Performance indicator (English Wikipedia)

Pidun, T., & Felden, C. (2011) Limitations of Performance Measurement Systems based on Key Performance Indicators. AMCIS 2011 Proceedings - All Submissions. 14. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2011_submissions/14

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Carol Fitz-Gibbon (1990), "Performance indicators", BERA Dialogues (2), ISBN 978-1-85359-092-4

ca.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Key Performance Indicators: Establishing the Metrics that Guide Success (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01, retrieved 2016-04-23 Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

collegesontario.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Key Performance Indicators". Colleges Ontario. Retrieved 2019-09-25.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Weilkiens, Tim; Weiss, Christian; Grass, Andrea; Duggen, Kim Nena (2016). "Frameworks". OCEB 2 Certification Guide. Elsevier. pp. 149–169. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805352-2.00007-8. ISBN 9780128053522. KPI is a business metric that measures the degree of fulfillment of a goal or a Critical Success Factor (CSF). The CSF is an organization-internal or organization-external property that is necessary to achieve a specific goal. A CSF can involve multiple KPIs.
Dolence, Michael G. (1994). "Using Key Performance Indicators to Drive Strategic Decision Making". New Directions for Institutional Research. 1994 (82): 63–80. doi:10.1002/ir.37019948207 – via academia.edu.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 69. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Joyce, Paul (2015-02-11). Strategic Management in the Public Sector (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 118. doi:10.4324/9781315740355. ISBN 978-1-315-74035-5.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 20. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 81. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Carter, Neil (1991). "Learning to Measure Performance: The Use of Indicators in Organizations". Public Administration. 69 (1): 85–101, 93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00783.x. ISSN 1467-9299.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. pp. 69–73. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Christopher, Hood; Hood, Christopher (2006). "Gaming in Targetworld: The Targets Approach to Managing British Public Services". Public Administration Review. 66 (4): 515–521: 519. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00612.x. ISSN 1540-6210.
Carter, Neil (1991). "Learning to Measure Performance: The Use of Indicators in Organizations". Public Administration. 69 (1): 85–101: 93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00783.x. ISSN 1467-9299.
Kamensky, John (1996). "Role of the "Reinventing Government" Movement in Federal Management Reform". Public Administration Review. 56 (3). Wiley: 247–255. doi:10.2307/976448. JSTOR 976448.
Moynihan, Donald; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2010). "The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 20 (4). Oxford University Press: 849–866. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq004. ISSN 1053-1858.
Moynihan, Donald; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2010). "The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 20 (4). Oxford University Press: 849–866. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq004. ISSN 1053-1858.
Heikkila, Tanya; Isett, Kimberley (March 2007). "Citizen Involvement and Performance Management in Special-Purpose Governments". Public Administration Review. 67 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00710.x.
Moynihan, Donald; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2010). "The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 20 (4). Oxford University Press: 849–866. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq004. ISSN 1053-1858.
Mariani, Laura; Gigli, Sabrina; Bandini, Federica (March 2019). "Pay-for-Performance and Other Practices: Alternative Paths for Human Resource Management Effectiveness in Public Social Care Organizations". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 78–104. doi:10.1177/0734371X19863841. ISSN 0734-371X.
Blom, R.; Kruyen, P. M.; Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M.; Van Thiel, S. (March 2020). "One HRM Fits All? A Meta- Analysis of the Effects of HRM Practices in the Public, Semipublic, and Private Sector". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 40 (1). Sage Publications: 3–35. doi:10.1177/0734371X18773492. ISSN 0734-371X.
Wesemann, Andrew (July 2022). "The Performance Rewards of Human Capital Development in the Federal Government". Public Personnel Management. 51 (1). Sage Publications: 151–169. doi:10.1177/00910260211039876. ISSN 0091-0260.
Mariani, Laura; Gigli, Sabrina; Bandini, Federica (March 2019). "Pay-for-Performance and Other Practices: Alternative Paths for Human Resource Management Effectiveness in Public Social Care Organizations". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 78–104. doi:10.1177/0734371X19863841. ISSN 0734-371X.
Berkel, Rik van; de Vries, Julia Penning; Knies, Eva (July 2022). "Managing Street-Level Bureaucrats' Performance by Promoting Professional Behavior Through HRM". Public Personnel Management. 51 (2). Sage Publications: 189–212. doi:10.1177/00910260211046554. ISSN 0091-0260.
Meier, Kenneth J.; Hicklin, Alisa (17 October 2007). "Employee Turnover and Organizational Performance: Testing a Hypothesis from Classical Public Administration". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 18 (4): 573–590. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum028. ISSN 1053-1858.
Mariani, Laura; Gigli, Sabrina; Bandini, Federica (March 2019). "Pay-for-Performance and Other Practices: Alternative Paths for Human Resource Management Effectiveness in Public Social Care Organizations". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 78–104. doi:10.1177/0734371X19863841. ISSN 0734-371X.
Resh, William; Moldogaziev, Tima; Fernandez, Sergio; Leslie, Colin Angus (March 2021). "Reversing the Lens: Assessing the Use of Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey in Public Administration Research". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 132–162. doi:10.1177/0734371X19865012. ISSN 0734-371X.
Toor, S. R., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2010). Beyond the ‘iron triangle’: Stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.05.005
Aboubichr, B., & Conway, N. (2023). The gaming of performance management systems in British universities. Human Relations (New York), 76(4), 602–628. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211052827
Riskin, D. J., Monda, K. L., Gagne, J. J., Reynolds, R., Garan, A. R., Dreyer, N., Muntner, P., & Bradbury, B. D. (2025). Implementing Accuracy, Completeness, and Traceability for Data Reliability. JAMA Network Open, 8(3), Article e250128. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0128
Siegel, R., König, C. J., & Lazar, V. (2022). The impact of electronic monitoring on employees’ job satisfaction, stress, performance, and counterproductive work behavior: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 8, Article 100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100227

