). Kadokawa Japanese Place Name Dictionary (in Japanese). Vol. 25. 1978. p. 245.
- Minakata 1973 [1901], p. 306. Cited by Yoshioka (1993), p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
  - Todasan Kakurin-ji (2008). Kakurin-ji to Shōtoku Taishi: 'Shōtoku Taishe eden' no bi 鶴林寺と聖徳太子: 「聖徳太子絵伝」の美. Hōzōkan. p. 51. ISBN 9784831822130.
  - Yamaguchi (2010), pp. 72–73. Yamaguchi, Naoki (2010). "2. Ningyo" 第2章：人魚. Ketteiban Yōkai mīra kanzen FILE 決定版妖怪ミイラ完全FILE. Gakken. pp. 46–103. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Yamaguchi (2010), pp. 73–74. Yamaguchi, Naoki (2010). "2. Ningyo" 第2章：人魚. Ketteiban Yōkai mīra kanzen FILE 決定版妖怪ミイラ完全FILE. Gakken. pp. 46–103. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Yamaguchi (2010), pp. 77–80. Yamaguchi, Naoki (2010). "2. Ningyo" 第2章：人魚. Ketteiban Yōkai mīra kanzen FILE 決定版妖怪ミイラ完全FILE. Gakken. pp. 46–103. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Kawamura, Teruo [in Japanese]; Asami, Kazuhiko [in Japanese] (2006). Kowareyuku keikan: kiete yuku Nihon no meisho 壊れゆく景観: 消えてゆく日本の名所. Keio University Press Inc. p. 86. ISBN 9784766413083.
  - Mozume (1922), p. 37. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Mukasa, San, ed. (1913). "Hōjō kudaiki, Book 8. §Yui-no-hama chi ni henzu/Taigyo shisu/Kōchō no kaii" 北條九代記8 〇由比濱（ゆひのはま）血に變ず_付大魚死す_竝黄蝶（くわうてふ）の怪異. Hogen monogatari: Heiji monogatari. Hōjō kudaiki 保元物語: 平治物語. 北條九代記. Yuhōdō. pp. 549–550.
  - Yamaoka, Matsuake [in Japanese] (1904) [1779]. "Saii ◎Gyoyō" 災異 ◎魚妖 [Cataclysms: ◎Fish abnormalities]. Ruijūmeibutsukō 類聚名物考. Kondō kappansho. p. 783. (The ◎Ningyo subheading, the quote is misattributed to "Kudaiki", and is from the "Kodaiki".)
  - Mozume (1922), p. 39. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Mozume (1922), p. 37top. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Sasaki Ujisato (1982). "Kan dai 4 ge. Tenbun 18 – Tenbun 20 nen" 巻第四下天文十八年―天文二十年. Kōgen bukan 江源武鑑. Kōbundō shoten. p. 84.
  - Mozume 1922, p. 39top. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Niino, Naoyoshi [in Japanese] (1981), Handa Ichitarō kyōju taikan kinen kai (ed.), "秋田浦"+"秋田湾" "Hirafu to deatta Oga" 比羅夫と出会った恩荷, Akita chihō-shi ronshū 秋田地方史論集, Mishima shobō, p. 47
  - Matsura Seizan (1910). "Kan 20: Ningyo no koto Ōtsuki Gentaku ga Rokubutsu shinshi ni kuwashii nari" 卷二十〇人魚のこと大槻玄澤が六物新志に詳なり... Kasshi yawa: 100 kan 甲子夜話: 100卷. Vol. 8. Kokusho kankōkai. p. 283.。
  - Seki, Keigo, ed. (1962). "Ryūgū e no nukemichi" 竜宮への抜け穴. Nihonjin monogatari: Himerareta sekai 日本人物語: 秘められた世界. Vol. 5. Mainichi shimbunsha. p. 51.
  - Heibonsha (1982). Aomori ken no chimei 青森県の地名 (in Japanese). Heibonsha. p. 305.
  - Suzuki, Tōru [in Japanese] (2006). Nihon kawaraban 日本史瓦版 (in Japanese). Sanshūsha. p. 167. ISBN 9784384038323.
  - Suzuki, Tōru (2006). Nihonshi kawaraban 日本史瓦版 (in Japanese). Sanshūsha. p. 167. ISBN 9784384038323.
  - Naramoto, Tatsuya (1981). Kenran taru chōnin bunka no kaika 絢爛たる町人文化の開花. Ōbunsha. p. 140.
  - Sato (1993), p. 100. Sato, Kenji [in Japanese] (November 1993). "Kudan no tanjō: hanashi no ikolojī・josetsu, etc" クダンの誕生--話のイコノロジー・序説 (共同研究「民俗誌の記述についての基礎的研究」) -- (調査をめぐる諸問題) [The Birth of Kudan]. Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History. 51: 71–102.
  - Nishimaki, Kōzaburō, ed. (1978). Kawaraban shinbun: Ōsaka natsu no jin kara gōshō Zeniya Gohei no saigo かわら版新聞: 大阪夏の陣から豪商銭屋五兵衛の最期 (in Japanese). Heibonsha. p. 23, 85. 面光女のごとく頭紅毛有両手猿にて又水かき有其形蛇の如く四尺五寸あり
  - Ihara Saikaku (1989). "Budō denraiki" 武道伝来記. In Taniwaki, Masachika [in Japanese]; Inoue, Toshiyuki; Fuji, Akio (eds.). Budō denraiki/Saikaku okimiyage/Yorozu no fumihōgu/Saikaku nagori no tomo 武道伝来記/西鶴置土産/万の文反古西鶴名残の友. Shin nihon koten bungaku taikei 77. Iwanami shoten. ISBN 978-4002400778.
  - Wakameda, T. (June 1920). "Tales from Saikaku: The Mermaid's Curse". The Japan Magazine: A Representative Monthly of Things Japanese. 11 (2): 64–66.
  - Oishi, Kaz (2013), "Ch. 6. Oriental Aesthetes and Modernity: The Reception of Coleridge in Early Twentieth-Century Japan", in Vallins, JDavid; Oishi, Kaz; Perry, Seamus (eds.), Death and the Afterlife in Japanese Buddhism, A&C Black, p. 93, ISBN 9781441149879
  - Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "125. Human-fish (Renyu)" 人魚. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
  - Wang Qi [in Chinese]; Wang Siyi, eds. (1609). "Niaoshou 6-juan Linjie-lei Renyu" 鳥獸六巻鱗介類人魚 [Birds & Beasts, Book 6 / Fish & Shellfish / Human-fish.]. Sancai Tuhui Book 94 of 106 三才圖會第94卷(全106卷）. N. p.; Also Huaiyin caotang 槐陰草堂 published version of 1609, with additional proofing editors (潭濱黄・晟東曙) listed at the book 5 title page .
  - Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1906). "Manila and the Philippines about 1650 (concluded). Domingo Fernandez Navarrete, O. P.; Madrid, 1675 [From his Tratados historicos.]". The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations. Vol. 38. Edward Gaylord Bourne, notes. A. H. Clark Company. p. 29.
  - The term is given as Spanish by Ōtsuki Gentaku;^[192] The Spaniard Domingo Fernández Navarrete gives "pexemulier".^[193] However Castiglioni (2021), n19 and Chaiklin (2010), n49 venture that peixe mulher is more likely Portuguese. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697. Chaiklin, Martha (2010), Nagazumi, Yōko [in Japanese] (ed.), "Simian Amphibians: The Mermaid Trade in Early Modern Japan", Large and Broad The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia Essays in Honor of Leonard Blussé, Toyo Bunko, pp. 241–273, ISBN 9784809702440

cocolog-nifty.com

onibi.cocolog-nifty.com

Yabuno, Tadashi (2022-09-18). "Flying tanpatsu Kasshi yawa kan no 59 5 Katō Kiyomasa no kotei" フライング単発甲子夜話卷之五十九５加藤淸正の故邸. 鬼火 Le feu follet. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
Yabuno, Tadashi (2015-06-01). "Mōri Baien Mōri gyofu ningyo" 毛利梅園「梅園魚譜」人魚. 鬼火 Le feu follet. Retrieved 2022-06-25.

