Obstetric ultrasonography (English Wikipedia)

"Statement on Measurement of the Fetal Heart Rate". Sound Waves Weekly. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2017. When attempting to obtain fetal heart rate with a diagnostic ultrasound system, the AIUM recommends using M-mode at first because the time-averaged acoustic intensity delivered to the fetus is lower with M-mode than with spectral Doppler. If this is unsuccessful, spectral Doppler ultrasound may be used with the following guidelines: use spectral Doppler only briefly (eg, 4-5 heart beats), and keep the thermal index (TIS for soft tissues in the first trimester and TIB for bones in second and third trimesters) as low as possible, preferably below 1 in accordance with the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.

asum.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of Sonography in Australia". Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2018.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Merz, Eberhard (2005). Ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-58890-147-7.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Berghella, V; Bilardo, C; Hernandez-Andrade, E; Johnsen, SL; Kalache, K; Leung, K.-Y.; Malinger, G; Munoz, H; Prefumo, F; Toi, A; Lee, W (2010). "Practice guidelines for performance of the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 37 (1): 116–126. doi:10.1002/uog.8831. PMID 20842655. S2CID 10676445.
Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Bilardo, CM; Chalouhi, GE; Ghi, T; Kagan, KO; Lau, TK; Papageorghiou, AT; Raine-Fenning, NJ; Stirnemann, J; Suresh, S; Tabor, A; Timor-Tritsch, IE; Toi, A; Yeo, G (2013). "ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 41 (1): 102–113. doi:10.1002/uog.12342. PMID 23280739. S2CID 13593.
Whitworth, M; Bricker, L; Mullan, C (2015). "Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7) CD007058. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3. PMC 4084925. PMID 26171896.
Sheiner E, Hackmon R, Shoham-Vardi I, et al. (2007). "A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 29 (3): 326–8. doi:10.1002/uog.3933. PMID 17265534. S2CID 41853089.
Doubilet, Peter M.; Benson, Carol B.; Bourne, Tom; Blaivas, Michael (2013-10-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.). "Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (15): 1443–1451. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1302417. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 24106937.
Snijders, RJ.; Nicolaides, KH. (Jan 1994). "Fetal biometry at 14-40 weeks' gestation". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 4 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04010034.x. PMID 12797224. S2CID 19399509.
Efrat, Z.; Akinfenwa, O. O.; Nicolaides, K. H. (1999). "First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 13 (5): 305–7. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13050305.x. PMID 10380292. S2CID 5364077.
Hsiao, C.H.; Wang, H.C.; Hsieh, C.F.; Hsu, J.J. (2008). "Fetal gender screening by ultrasound at 11 to 13⁺⁶ weeks". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 87 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1080/00016340701571905. PMID 17851807. S2CID 22374986.
Odeh, Marwan; Grinin, Vitali; Kais, Mohamad; Ophir, Ella; Bornstein, Jacob (2009). "Sonographic Fetal Sex Determination". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 64 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318193299b. PMID 19099612. S2CID 205898633.
Iams, Jay D.; Goldenberg, Robert L.; Meis, Paul J.; Mercer, Brian M.; Moawad, Atef; Das, Anita; Thom, Elizabeth; McNellis, Donald; et al. (1996). "The Length of the Cervix and the Risk of spontaneous Premature Delivery". New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (9): 567–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602293340904. PMID 8569824.
Leitich, Harald; Brunbauer, Mathias; Kaider, Alexandra; Egarter, Christian; Husslein, Peter (1999). "Cervical length and dilatation of the internal cervical os detected by vaginal ultrasonography as markers for preterm delivery: A systematic review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 181 (6): 1465–72. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70407-2. PMID 10601930.
Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002). "Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 6 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2002ITITB...6...38B. doi:10.1109/4233.992160. PMID 11936595. S2CID 14662967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
Zare Mehrjardi, Mohammad; Keshavarz, Elham (2017-04-16). "Prefrontal Space Ratio—A Novel Ultrasound Marker in the Second Trimester Screening for Trisomy 21: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. 33 (4): 269–277. doi:10.1177/8756479317702619.
Houston, Laura E.; Odibo, Anthony O.; Macones, George A. (2009). "The safety of obstetrical ultrasound a review". Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13): 1204–1212. doi:10.1002/pd.2392. ISSN 0197-3851. PMID 19899071. S2CID 26980283.
Donald, I; MacVicar, J; Brown, TG (1958). "Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound". Lancet. 1 (7032): 1188–95. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91905-6. PMID 13550965.
Gammeltoft, Tine (2007). "Sonography and Sociality: Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging in Urban Vietnam". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 21 (2): 133–53. doi:10.1525/maq.2007.21.2.133. PMID 17601081.

escholarship.org (Global: 1,523^rd place; English: 976^th place)

Doubilet, Peter M.; Benson, Carol B.; Bourne, Tom; Blaivas, Michael (2013-10-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.). "Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (15): 1443–1451. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1302417. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 24106937.