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

Public Health England, Population screening KPIs: purpose and data submission guidance, updated 17 August 2020, accessed 24 November 2022
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for government's most important contracts, last updated 25 November 2022, accessed 26 November 2022

ihi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Campbell, L., Wei, E. K., Morse, M., & Bajaj, K. (2022). Weaving Equity into Every Step of Performance Improvement. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Retrieved from: https://www.ihi.org/library/blog/weaving-equity-every-step-performance-improvement

ijaiem.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

El Sayed, H., Supply Chain Key Performance Indicators Analysis, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013, accessed 6 January 2022

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Kamensky, John (1996). "Role of the "Reinventing Government" Movement in Federal Management Reform". Public Administration Review. 56 (3). Wiley: 247–255. doi:10.2307/976448. JSTOR 976448.

kpi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI)". KPI.org. Retrieved 1 January 2022.

linkedin.com (Global: 895^th place; English: 692^nd place)

"KPIs and the Logic of Decision Making". www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 2021-04-04.

martinfowler.com (Global: 8,817^th place; English: 6,374^th place)

Martin Fowler (2003-08-29). "CannotMeasureProductivity". Martinfowler.com. Retrieved 2013-05-25.

oag.parliament.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

Office of the Auditor General, New Zealand (2022). "Good practice in reporting about performance" (PDF). p. 21.
New Zealand. Office of the Auditor-General. issuing body. (2021). The problems, progress, and potential of performance reporting. Controller and Auditor-General = Tumuaki o te Mana Arotake. Retrieved from https://oag.parliament.nz/2021/performance-reporting

publicservice.govt.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

Public Service Commission, New Zealand (2008). "Performance Measurement Advice and examples on how to develop effective frameworks" (PDF). p. 35.

sipmm.edu.sg (Global: low place; English: low place)

publication.sipmm.edu.sg

"Key Performance Indicators for Warehousing Performance | SIPMM Publications". publication.sipmm.edu.sg. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 2022-07-27.

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 3,142^nd place; English: 2,072^nd place)

Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 69. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Joyce, Paul (2015-02-11). Strategic Management in the Public Sector (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 118. doi:10.4324/9781315740355. ISBN 978-1-315-74035-5.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 20. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 81. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.
Van Dooren, Wouter; Bouckaert, Geert; Halligan, John (2015-02-19). Performance Management in the Public Sector (0 ed.). Routledge. pp. 69–73. doi:10.4324/9781315817590. ISBN 978-1-317-81416-0.

treasury.govt.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Treasury - Te Tai Ōhanga New Zealand (12 April 2022). "Our Living Standards Framework". The Treasury. The Treasury - Te Tai Ōhanga New Zealand. Retrieved 18 September 2025.

uncommonlogic.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

blog.uncommonlogic.com

Koch, S. (2024). 7 Pitfalls of KPI Tunnel Vision. (un)common logic – Digital Marketing Strategy. Retrieved from: https://blog.uncommonlogic.com/insights/7-pitfalls-of-kpi-tunnel-vision