coocan.jp

satana-aka.la.coocan.jp

Kushida, Kōzō[?] 櫛田公造. "Shi wa shinbun shinshi no shi" “し”は新聞・新志のシ. Tokyo ningyō manhitsu club: akasatana manpitsu. Retrieved 2023-03-28.

doi.org

Jammed between the outer wall (made of two halves of a log which had served as a dugout canoe) and the oval magemono [ja] cistern. Castiglioni (2021), pp. 15–17 stating "between the external stone wall and the internal wooden one," does not coincide with his source, the Takahashi et al. (2000) report Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 32. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021). Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 7–8. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 10–11. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 34–35. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 9–10. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, quoting from the anthology Kokon Chomonjū (1254), pp. 400–401
When the ex-magistrate Taira no Tadamori 平忠盛 (1096–1153) moved his residence to Beppo 別保 in the Ise 伊勢 domain..[he caught] a big fish with a head similar to a man, endowed with hands, thick teeth like a fish, and a prominent mouth, which resembled that of a monkey. The body was like that of a normal fish.. (abridged)
Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 22–23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 25–27. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Takahashi, Manabu; Watanabe, Shin'ichi; Koyama, Yuki; Kudō, Naoko (2000). Suzaki iseki: Ken'ei hojō seibi jigyō (Hamaikawa chiku) ni kakaru maizō bunkazai hakkutsu chōsa hōkokusho 洲崎遺跡県営ほ場整備事業(浜井川地区)に係る埋蔵文化財発掘調査報告書. Akitaken bunkazai chōsa hōkokusho dai 303 shū. Akitaken Kyōiku Iinkai. pp. 5, 38, 449, 455–456. doi:10.24484/sitereports.12057.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 25. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Midsection of text quoted by Castiglioni (2021), p. 26. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, n15 Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 13–14. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 16. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 29–30. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Hirokawa Kai (1797). "Kaijin・kaijo" 海人・海女. Nagasaki kenbunroku nukigaki 長崎見聞録抜書. doi:10.11501/2536412.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 30–32, Fig. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 21–22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Quoted in Kuzumi (2006a), p. 64: "In our country called heishi murēru 歇伊止武禮児..; "ningyo 人魚 by Spain/Ispania-koku 伊斯把儞亜國 is called pese muēru 百設武唵爾".. Castiglioni (2021), p. 22 mistranscribes heishi murēru as "歇伊止武札児" giving "sa[tsu] 札" as in "Sapporo" instead of "礼/禮 rei". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
The term is given as Spanish by Ōtsuki Gentaku;^[192] The Spaniard Domingo Fernández Navarrete gives "pexemulier".^[193] However Castiglioni (2021), n19 and Chaiklin (2010), n49 venture that peixe mulher is more likely Portuguese. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697. Chaiklin, Martha (2010), Nagazumi, Yōko [in Japanese] (ed.), "Simian Amphibians: The Mermaid Trade in Early Modern Japan", Large and Broad The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia Essays in Honor of Leonard Blussé, Toyo Bunko, pp. 241–273, ISBN 9784809702440
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), n19. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22; Fig. 8 (Facsimile from - Anburushisupaare 安蒲兒止私巴亞列, i.e., Ambroise Paré) Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 38. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.

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Nari 07 なり07 (member of Japanese Classical Literature Seminar at Hirosaki U.) (2013-01-23). "1 gatsu 22 nichi zemi. (Research of Japanese books at Hirosaki City Library)" 1月22日ゼミ (弘前市立図書館での和本の調査). Hirodai☆Nihon koten bungaku zemi 弘大☆日本古典文学ゼミ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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"Awai no kuni, ayakashi no kuni" あはひのくにあやかしのくに, Najona, 7, Fukushima Museum, July–August 2021

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Kuzumi (2006b), pp. 51–52. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Kuzumi (2006b), p. 52. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Kuzumi (2011), pp. 68–69, 72. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 59–60. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 60, 64–65. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2011), p. 72. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Kuzumi (2011), p. 67. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Minakata (1973), p. 311: "in the past lived at this temple むかし当寺に住み", quoted by Kuzumi (2011), pp. 68–69, citation 13 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Kuzumi (2011), pp. 67–68. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Yanagita, Kunio (1973) [1964]. Santō mintan shū 山島民譚集. Chikuma shobo. pp. 579–580. Quoted and commented by Kuzumi (2011), p. 66. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Fujisawa (1931, pub. Rokubunkan) =Fujisawa (1925) (pub. Daitōkaku）, pp. 40–42. apud Kuzumi (2006b), p. 51 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Kuzumi (2006b), p. 51. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Fujisawa 1925, pp. 40–42, untitled list for the "summary of ningyo appearances (人魚の出現の概略)"; Yoshioka (1993), p. 36"Table 1 Records of Appearances of Ningyo 人魚の出現記録」"; Kuzumi (2001), p. 37；Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Note that Fujisawa inconveniently converts to the obsolete Japanese imperial year system instead of the western calendar system. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2006b), p. 54. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Kuzumi (2006b), p. 54, Kuzumi (2011), pp. 65–66 Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
The term urabito (浦人, lit. 'bay people') is glossed as "fishermen and ama living by the bay 浦辺に住む漁師や海女など" in Kuzumi (2011), p. 65 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
Kuzumi (2005), pp. 47–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2006b), pp. 54–55. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Kuzumi (2001), pp. 36–37 quotes from Azuma kagami (in literary Chinese), then explains in Japanese: "For example, when [ningyo] appeared in the summer of Bunji 5 (1189).. the Northern Fujiwara perished.. [it] appeared in Kenpo 1, and in the 5th month of that year, Wada Yoshimori raised troops 例えば文治5年（1189年）夏にあらわれた時には..奥州藤原一族が滅亡.. 建保元年出現したが、同年5月に和田義盛が挙兵". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137.
Kuzumi (2005), p. 48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2005), p. 47. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2001), p. 36, Kuzumi (2005), p. 47 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2005), p. 57. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2006a), p. 66. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2005), p. 51. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2001), pp. 33–34. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137.
Kuzumi (2005), pp. 49–50. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2005), pp. 39–40. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 60, 66 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 60–62. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 62–63. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2006a), p. 65. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Cf. Fujisawa (1925), p. 19, Fig. 6 and modern Japanese translation, Kuzumi (2006a), p. 62 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Quoted, followed by the commentary that the source for "detoxicant" effect remains obscure.Kuzumi (2006a), p. 62–63. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Quoted in Kuzumi (2006a), p. 64: "In our country called heishi murēru 歇伊止武禮児..; "ningyo 人魚 by Spain/Ispania-koku 伊斯把儞亜國 is called pese muēru 百設武唵爾".. Castiglioni (2021), p. 22 mistranscribes heishi murēru as "歇伊止武札児" giving "sa[tsu] 札" as in "Sapporo" instead of "礼/禮 rei". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Quoted by Kuzumi (2006a), p. 61 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Quoted by Kuzumi (2006a), p. 65 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 64–65. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Kuzumi (2006a), p. 59 particularly credits Jonston's work, which was given an abridged translation into Japanese in 1741, but only afforded a token entry on the ningyo, and it was not until Gentaku in 1786 that a detailed translation of Jonston's discussion on it was given (Kuzumi (2006a), p. 60). Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.