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

Rados C (January–February 2004). "FDA Cautions Against Ultrasound 'Keepsake' Images". FDA Consumer Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
"Fetal Keepsake Videos". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved 2011-05-21.

findarticles.com (Global: 424^th place; English: 310^th place)

Boschert, Sherry (2001-06-15). "Anxious Patients Often Want Very Early Ultrasound Exam". OB/GYN News. FindArticles.com. Retrieved 2007-05-27.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002). "Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 6 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2002ITITB...6...38B. doi:10.1109/4233.992160. PMID 11936595. S2CID 14662967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.

highbeam.com (Global: 405^th place; English: 256^th place)

Kempley R (9 August 2003). "The Grin Before They Bear It; Peek-a-Boo: Prenatal Portraits for the Ultrasound Set". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.

iisc.ac.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

eprints.iisc.ac.in

Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002). "Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 6 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2002ITITB...6...38B. doi:10.1109/4233.992160. PMID 11936595. S2CID 14662967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.

layyous.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Layyous, Najeeb. "The Clinical Advantages of 3D and 4D Ultrasound - Dr N Layyous". www.layyous.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,581^st place; English: 1,299^th place)

"Miscarriage". A.D.A.M., Inc. 21 Nov 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

nanomedicine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Freitas, Robert A. (1999). Nanomedicine. Austin, TX: Landes Bioscience. ISBN 978-1-57059-645-2.^{[page needed]}

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Berghella, V; Bilardo, C; Hernandez-Andrade, E; Johnsen, SL; Kalache, K; Leung, K.-Y.; Malinger, G; Munoz, H; Prefumo, F; Toi, A; Lee, W (2010). "Practice guidelines for performance of the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 37 (1): 116–126. doi:10.1002/uog.8831. PMID 20842655. S2CID 10676445.
Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Bilardo, CM; Chalouhi, GE; Ghi, T; Kagan, KO; Lau, TK; Papageorghiou, AT; Raine-Fenning, NJ; Stirnemann, J; Suresh, S; Tabor, A; Timor-Tritsch, IE; Toi, A; Yeo, G (2013). "ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 41 (1): 102–113. doi:10.1002/uog.12342. PMID 23280739. S2CID 13593.
Whitworth, M; Bricker, L; Mullan, C (2015). "Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7) CD007058. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3. PMC 4084925. PMID 26171896.
Dimitrova V, Markov D, Dimitrov R (2007). "[3D and 4D ultrasonography in obstetrics]". Akush Ginekol (Sofiia) (in Bulgarian). 46 (2): 31–40. PMID 17469450.
Sheiner E, Hackmon R, Shoham-Vardi I, et al. (2007). "A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 29 (3): 326–8. doi:10.1002/uog.3933. PMID 17265534. S2CID 41853089.
Doubilet, Peter M.; Benson, Carol B.; Bourne, Tom; Blaivas, Michael (2013-10-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.). "Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (15): 1443–1451. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1302417. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 24106937.
Snijders, RJ.; Nicolaides, KH. (Jan 1994). "Fetal biometry at 14-40 weeks' gestation". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 4 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04010034.x. PMID 12797224. S2CID 19399509.
Efrat, Z.; Akinfenwa, O. O.; Nicolaides, K. H. (1999). "First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 13 (5): 305–7. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13050305.x. PMID 10380292. S2CID 5364077.
Hsiao, C.H.; Wang, H.C.; Hsieh, C.F.; Hsu, J.J. (2008). "Fetal gender screening by ultrasound at 11 to 13⁺⁶ weeks". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 87 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1080/00016340701571905. PMID 17851807. S2CID 22374986.
Odeh, Marwan; Grinin, Vitali; Kais, Mohamad; Ophir, Ella; Bornstein, Jacob (2009). "Sonographic Fetal Sex Determination". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 64 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318193299b. PMID 19099612. S2CID 205898633.
Iams, Jay D.; Goldenberg, Robert L.; Meis, Paul J.; Mercer, Brian M.; Moawad, Atef; Das, Anita; Thom, Elizabeth; McNellis, Donald; et al. (1996). "The Length of the Cervix and the Risk of spontaneous Premature Delivery". New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (9): 567–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602293340904. PMID 8569824.
Leitich, Harald; Brunbauer, Mathias; Kaider, Alexandra; Egarter, Christian; Husslein, Peter (1999). "Cervical length and dilatation of the internal cervical os detected by vaginal ultrasonography as markers for preterm delivery: A systematic review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 181 (6): 1465–72. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70407-2. PMID 10601930.
Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002). "Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 6 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2002ITITB...6...38B. doi:10.1109/4233.992160. PMID 11936595. S2CID 14662967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
Houston, Laura E.; Odibo, Anthony O.; Macones, George A. (2009). "The safety of obstetrical ultrasound a review". Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13): 1204–1212. doi:10.1002/pd.2392. ISSN 0197-3851. PMID 19899071. S2CID 26980283.
Donald, I; MacVicar, J; Brown, TG (1958). "Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound". Lancet. 1 (7032): 1188–95. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91905-6. PMID 13550965.
Gammeltoft, Tine (2007). "Sonography and Sociality: Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging in Urban Vietnam". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 21 (2): 133–53. doi:10.1525/maq.2007.21.2.133. PMID 17601081.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Whitworth, M; Bricker, L; Mullan, C (2015). "Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7) CD007058. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3. PMC 4084925. PMID 26171896.