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Key Performance Indicators – What Are Key Performance Indicators or KPI". Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Key Performance Indicators: Establishing the Metrics that Guide Success (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01, retrieved 2016-04-23 Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; English: 297^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Carter, Neil (1991). "Learning to Measure Performance: The Use of Indicators in Organizations". Public Administration. 69 (1): 85–101, 93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00783.x. ISSN 1467-9299.
Christopher, Hood; Hood, Christopher (2006). "Gaming in Targetworld: The Targets Approach to Managing British Public Services". Public Administration Review. 66 (4): 515–521: 519. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00612.x. ISSN 1540-6210.
Carter, Neil (1991). "Learning to Measure Performance: The Use of Indicators in Organizations". Public Administration. 69 (1): 85–101: 93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00783.x. ISSN 1467-9299.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Carter, Neil (1991). "Learning to Measure Performance: The Use of Indicators in Organizations". Public Administration. 69 (1): 85–101, 93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00783.x. ISSN 1467-9299.
Christopher, Hood; Hood, Christopher (2006). "Gaming in Targetworld: The Targets Approach to Managing British Public Services". Public Administration Review. 66 (4): 515–521: 519. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00612.x. ISSN 1540-6210.
Carter, Neil (1991). "Learning to Measure Performance: The Use of Indicators in Organizations". Public Administration. 69 (1): 85–101: 93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00783.x. ISSN 1467-9299.
Moynihan, Donald; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2010). "The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 20 (4). Oxford University Press: 849–866. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq004. ISSN 1053-1858.
Moynihan, Donald; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2010). "The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 20 (4). Oxford University Press: 849–866. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq004. ISSN 1053-1858.
Relsh, William; Moldogaziev, Tima; Fernandez, Sergio; Leslie, Colin (2021). "Reversing the Lens: Assessing the Use of Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey in Public Administration Research". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 4 (1). Sage Publications: 132-162. ISSN 0734-371X.
Moynihan, Donald; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2010). "The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 20 (4). Oxford University Press: 849–866. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq004. ISSN 1053-1858.
Mariani, Laura; Gigli, Sabrina; Bandini, Federica (March 2019). "Pay-for-Performance and Other Practices: Alternative Paths for Human Resource Management Effectiveness in Public Social Care Organizations". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 78–104. doi:10.1177/0734371X19863841. ISSN 0734-371X.
Blom, R.; Kruyen, P. M.; Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M.; Van Thiel, S. (March 2020). "One HRM Fits All? A Meta- Analysis of the Effects of HRM Practices in the Public, Semipublic, and Private Sector". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 40 (1). Sage Publications: 3–35. doi:10.1177/0734371X18773492. ISSN 0734-371X.
Wesemann, Andrew (July 2022). "The Performance Rewards of Human Capital Development in the Federal Government". Public Personnel Management. 51 (1). Sage Publications: 151–169. doi:10.1177/00910260211039876. ISSN 0091-0260.
Mariani, Laura; Gigli, Sabrina; Bandini, Federica (March 2019). "Pay-for-Performance and Other Practices: Alternative Paths for Human Resource Management Effectiveness in Public Social Care Organizations". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 78–104. doi:10.1177/0734371X19863841. ISSN 0734-371X.
Berkel, Rik van; de Vries, Julia Penning; Knies, Eva (July 2022). "Managing Street-Level Bureaucrats' Performance by Promoting Professional Behavior Through HRM". Public Personnel Management. 51 (2). Sage Publications: 189–212. doi:10.1177/00910260211046554. ISSN 0091-0260.
Meier, Kenneth J.; Hicklin, Alisa (17 October 2007). "Employee Turnover and Organizational Performance: Testing a Hypothesis from Classical Public Administration". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 18 (4): 573–590. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum028. ISSN 1053-1858.
Mariani, Laura; Gigli, Sabrina; Bandini, Federica (March 2019). "Pay-for-Performance and Other Practices: Alternative Paths for Human Resource Management Effectiveness in Public Social Care Organizations". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 78–104. doi:10.1177/0734371X19863841. ISSN 0734-371X.
Resh, William; Moldogaziev, Tima; Fernandez, Sergio; Leslie, Colin Angus (March 2021). "Reversing the Lens: Assessing the Use of Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey in Public Administration Research". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 41 (1). Sage Publications: 132–162. doi:10.1177/0734371X19865012. ISSN 0734-371X.
Austin, Robert D. (Robert Daniel), 1962– (1996). Measuring and managing performance in organizations. DeMarco, Tom., Lister, Timothy R. New York: Dorset House Publishing. ISBN 0932633366. OCLC 34798037.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Performance indicator (English Wikipedia)

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