ir.lib.fukushima-u.ac.jp

Kuzumi (2009), pp. 84–86. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2009). "'Ningyo' no jitsuzōkō: minkan denshō no naka no 'yōsei' no shōtai ni tsuite" 「人魚」の実像考─民間伝承の中の「妖精」の正体について ─ [Das reele Bild der „Meerfrau“ : Über die eigentliche Gestalt von der „Nixe“ in der zivilen Überlieferung]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University. 10. 福島大学人間発達文化学類: 81–96. hdl:10270/3338.
Kuzumi (2009), p. 90. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2009). "'Ningyo' no jitsuzōkō: minkan denshō no naka no 'yōsei' no shōtai ni tsuite" 「人魚」の実像考─民間伝承の中の「妖精」の正体について ─ [Das reele Bild der „Meerfrau“ : Über die eigentliche Gestalt von der „Nixe“ in der zivilen Überlieferung]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University. 10. 福島大学人間発達文化学類: 81–96. hdl:10270/3338.
Kuzumi (2009), pp. 89–90. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2009). "'Ningyo' no jitsuzōkō: minkan denshō no naka no 'yōsei' no shōtai ni tsuite" 「人魚」の実像考─民間伝承の中の「妖精」の正体について ─ [Das reele Bild der „Meerfrau“ : Über die eigentliche Gestalt von der „Nixe“ in der zivilen Überlieferung]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University. 10. 福島大学人間発達文化学類: 81–96. hdl:10270/3338.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Yoshioka (1993), p. 40. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Yoshioka (1993), pp. 35–36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Kuzumi (2006b), pp. 51–52. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Kuzumi (2006b), p. 52. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Uchida (1960), p. 46 apud Yoshioka (1993), p. 35 Uchida, Keitaro [in Japanese] (1960). "Ninja kō" 人魚考. Shizen. 15 (8): 42–47. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Kumagusu Minakata (1973) [1901], p. 306. also cited by Yoshioka 1993, p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
- Kuzumi (2011), pp. 68–69, 72. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
- Kuzumi (2009), pp. 84–86. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2009). "'Ningyo' no jitsuzōkō: minkan denshō no naka no 'yōsei' no shōtai ni tsuite" 「人魚」の実像考─民間伝承の中の「妖精」の正体について ─ [Das reele Bild der „Meerfrau“ : Über die eigentliche Gestalt von der „Nixe“ in der zivilen Überlieferung]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University. 10. 福島大学人間発達文化学類: 81–96. hdl:10270/3338.
- Kuzumi (2009), p. 90. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2009). "'Ningyo' no jitsuzōkō: minkan denshō no naka no 'yōsei' no shōtai ni tsuite" 「人魚」の実像考─民間伝承の中の「妖精」の正体について ─ [Das reele Bild der „Meerfrau“ : Über die eigentliche Gestalt von der „Nixe“ in der zivilen Überlieferung]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University. 10. 福島大学人間発達文化学類: 81–96. hdl:10270/3338.
- Kuzumi (2009), pp. 89–90. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2009). "'Ningyo' no jitsuzōkō: minkan denshō no naka no 'yōsei' no shōtai ni tsuite" 「人魚」の実像考─民間伝承の中の「妖精」の正体について ─ [Das reele Bild der „Meerfrau“ : Über die eigentliche Gestalt von der „Nixe“ in der zivilen Überlieferung]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University. 10. 福島大学人間発達文化学類: 81–96. hdl:10270/3338.
- Yoshioka (1993), p. 42. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
- Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 59–60. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
- Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 60, 64–65. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
- Kuzumi (2011), p. 72. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
- Kuzumi (2011), p. 67. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
- Minakata (1973), p. 311: "in the past lived at this temple むかし当寺に住み", quoted by Kuzumi (2011), pp. 68–69, citation 13 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
- Kuzumi (2011), pp. 67–68. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
- Yanagita, Kunio (1973) [1964]. Santō mintan shū 山島民譚集. Chikuma shobo. pp. 579–580. Quoted and commented by Kuzumi (2011), p. 66. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
- Fujisawa (1931, pub. Rokubunkan) =Fujisawa (1925) (pub. Daitōkaku）, pp. 40–42. apud Kuzumi (2006b), p. 51 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
- Kuzumi (2006b), p. 51. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
- Minakata 1973 [1901], p. 306. Cited by Yoshioka (1993), p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
  - Fujisawa 1925, pp. 40–42, untitled list for the "summary of ningyo appearances (人魚の出現の概略)"; Yoshioka (1993), p. 36"Table 1 Records of Appearances of Ningyo 人魚の出現記録」"; Kuzumi (2001), p. 37；Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Note that Fujisawa inconveniently converts to the obsolete Japanese imperial year system instead of the western calendar system. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2006b), p. 54. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
  - Kuzumi (2006b), p. 54, Kuzumi (2011), pp. 65–66 Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
  - The term urabito (浦人, lit. 'bay people') is glossed as "fishermen and ama living by the bay 浦辺に住む漁師や海女など" in Kuzumi (2011), p. 65 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2011). "Nihon no 'ningyo' densetsu:'Yaobikuni densetsu' wo chūshin to shite" 日本の「人魚」伝説─「八百比丘尼伝説」を中心として ─ [Die Sagen der „Meerfrau“ in Japan: Über „Die Sage von Yaobikuni“] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (13): 45–55. hdl:10270/3561.
  - Kuzumi (2005), pp. 47–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2006b), pp. 54–55. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
  - Kuzumi (2001), pp. 36–37 quotes from Azuma kagami (in literary Chinese), then explains in Japanese: "For example, when [ningyo] appeared in the summer of Bunji 5 (1189).. the Northern Fujiwara perished.. [it] appeared in Kenpo 1, and in the 5th month of that year, Wada Yoshimori raised troops 例えば文治5年（1189年）夏にあらわれた時には..奥州藤原一族が滅亡.. 建保元年出現したが、同年5月に和田義盛が挙兵". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137.
  - Kuzumi (2005), p. 48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2005), p. 47. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2001), p. 36, Kuzumi (2005), p. 47 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Kuzumi (2005), p. 57. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), p. 66. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 37. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Kuzumi (2005), p. 51. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 38. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Kuzumi (2001), pp. 33–34. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137.
  - Kuzumi (2005), pp. 49–50. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2005), pp. 39–40. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 60, 66 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 60–62. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 62–63. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), p. 65. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Cf. Fujisawa (1925), p. 19, Fig. 6 and modern Japanese translation, Kuzumi (2006a), p. 62 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Quoted, followed by the commentary that the source for "detoxicant" effect remains obscure.Kuzumi (2006a), p. 62–63. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Quoted in Kuzumi (2006a), p. 64: "In our country called heishi murēru 歇伊止武禮児..; "ningyo 人魚 by Spain/Ispania-koku 伊斯把儞亜國 is called pese muēru 百設武唵爾".. Castiglioni (2021), p. 22 mistranscribes heishi murēru as "歇伊止武札児" giving "sa[tsu] 札" as in "Sapporo" instead of "礼/禮 rei". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
  - Quoted by Kuzumi (2006a), p. 61 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Quoted by Kuzumi (2006a), p. 65 Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 64–65. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - Kuzumi (2006a), p. 59 particularly credits Jonston's work, which was given an abridged translation into Japanese in 1741, but only afforded a token entry on the ningyo, and it was not until Gentaku in 1786 that a detailed translation of Jonston's discussion on it was given (Kuzumi (2006a), p. 60). Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.