ob-ultrasound.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Woo, Joseph (2006). "Why and when is Ultrasound used in Pregnancy?". Obstetric Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
Ian Donald's paper in the Lancet in 1958 by Joseph Woo
Woo, Joseph (2002). "A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology". ob-ultrasound.net. Retrieved 2007-08-26.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Berghella, V; Bilardo, C; Hernandez-Andrade, E; Johnsen, SL; Kalache, K; Leung, K.-Y.; Malinger, G; Munoz, H; Prefumo, F; Toi, A; Lee, W (2010). "Practice guidelines for performance of the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 37 (1): 116–126. doi:10.1002/uog.8831. PMID 20842655. S2CID 10676445.
Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Bilardo, CM; Chalouhi, GE; Ghi, T; Kagan, KO; Lau, TK; Papageorghiou, AT; Raine-Fenning, NJ; Stirnemann, J; Suresh, S; Tabor, A; Timor-Tritsch, IE; Toi, A; Yeo, G (2013). "ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 41 (1): 102–113. doi:10.1002/uog.12342. PMID 23280739. S2CID 13593.
Sheiner E, Hackmon R, Shoham-Vardi I, et al. (2007). "A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 29 (3): 326–8. doi:10.1002/uog.3933. PMID 17265534. S2CID 41853089.
Snijders, RJ.; Nicolaides, KH. (Jan 1994). "Fetal biometry at 14-40 weeks' gestation". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 4 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04010034.x. PMID 12797224. S2CID 19399509.
Efrat, Z.; Akinfenwa, O. O.; Nicolaides, K. H. (1999). "First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 13 (5): 305–7. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13050305.x. PMID 10380292. S2CID 5364077.
Hsiao, C.H.; Wang, H.C.; Hsieh, C.F.; Hsu, J.J. (2008). "Fetal gender screening by ultrasound at 11 to 13⁺⁶ weeks". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 87 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1080/00016340701571905. PMID 17851807. S2CID 22374986.
Odeh, Marwan; Grinin, Vitali; Kais, Mohamad; Ophir, Ella; Bornstein, Jacob (2009). "Sonographic Fetal Sex Determination". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 64 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318193299b. PMID 19099612. S2CID 205898633.
Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002). "Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 6 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2002ITITB...6...38B. doi:10.1109/4233.992160. PMID 11936595. S2CID 14662967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
Houston, Laura E.; Odibo, Anthony O.; Macones, George A. (2009). "The safety of obstetrical ultrasound a review". Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13): 1204–1212. doi:10.1002/pd.2392. ISSN 0197-3851. PMID 19899071. S2CID 26980283.

smh.com.au (Global: 132^nd place; English: 96^th place)

"Bill Garrett: Obstetrics practitioner helped develop ultrasound". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2018.

statison.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Statison V Operations Manual" (PDF). Statison Medical, Inc. 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008.

uscimaging.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Karen (14 July 2022). "How to Read an Ultrasound – Guide to Understanding Ultrasound Imaging". Ultrasound Solutions Corp. Retrieved 15 September 2025.

veterinaryradiology.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zwingenberger, Allison (10 April 2007). "What do hyperechoic and hypoechoic mean?". DVM Journals.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Rados C (January–February 2004). "FDA Cautions Against Ultrasound 'Keepsake' Images". FDA Consumer Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Kempley R (9 August 2003). "The Grin Before They Bear It; Peek-a-Boo: Prenatal Portraits for the Ultrasound Set". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
Bhanu Prakash, K.N.; Ramakrishnan, A.G.; Suresh, S.; Chow, T.W.P. (March 2002). "Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 6 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2002ITITB...6...38B. doi:10.1109/4233.992160. PMID 11936595. S2CID 14662967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
"Statison V Operations Manual" (PDF). Statison Medical, Inc. 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008.
"Fetal Keepsake Videos". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
"Statement on Measurement of the Fetal Heart Rate". Sound Waves Weekly. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2017. When attempting to obtain fetal heart rate with a diagnostic ultrasound system, the AIUM recommends using M-mode at first because the time-averaged acoustic intensity delivered to the fetus is lower with M-mode than with spectral Doppler. If this is unsuccessful, spectral Doppler ultrasound may be used with the following guidelines: use spectral Doppler only briefly (eg, 4-5 heart beats), and keep the thermal index (TIS for soft tissues in the first trimester and TIB for bones in second and third trimesters) as low as possible, preferably below 1 in accordance with the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.
"History of Sonography in Australia". Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Doubilet, Peter M.; Benson, Carol B.; Bourne, Tom; Blaivas, Michael (2013-10-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.). "Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (15): 1443–1451. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1302417. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 24106937.
Houston, Laura E.; Odibo, Anthony O.; Macones, George A. (2009). "The safety of obstetrical ultrasound a review". Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13): 1204–1212. doi:10.1002/pd.2392. ISSN 0197-3851. PMID 19899071. S2CID 26980283.

Obstetric ultrasonography (English Wikipedia)

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