jitsuwa.com

驚異の伝承と新説トンでも不思議発見 VOL.1「ミイラの謎が明かされた？！」

jlogos.com

"Toyama-han (kinsei)" 富山藩(近世). Kadokawa Japanese Place Name Dictionary (old place names) (in Japanese) – via JLogos.

jst.go.jp

jstage.jst.go.jp

Nakamaru (2015), p. 8, comparing the definitions of ningyo in Kojien dictionary, 5th edition (1998) and 6th edition (2008). The definition changes from "upper half human woman" to "upper half human (usually woman). Nakamaru, Teiko (2015). "Hakubutsugaku no ningyo hyōshō: honyūrui, josei, uo" 博物学の人魚表象―哺乳類、女性、魚― [How the Naturalists Described Merfolk or Mermaids : Fishes, Women, and Mammalia]. Journal of Comparative literature. 58. Nihon Hikaku Bungakukai: 7–23.
Nakamaru (2015), pp. 9–10. Nakamaru, Teiko (2015). "Hakubutsugaku no ningyo hyōshō: honyūrui, josei, uo" 博物学の人魚表象―哺乳類、女性、魚― [How the Naturalists Described Merfolk or Mermaids : Fishes, Women, and Mammalia]. Journal of Comparative literature. 58. Nihon Hikaku Bungakukai: 7–23.

jstor.org

Jammed between the outer wall (made of two halves of a log which had served as a dugout canoe) and the oval magemono [ja] cistern. Castiglioni (2021), pp. 15–17 stating "between the external stone wall and the internal wooden one," does not coincide with his source, the Takahashi et al. (2000) report Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 32. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021). Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 7–8. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 10–11. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 34–35. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 9–10. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, quoting from the anthology Kokon Chomonjū (1254), pp. 400–401
When the ex-magistrate Taira no Tadamori 平忠盛 (1096–1153) moved his residence to Beppo 別保 in the Ise 伊勢 domain..[he caught] a big fish with a head similar to a man, endowed with hands, thick teeth like a fish, and a prominent mouth, which resembled that of a monkey. The body was like that of a normal fish.. (abridged)
Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 22–23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 25–27. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 25. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Midsection of text quoted by Castiglioni (2021), p. 26. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, n15 Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 13–14. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 16. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 29–30. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 30–32, Fig. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 21–22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Quoted in Kuzumi (2006a), p. 64: "In our country called heishi murēru 歇伊止武禮児..; "ningyo 人魚 by Spain/Ispania-koku 伊斯把儞亜國 is called pese muēru 百設武唵爾".. Castiglioni (2021), p. 22 mistranscribes heishi murēru as "歇伊止武札児" giving "sa[tsu] 札" as in "Sapporo" instead of "礼/禮 rei". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
The term is given as Spanish by Ōtsuki Gentaku;^[192] The Spaniard Domingo Fernández Navarrete gives "pexemulier".^[193] However Castiglioni (2021), n19 and Chaiklin (2010), n49 venture that peixe mulher is more likely Portuguese. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697. Chaiklin, Martha (2010), Nagazumi, Yōko [in Japanese] (ed.), "Simian Amphibians: The Mermaid Trade in Early Modern Japan", Large and Broad The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia Essays in Honor of Leonard Blussé, Toyo Bunko, pp. 241–273, ISBN 9784809702440
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), n19. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22; Fig. 8 (Facsimile from - Anburushisupaare 安蒲兒止私巴亞列, i.e., Ambroise Paré) Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 38. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.

komakino.jp

Aomori Prefectural Museum [in Japanese] (2009), "57 Igyō no uo. Hōreki 7 nen /58 Onga otokoningyo. kinsei" 57 異形の魚・宝暦七年 /58 御画男人魚（おんがおとこにんぎょ）近世 (PDF), Yōkaiten: Kami, mononoke, inori 妖怪展：神・もののけ・祈り (in Japanese), Introduction by Oyama, Takahide, To-o Nippo Press, p. 41

minpaku.ac.jp

民族学者の仕事場： Vol.4 近藤雅樹 Archived 2009-08-22 at the Wayback Machine

nabunken.go.jp

sitereports.nabunken.go.jp

Takahashi, Manabu; Watanabe, Shin'ichi; Koyama, Yuki; Kudō, Naoko (2000). Suzaki iseki: Ken'ei hojō seibi jigyō (Hamaikawa chiku) ni kakaru maizō bunkazai hakkutsu chōsa hōkokusho 洲崎遺跡県営ほ場整備事業(浜井川地区)に係る埋蔵文化財発掘調査報告書. Akitaken bunkazai chōsa hōkokusho dai 303 shū. Akitaken Kyōiku Iinkai. pp. 5, 38, 449, 455–456. doi:10.24484/sitereports.12057.

nanzan-u.ac.jp

nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp

Jammed between the outer wall (made of two halves of a log which had served as a dugout canoe) and the oval magemono [ja] cistern. Castiglioni (2021), pp. 15–17 stating "between the external stone wall and the internal wooden one," does not coincide with his source, the Takahashi et al. (2000) report Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 32. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021). Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 7–8. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 10–11. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 34–35. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 9–10. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, quoting from the anthology Kokon Chomonjū (1254), pp. 400–401
When the ex-magistrate Taira no Tadamori 平忠盛 (1096–1153) moved his residence to Beppo 別保 in the Ise 伊勢 domain..[he caught] a big fish with a head similar to a man, endowed with hands, thick teeth like a fish, and a prominent mouth, which resembled that of a monkey. The body was like that of a normal fish.. (abridged)
Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 22–23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 25–27. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 25. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Midsection of text quoted by Castiglioni (2021), p. 26. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, n15 Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 13–14. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 16. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 29–30. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 30–32, Fig. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 21–22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Quoted in Kuzumi (2006a), p. 64: "In our country called heishi murēru 歇伊止武禮児..; "ningyo 人魚 by Spain/Ispania-koku 伊斯把儞亜國 is called pese muēru 百設武唵爾".. Castiglioni (2021), p. 22 mistranscribes heishi murēru as "歇伊止武札児" giving "sa[tsu] 札" as in "Sapporo" instead of "礼/禮 rei". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
The term is given as Spanish by Ōtsuki Gentaku;^[192] The Spaniard Domingo Fernández Navarrete gives "pexemulier".^[193] However Castiglioni (2021), n19 and Chaiklin (2010), n49 venture that peixe mulher is more likely Portuguese. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697. Chaiklin, Martha (2010), Nagazumi, Yōko [in Japanese] (ed.), "Simian Amphibians: The Mermaid Trade in Early Modern Japan", Large and Broad The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia Essays in Honor of Leonard Blussé, Toyo Bunko, pp. 241–273, ISBN 9784809702440
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), n19. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22; Fig. 8 (Facsimile from - Anburushisupaare 安蒲兒止私巴亞列, i.e., Ambroise Paré) Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 38. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.

ndl.go.jp

dl.ndl.go.jp

The title -人魚 would be normally read "ningyo', as Castiglioni phoneticizes, but the from the cover of the work (Fujisawa (1925), p. 26, Fig. 20) one can read "にんぎゃう ningyō". Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Santō Kyōden (1791), fol. 14a. Santō Kyōden (1791). Hakoiri musume menya ningyō 箱入娘面屋人魚. Utagawa Toyokuni (illustr.). Tsuta no Karamaru. (Waseda University copy) National Diet Library copy
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 39–40. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Honma, Yoshiharu (2005-10-01), "Nihon korai no ningyo, ryūgūnotsukai no seibutsugaku" 日本古来の人魚、リュウグウノツカイの生物学, Japan Sea Rim Studies (11): 126–127
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 19–20, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712], "Ningyo" 人魚, Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会, vol. 80 of 81, Book 49 (kan-no-49), fol. 20b-21a
Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712], "Teijin" 氐人, Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会, vol. 15 of 81, Book 14 (kan-no-14), fol. 52b
Fujisawa (1925), p. 26. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "15. Red Ru-fish (Chiru)" 赤鱬. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 34.
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 24–25, Fig. 11, though he does not articulate that the creature depicted is four-legged. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 24–25. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 20. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Ōtsuki Gentaku (1786). Ōtsuki Gentaku [in Japanese] (1786). "Ningyo" 人魚. Rokumotsu shinshi 六物新志. Vol. 2. Kenkadō. fols. 19a–32a.
Fujisawa (1931, pub. Rokubunkan) =Fujisawa (1925) (pub. Daitōkaku）, pp. 40–42. apud Kuzumi (2006b), p. 51 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
Fujisawa (1925). "Yao-hime to yuki-onna (furōchōsei densetsu) 八百姫と雪女（不老長生傳説）", p. 17. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Mantei Ōga (text) [in Japanese] (1858–1859), "Saikoku junrei 32 ban Ōmi Kannonji / Ningyo" 西國順礼三拾二番近江観音寺（さいこくじゅんれいおふみかんおんじ）　人魚, Kan'on reigenki 観音霊験記, Toyokuni III aka Kunisada; Hiroshige II (illustr.), Nanden Nisanshō (National Diet Library copy)
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 46–47. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 28. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa 1925, pp. 40–42, untitled list for the "summary of ningyo appearances (人魚の出現の概略)"; Yoshioka (1993), p. 36"Table 1 Records of Appearances of Ningyo 人魚の出現記録」"; Kuzumi (2001), p. 37；Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Note that Fujisawa inconveniently converts to the obsolete Japanese imperial year system instead of the western calendar system. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
Tachibana no Narisue [in Japanese] (1922) [1914]. "(Book 20, No. 30) Fish, insects, birds, animals Gyochūkinjū" 巻第二十第三十魚蟲禽獸. In Tsukamoto, Tsukamoto Tetsuzō (ed.). Kokon chomonjū zen 古今著聞集全. Yūfōdō shoten. p. 625. (September 1914 print gives Miura, Satoshi 三浦理 as editor-publisher)
Iwaya, Sazanami [in Japanese], ed. (1913). "Dai 19 shō Chūgyo hen. 953 Ningyo" 第十九章蟲魚篇．九五三人魚. Tōyō kōhi taizen 東洋口碑大全. Vol. 1. Hakubunkan. p. 1199.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 41. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 48. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Hirokawa Kai (1797). "Kaijin・kaijo" 海人・海女. Nagasaki kenbunroku nukigaki 長崎見聞録抜書. doi:10.11501/2536412.
Fujisawa 1925, p. 30, Fig. 8 第八図, Fig. 14 第十四図. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 34. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 33. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Ihara Saikaku (1647), "Book 2, Part 4 Inochi toraruru ningyo no umi" 巻二の四、「命とらるる人魚の海」, Budō denraiki 武道伝来記 [Exemplary Tales of the Way of the Warrior], fol. 19v–20r
Santō Kyōden (1791), fol. 14b. Santō Kyōden (1791). Hakoiri musume menya ningyō 箱入娘面屋人魚. Utagawa Toyokuni (illustr.). Tsuta no Karamaru. (Waseda University copy) National Diet Library copy
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 25–26. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925) p. 30 (Fig. 15) Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925) p. 31 (Fig. 16) Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Fujisawa (1925), p. 23. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, ed. (1887), "Ugui" ウグヒ, Suisan zokuji shū 水産俗字集, Dai-Nihon Suisankai, p. 34
Wang Qi [in Chinese]; Wang Siyi, eds. (1609). "Niaoshou 6-juan Linjie-lei Renyu" 鳥獸六巻鱗介類人魚 [Birds & Beasts, Book 6 / Fish & Shellfish / Human-fish.]. Sancai Tuhui Book 94 of 106 三才圖會第94卷(全106卷）. N. p.; Also Huaiyin caotang 槐陰草堂 published version of 1609, with additional proofing editors (潭濱黄・晟東曙) listed at the book 5 title page .
Fujisawa states: "Sansai zue gives this as two-handed/armed and legless 「三才圖會」には之を二手無足に記してゐる".Fujisawa (1925), pp. 24–25 It is assumed shorthand for Wakan sansai zue is meant here, rather than the Sancai Tuhui (1609), since the latter seems to lack an entry for lingyu, and its entry for renyu depicts a carp-like fish with four feet.^[ao]^[181] Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Cf. Fujisawa (1925), p. 19, Fig. 6 and modern Japanese translation, Kuzumi (2006a), p. 62 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
Mōri Baien (1825). "NIngyo" 人魚. Baien gyofu 梅園魚譜.

warp.da.ndl.go.jp

Sasaki (2000), p. (21) note (3). Sasaki, Akio (2000). "Budōdenraiki ron: sono 3" 『武道伝来記』論 : その三 (PDF). Bulletin of Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Tsukuba Women's University (4): (11)–(21).

nii.ac.jp

tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp

Yoshioka (1993), p. 40. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Yoshioka (1993), pp. 35–36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Uchida (1960), p. 46 apud Yoshioka (1993), p. 35 Uchida, Keitaro [in Japanese] (1960). "Ninja kō" 人魚考. Shizen. 15 (8): 42–47. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Kumagusu Minakata (1973) [1901], p. 306. also cited by Yoshioka 1993, p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
- Yoshioka (1993), p. 42. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
- Minakata 1973 [1901], p. 306. Cited by Yoshioka (1993), p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
  - Fujisawa 1925, pp. 40–42, untitled list for the "summary of ningyo appearances (人魚の出現の概略)"; Yoshioka (1993), p. 36"Table 1 Records of Appearances of Ningyo 人魚の出現記録」"; Kuzumi (2001), p. 37；Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Note that Fujisawa inconveniently converts to the obsolete Japanese imperial year system instead of the western calendar system. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 37. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 38. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI

nippon.com

Itakura, Kimie (18 May 2022) [12 April 2022]. "'Ningyo': Japanese Merfolk and Auspicious Mummies". Nippon.com.

rekihaku.ac.jp

Sato (1993), p. 100. Sato, Kenji [in Japanese] (November 1993). "Kudan no tanjō: hanashi no ikolojī・josetsu, etc" クダンの誕生--話のイコノロジー・序説 (共同研究「民俗誌の記述についての基礎的研究」) -- (調査をめぐる諸問題) [The Birth of Kudan]. Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History. 51: 71–102.

saikaku48.jp

Lai (2015), p. 33. Lai, Youyu 頼宥羽 (July 2015). Chinzei yumiharizuki ron: Ryūkyū ōken ron wo chūshin ni 『椿説弓張月』論. ―琉球王権論を中心に― (PDF) (Masters) (in Japanese). National Chengchi University.^{[permanent dead link]}
Lai (2015), pp. 32–33. Lai, Youyu 頼宥羽 (July 2015). Chinzei yumiharizuki ron: Ryūkyū ōken ron wo chūshin ni 『椿説弓張月』論. ―琉球王権論を中心に― (PDF) (Masters) (in Japanese). National Chengchi University.^{[permanent dead link]}
Morita, Masaya [in Japanese] (2011-04-27). "Nanba Saikaku to umi no michi (3): Inochi toraruru ningyo no umi" 難波西鶴と海の道（9）:命とらるる人魚の海 (PDF). Osaka Nichinichi shinbun.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Jammed between the outer wall (made of two halves of a log which had served as a dugout canoe) and the oval magemono [ja] cistern. Castiglioni (2021), pp. 15–17 stating "between the external stone wall and the internal wooden one," does not coincide with his source, the Takahashi et al. (2000) report Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 32. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021). Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 7–8. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 10–11. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 34–35. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 9–10. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, quoting from the anthology Kokon Chomonjū (1254), pp. 400–401
When the ex-magistrate Taira no Tadamori 平忠盛 (1096–1153) moved his residence to Beppo 別保 in the Ise 伊勢 domain..[he caught] a big fish with a head similar to a man, endowed with hands, thick teeth like a fish, and a prominent mouth, which resembled that of a monkey. The body was like that of a normal fish.. (abridged)
Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 22–23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 25–27. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 25. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Midsection of text quoted by Castiglioni (2021), p. 26. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18, n15 Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 18. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 13–14. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 16. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 23. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 29–30. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 30–32, Fig. 13. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), pp. 21–22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Quoted in Kuzumi (2006a), p. 64: "In our country called heishi murēru 歇伊止武禮児..; "ningyo 人魚 by Spain/Ispania-koku 伊斯把儞亜國 is called pese muēru 百設武唵爾".. Castiglioni (2021), p. 22 mistranscribes heishi murēru as "歇伊止武札児" giving "sa[tsu] 札" as in "Sapporo" instead of "礼/禮 rei". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
The term is given as Spanish by Ōtsuki Gentaku;^[192] The Spaniard Domingo Fernández Navarrete gives "pexemulier".^[193] However Castiglioni (2021), n19 and Chaiklin (2010), n49 venture that peixe mulher is more likely Portuguese. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697. Chaiklin, Martha (2010), Nagazumi, Yōko [in Japanese] (ed.), "Simian Amphibians: The Mermaid Trade in Early Modern Japan", Large and Broad The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia Essays in Honor of Leonard Blussé, Toyo Bunko, pp. 241–273, ISBN 9784809702440
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), n19. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 22; Fig. 8 (Facsimile from - Anburushisupaare 安蒲兒止私巴亞列, i.e., Ambroise Paré) Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
Castiglioni (2021), p. 38. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.

waseda.ac.jp

archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp

Santō Kyōden (1791), fol. 14a. Santō Kyōden (1791). Hakoiri musume menya ningyō 箱入娘面屋人魚. Utagawa Toyokuni (illustr.). Tsuta no Karamaru. (Waseda University copy) National Diet Library copy
Kōyo Shun'ō (1844). "Dai 32 ban. Ōmi-no-kuni Kanzaki-kōri Ishibaji-mura Kwannonji" 第三十二番近江國神﨑郡石場寺村(sic.) 観音寺. Kannon reijōki zue 観音霊場記図会 (PDF). Tsujimoto Motosada (illustr.); Shimada Masataka (engr.). 皇都書房/堺屋仁兵衛. fol. 38–39. index
Santō Kyōden (1791), fol. 14b. Santō Kyōden (1791). Hakoiri musume menya ningyō 箱入娘面屋人魚. Utagawa Toyokuni (illustr.). Tsuta no Karamaru. (Waseda University copy) National Diet Library copy
Tatsu no miyako namagusa hachi no ki @ Waseda U., Middle Volume, fol. 10

wul.waseda.ac.jp

Kōyo Shun'ō (1844). "Dai 32 ban. Ōmi-no-kuni Kanzaki-kōri Ishibaji-mura Kwannonji" 第三十二番近江國神﨑郡石場寺村(sic.) 観音寺. Kannon reijōki zue 観音霊場記図会 (PDF). Tsujimoto Motosada (illustr.); Shimada Masataka (engr.). 皇都書房/堺屋仁兵衛. fol. 38–39. index
Tatsu no miyako namagusa hachi no ki @ Waseda U., Middle Volume, fol. 10

web.archive.org

民族学者の仕事場： Vol.4 近藤雅樹 Archived 2009-08-22 at the Wayback Machine

wikipedia.org

ja.wikipedia.org

First proposed by Keitarō Uchida [ja] (1960, 1962).^[28]
Though she lived for 800 years in most versions, in some versions her lifespan is 200, 400, other number of years.^[54]^[56] She is also called Shira Bikuni/Shiro Bikuni (白比丘尼, "white nun/priestess") by some sources.^[57] According to local legend in Okayama Prefecture, she was called Sennen Bikuni (千年比丘尼) and lived 1000 years.^[58] Hayashi Razan (Honchō jinjakō [ja]) relates the legend of Shira Bikuni (白比丘尼) who lived 400 years.^[58]
Yamazaki Yoshishige [ja] (1796–1856)'s essay.
Zuikei Shūhō [ja]'s diary Gaun nikkenroku (臥雲日件録) claims she appeared in Kyoto on the 26th day of the 7th month of Hōtoku 1 (1449)―actually still Bun'an 6, which was not changde to Hōtoku 1 until the 28th of this month^[65]^[66] though another source, the Yasutomi-ki [ja] ("Nakahara no Yasutomi's diary") states she appeared on the 5th month that year, aged 200.^[67]^[66]
The list of 33 pilgrimage spots of the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage identifies number 32 as Kannon-shōji. However, the Kannon reijōki zue No. 32 names Ishiba-ji mura (石場寺村 [sic.]^[88]^[89] instead of Ishidera mura^[72]). This seems to be erroneous confusion with the Ishiba-ji [ja] temple, except that Fujisawa claimed existence of the document Ishibajimura Kannonji engi (石場寺村観音寺縁起), as aforementioned.
Saikaku also shifts the site of the beaching to Tsugar-no-Ōura (Ōura [ja] in Tsugaru), as does Osamu Dazai's adaptation of the ningyo story.^[117] but other sources state Tugaru-no-ura or "Tsugaru Bay".
Jammed between the outer wall (made of two halves of a log which had served as a dugout canoe) and the oval magemono [ja] cistern. Castiglioni (2021), pp. 15–17 stating "between the external stone wall and the internal wooden one," does not coincide with his source, the Takahashi et al. (2000) report Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697.
This Kōshō-in was wife of daimyo Inagaki Terunaka [ja] and daughter of Matsura Sanenobu [ja].^[138]
Ishizakisawa, part of what is now Tairadate, Aomori.^[145] It faces the Hiradate Channel [ja].
The title -人魚 would be normally read "ningyo', as Castiglioni phoneticizes, but the from the cover of the work (Fujisawa (1925), p. 26, Fig. 20) one can read "にんぎゃう ningyō". Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Yoshioka (1993), p. 40. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Yoshioka (1993), pp. 35–36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Fujisawa (1925), pp. 39–40. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
Uchida (1960), p. 46 apud Yoshioka (1993), p. 35 Uchida, Keitaro [in Japanese] (1960). "Ninja kō" 人魚考. Shizen. 15 (8): 42–47. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Kumagusu Minakata (1973) [1901], p. 306. also cited by Yoshioka 1993, p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
- Yoshioka (1993), p. 42. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
- Fujisawa (1925), pp. 19–20, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712], "Ningyo" 人魚, Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会, vol. 80 of 81, Book 49 (kan-no-49), fol. 20b-21a
- Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712], "Teijin" 氐人, Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会, vol. 15 of 81, Book 14 (kan-no-14), fol. 52b
- Fujisawa (1925), p. 26. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Fujisawa (1925), pp. 24–25, Fig. 11, though he does not articulate that the creature depicted is four-legged. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Fujisawa (1925), pp. 24–25. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Fujisawa (1925), p. 20. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Ōtsuki Gentaku (1786). Ōtsuki Gentaku [in Japanese] (1786). "Ningyo" 人魚. Rokumotsu shinshi 六物新志. Vol. 2. Kenkadō. fols. 19a–32a.
- Yamazaki, Yoshishige [in Japanese] (1850). "Book 4, 22. Wakasa no happyaku ni" 若狭の八百尼. Teisei kidan 提醒紀談. Suharaya Ihachi.; reprinted in Mozume (1922) 10: 623 Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
- Mozume (1922) "Shira bikuni", Kōbunko 10: 623–624 Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
- Fujisawa (1931, pub. Rokubunkan) =Fujisawa (1925) (pub. Daitōkaku）, pp. 40–42. apud Kuzumi (2006b), p. 51 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi" 江戸時代以前の「人魚」像 : 日本における「人魚」像の原点へのアプローチ [Das Bild der „Seejungfraun“ vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau“ in Japan] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. hdl:10270/500.
- Fujisawa (1925). "Yao-hime to yuki-onna (furōchōsei densetsu) 八百姫と雪女（不老長生傳説）", p. 17. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Mantei Ōga (text) [in Japanese] (1858–1859), "Saikoku junrei 32 ban Ōmi Kannonji / Ningyo" 西國順礼三拾二番近江観音寺（さいこくじゅんれいおふみかんおんじ）　人魚, Kan'on reigenki 観音霊験記, Toyokuni III aka Kunisada; Hiroshige II (illustr.), Nanden Nisanshō (National Diet Library copy)
- Minakata 1973 [1901], p. 306. Cited by Yoshioka (1993), p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
  - Fujisawa (1925), pp. 46–47. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa (1925), p. 28. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa 1925, pp. 40–42, untitled list for the "summary of ningyo appearances (人魚の出現の概略)"; Yoshioka (1993), p. 36"Table 1 Records of Appearances of Ningyo 人魚の出現記録」"; Kuzumi (2001), p. 37；Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Note that Fujisawa inconveniently converts to the obsolete Japanese imperial year system instead of the western calendar system. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Tachibana no Narisue [in Japanese] (1922) [1914]. "(Book 20, No. 30) Fish, insects, birds, animals Gyochūkinjū" 巻第二十第三十魚蟲禽獸. In Tsukamoto, Tsukamoto Tetsuzō (ed.). Kokon chomonjū zen 古今著聞集全. Yūfōdō shoten. p. 625. (September 1914 print gives Miura, Satoshi 三浦理 as editor-publisher)
  - Tachibana no Narisue [ja] Kokon Chomonjū 古今著聞集, Book 20, "Chapter 30 Fish, Insects, Birds and Animals 魚虫禽獣", paragraph 712 Matter of the Fishermen of Beppo, Ise Province Capturing Human-Fish and Presenting them to Former Junior Assistant Minister of Justice [Gyōbu-shōyū] Tadamori 伊勢国別保の浦人人魚を獲て前刑部少輔忠盛に献上の事.^[93]
    伊勢國別保（べつほ）といふ所へ、前（さきの）刑部（ぎやうぶの）少輔（せう）忠盛朝臣（あそん）下りたりけるに、浦人日ごとに網を引きけるに、或日大なる魚の、頭は人のやうにてありながら、歯はこまかにて魚にたがはず、口さし出でて猿に似たりけり。身はよのつねの魚にてありけるを、三喉ひき出したりけるを、二人してになひたりけるが、尾なほ土に多くひかれけり。人の近くよりければ、高くをめくこゑ、人のごとし、又涙をながすも、人にかはらず。驚きあざみて、二喉をば、忠盛朝臣の許へもて行き、一喉をば浦人にかへしてければ、浦人みな切り食ひてけり。されどもあへてことなし。その味殊によかりけるとぞ。人魚といふなるは、これていのものなるにや”^[94]^[95]。
  - Iwaya, Sazanami [in Japanese], ed. (1913). "Dai 19 shō Chūgyo hen. 953 Ningyo" 第十九章蟲魚篇．九五三人魚. Tōyō kōhi taizen 東洋口碑大全. Vol. 1. Hakubunkan. p. 1199.
  - Kawamura, Teruo [in Japanese]; Asami, Kazuhiko [in Japanese] (2006). Kowareyuku keikan: kiete yuku Nihon no meisho 壊れゆく景観: 消えてゆく日本の名所. Keio University Press Inc. p. 86. ISBN 9784766413083.
  - Mozume (1922), p. 37. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Yamaoka, Matsuake [in Japanese] (1904) [1779]. "Saii ◎Gyoyō" 災異 ◎魚妖 [Cataclysms: ◎Fish abnormalities]. Ruijūmeibutsukō 類聚名物考. Kondō kappansho. p. 783. (The ◎Ningyo subheading, the quote is misattributed to "Kudaiki", and is from the "Kodaiki".)
  - Kuzumi (2001), pp. 36–37 quotes from Azuma kagami (in literary Chinese), then explains in Japanese: "For example, when [ningyo] appeared in the summer of Bunji 5 (1189).. the Northern Fujiwara perished.. [it] appeared in Kenpo 1, and in the 5th month of that year, Wada Yoshimori raised troops 例えば文治5年（1189年）夏にあらわれた時には..奥州藤原一族が滅亡.. 建保元年出現したが、同年5月に和田義盛が挙兵". Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137.
  - Mozume (1922), p. 39. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Maeda, Kingoro [ja] ed. (1967) Budōdenraiki 武道伝来記, note 52.^[115]^[112]
  - Mozume (1922), p. 37top. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Fujisawa (1925), p. 41. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - The compilation Shiseki shūran [ja], quoting from Kagenki.^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121]
  - Fujisawa (1925), p. 48. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Mozume 1922, p. 39top. Mozume, Takami [in Japanese] (1922). "Ningyo" 人魚. Kōbunko 廣文庫. Vol. 15. Kōbunko kankōkai. pp. 35–42. ISBN 9784054044517.
  - Kōgen bukan [ja].^[124]^[125]^[126] The reliability of this book has been questioned, and some claim this to be attributed to a pseudoauthor.
  - Niino, Naoyoshi [in Japanese] (1981), Handa Ichitarō kyōju taikan kinen kai (ed.), "秋田浦"+"秋田湾" "Hirafu to deatta Oga" 比羅夫と出会った恩荷, Akita chihō-shi ronshū 秋田地方史論集, Mishima shobō, p. 47
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 37. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 38. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Fujisawa 1925, p. 30, Fig. 8 第八図, Fig. 14 第十四図. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa (1925), p. 34. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Aomori Prefectural Museum [in Japanese] (2009), "57 Igyō no uo. Hōreki 7 nen /58 Onga otokoningyo. kinsei" 57 異形の魚・宝暦七年 /58 御画男人魚（おんがおとこにんぎょ）近世 (PDF), Yōkaiten: Kami, mononoke, inori 妖怪展：神・もののけ・祈り (in Japanese), Introduction by Oyama, Takahide, To-o Nippo Press, p. 41
  - Fujisawa (1925), p. 33. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Suzuki, Tōru [in Japanese] (2006). Nihon kawaraban 日本史瓦版 (in Japanese). Sanshūsha. p. 167. ISBN 9784384038323.
  - Sato (1993), p. 100. Sato, Kenji [in Japanese] (November 1993). "Kudan no tanjō: hanashi no ikolojī・josetsu, etc" クダンの誕生--話のイコノロジー・序説 (共同研究「民俗誌の記述についての基礎的研究」) -- (調査をめぐる諸問題) [The Birth of Kudan]. Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History. 51: 71–102.
  - Abe, Masamichi; Chiba, Mikio [in Japanese] (1996). にっぽん妖怪地図. 角川書店. ISBN 4048511149.
  - Ihara Saikaku (1989). "Budō denraiki" 武道伝来記. In Taniwaki, Masachika [in Japanese]; Inoue, Toshiyuki; Fuji, Akio (eds.). Budō denraiki/Saikaku okimiyage/Yorozu no fumihōgu/Saikaku nagori no tomo 武道伝来記/西鶴置土産/万の文反古西鶴名残の友. Shin nihon koten bungaku taikei 77. Iwanami shoten. ISBN 978-4002400778.
  - Morita, Masaya [in Japanese] (2011-04-27). "Nanba Saikaku to umi no michi (3): Inochi toraruru ningyo no umi" 難波西鶴と海の道（9）:命とらるる人魚の海 (PDF). Osaka Nichinichi shinbun.
  - Fujisawa (1925), pp. 25–26. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa (1925) p. 30 (Fig. 15) Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa (1925) p. 31 (Fig. 16) Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa (1925), p. 23. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Fujisawa states: "Sansai zue gives this as two-handed/armed and legless 「三才圖會」には之を二手無足に記してゐる".Fujisawa (1925), pp. 24–25 It is assumed shorthand for Wakan sansai zue is meant here, rather than the Sancai Tuhui (1609), since the latter seems to lack an entry for lingyu, and its entry for renyu depicts a carp-like fish with four feet.^[ao]^[181] Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
  - Cf. Fujisawa (1925), p. 19, Fig. 6 and modern Japanese translation, Kuzumi (2006a), p. 62 Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite" 江戸時代の「人魚」像（2）―博物学の舶来を中心として [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit 2] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. hdl:10270/499.
  - The term is given as Spanish by Ōtsuki Gentaku;^[192] The Spaniard Domingo Fernández Navarrete gives "pexemulier".^[193] However Castiglioni (2021), n19 and Chaiklin (2010), n49 venture that peixe mulher is more likely Portuguese. Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. JSTOR 27039930. S2CID 237709697. Chaiklin, Martha (2010), Nagazumi, Yōko [in Japanese] (ed.), "Simian Amphibians: The Mermaid Trade in Early Modern Japan", Large and Broad The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia Essays in Honor of Leonard Blussé, Toyo Bunko, pp. 241–273, ISBN 9784809702440
  zh.wikipedia.org
  - Shan hai jing, illustration and caption for "Hill-fish (Lingyu) 陵魚: "The Hill-Fish has a human face, hands, feet, and a fish's body. It dwells in the sea".^[38] The identical illustration of the ling (鯪魚) opposite giant crab is reproduced by Fujisawa.^[41] A rather different four-legged fish occurs in an illustrated 1667 edition of Guo Pu's annotations^[42] Cf. zh:陵魚.
  - Wang Qi [in Chinese]; Wang Siyi, eds. (1609). "Niaoshou 6-juan Linjie-lei Renyu" 鳥獸六巻鱗介類人魚 [Birds & Beasts, Book 6 / Fish & Shellfish / Human-fish.]. Sancai Tuhui Book 94 of 106 三才圖會第94卷(全106卷）. N. p.; Also Huaiyin caotang 槐陰草堂 published version of 1609, with additional proofing editors (潭濱黄・晟東曙) listed at the book 5 title page .
  ko.wikipedia.org
  - Nathaniel Kingdon's paper, which discusses natural history scholarship in Korea by the brothers Jeong Yakjeon [ko] 丁若銓 and Jeong Yakjong [丁若鍾; 정약종].^[44]

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

The text reads it resembles the fei 𩵥 (whereas Shan hai ing says catfish 鮎). The definition of fei is elusive; according to Japanese sources it is one of the vulgar characters for the carp order (cypriniform) ugui (big-scaled redfin).^[180]

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Yoshioka (1993), p. 40. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Yoshioka (1993), pp. 35–36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Uchida (1960), p. 46 apud Yoshioka (1993), p. 35 Uchida, Keitaro [in Japanese] (1960). "Ninja kō" 人魚考. Shizen. 15 (8): 42–47. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
Kumagusu Minakata (1973) [1901], p. 306. also cited by Yoshioka 1993, p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
- Yoshioka (1993), p. 42. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
- Minakata 1973 [1901], p. 306. Cited by Yoshioka (1993), p. 35. Minakata, Kumagusu (24 September 1901), "Ningyo no hanashi" 人魚の話, Muro shinpō 牟婁新報
  - Fujisawa 1925, pp. 40–42, untitled list for the "summary of ningyo appearances (人魚の出現の概略)"; Yoshioka (1993), p. 36"Table 1 Records of Appearances of Ningyo 人魚の出現記録」"; Kuzumi (2001), p. 37；Kuzumi (2005), p. 46. Note that Fujisawa inconveniently converts to the obsolete Japanese imperial year system instead of the western calendar system. Fujisawa, Morihiko [in Japanese] (1925). 人魚傳説考. Nihon densetsu kenkyū 日本伝説研究. Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2001). "Dazai Osamu no 'Ningyo no umi' ni tsuite no hikaku bungakuteki kō" 太宰治の「人魚の海」についての比較文学的考察 (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Liberal arts (70): 33–45. hdl:10270/137. Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2005). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō" 江戸時代の「人魚」像 [Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun“ in der Edo-Zeit] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 59–69. hdl:10270/498.
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 36. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 37. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI
  - Yoshioka (1993), p. 38. Yoshioka, Ikuo [in Japanese] (September 1993). "Ningyo no shinka" 人魚の進化 (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 35–47. ISSN 0915-7468. URI

Ningyo (English Wikipedia)

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