Quasi-state (English Wikipedia)

Kolstø, Pål (2006). "The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States" (PDF). Journal of Peace Research. 43 (6). Sage Publications: 723–740. doi:10.1177/0022343306068102. Retrieved 21 October 2025. The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State". BBC News. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Keatinge, Tom (2016-03-08). "Islamic State: The struggle to stay rich - BBC News". Retrieved 17 March 2016.

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-01/puntland-to-operate-independently-from-somalia-after-law-change

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Shakya 1999, p. 4 "independent state", Shakya 1999, p. 90 "international legal status" was "independent state". Feigon 1996, p. 119 "border between the two countries" of China and Tibet in 1917. Goldstein 1997, pp. 30–37, Chapter titled "Interlude: De Facto Independence"; Latourette 1964, p. 333 "practically independent" from 1912, 419 "accepted the suzerainty of the Communists" in 1951. Shakya, Tsering (1999), The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947, Pimlico, ISBN 978-0-7126-6533-9, ISBN 0-231-11814-7 Shakya, Tsering (1999), The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947, Pimlico, ISBN 978-0-7126-6533-9, ISBN 0-231-11814-7 Feigon, Lee (1996). Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows. I.R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-089-4. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9, ISBN 0-520-21254-1 Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, Their History and Culture (Fourth ed.), New York: Macmillan Company, Library of Congress catalog card number 64-17372 – via archive.org
Griffiths, Ryan (2016). Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–102, 213–242. ISBN 978-1107161627.
Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 5–6, 132. ISBN 978-0195371581.
Williams, Brian Glyn (2016-10-20). Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812248678.
Defence Journal. Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal, 2006, Volume 9-10 Collected Issues 12(9)-12 (10) page 47.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Boko Haram Nigerian Islamic group". Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Jackson, Robert H. (1991). Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511559020. ISBN 978-0-521-44783-6.
Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
Van Engeland, Anicée (2016). "Remarks by Anicée van Engeland". Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting. 110: 225–228. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103052. S2CID 233341833.

catarata.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Martín Rodríguez, Javier (2015). Estado Islámico. Geopolítica del Caos [Islamic State: Geopolitics of Chaos] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Los Libros de la Catarata. p. 15. ISBN 978-84-9097-054-6. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,734^th place; English: 1,312^th place)

Steinmüller, Hans (2018). "Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 9, 2023.

dabangasudan.org (Global: low place; English: 6,489^th place)

"RSF areas ban new currency as Sudan gov replaces banknotes". Radio Dabanga. 30 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Jackson, Robert H. (1991). Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511559020. ISBN 978-0-521-44783-6.
Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
Kolstø, Pål (2006). "The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States" (PDF). Journal of Peace Research. 43 (6). Sage Publications: 723–740. doi:10.1177/0022343306068102. Retrieved 21 October 2025. The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition.
Van Engeland, Anicée (2016). "Remarks by Anicée van Engeland". Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting. 110: 225–228. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103052. S2CID 233341833.

e-ir.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Islamic State: More than a Terrorist Group?". E-International Relations. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-20.

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

"The caliphate cracks". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
"Hemedti: warlord, power-broker and the new sultan of Darfur" – via The Economist.

ehu.eus (Global: low place; English: low place)

addi.ehu.eus

de la Granja Sainz, José Luis (2007). "El nacimiento de Euskadi: el estatuto de 1936 y el primer gobierno vasco". Historia contemporánea (in Spanish). 35: 437. ISSN 1130-2402.

elpais.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 370^th place)

Torreblanca, José Ignacio (12 July 2010). "Estados-embrión". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2016.

ethz.ch (Global: 2,224^th place; English: 1,900^th place)

files.ethz.ch

Alvarado, David (May 2012). "Independent Azawad: Tuaregs, Jihadists, and an Uncertain Future for Mali" (PDF). Barcelona: Barcelona Center for International Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,116^th place; English: 790^th place)

"How the Islamic State Declared War on the World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2016-07-20.

hic.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hic: Vjesnik, Podlistak, 16 i 17. travnja 2005., Velikosrpska Tvorevina Na Hrvatskom Tlu: Izvorni Dokumenti O Djelovanju 'Republike Srpske Krajine' (XXIX.)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 52^nd place)

"CFA gave de facto recognition to Eelam: LTTE". 23 February 2007.

huffingtonpost.es (Global: 4,723^rd place; English: 9,095^th place)

Rengel, Carmen (5 April 2015). "Javier Martín: "El Estado Islámico tiene espíritu de gobernar y permanecer"". huffingtonpost.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2016.

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

"Rashid Dostum: The treacherous general". Independent.co.uk. December 2001.

jurist.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Somalia state of Puntland rejects constitutional amendments and withdraws from federal government". www.jurist.org. April 1, 2024.

kb.se (Global: 564^th place; English: 1,445^th place)

urn.kb.se

Sellström, Tor (2002). Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Vol. 2 : Solidarity and assistance, 1970–1994. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 97–99. ISBN 978-91-7106-448-6.

keshilliministrave.al (Global: low place; English: low place)

Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognised the Republic of Kosova Archived April 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

lib.ru (Global: 1,588^th place; English: 3,385^th place)

militera.lib.ru

Shambarov, V. The State and revolutions (Государство и революции). "Algoritm". Moscow, 2001 (in Russian)

liveuamap.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sudan.liveuamap.com

"Sudan Liberation Army Movement to Al-Arabiya: We have received a number of displaced people in the areas under our control North Darfur, Sudan - Sudan latest news in English on live map - South Sudan and Sudan News in English - sudan.liveuamap.com".

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

lccn.loc.gov

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .

myanmargeneva.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Union of Myanmar, The State Peace and Development Council, Notification No. 33/2010, 20 August 2010"Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine English translation

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Fairfield, Hannah; Wallace, Tim; Watkins, Derek (21 May 2015). "How ISIS Expands". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

openlibrary.org (Global: 325^th place; English: 255^th place)

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .

phoenixtv.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

29 December 2004, 佤帮双雄 Archived 2005-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Phoenix TV

planalto.gov.br (Global: 1,637^th place; English: 3,899^th place)

"L0601-1850". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 2021-07-17.

prcprague.cz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sri Lanka vs. Tamil Eelam". Peace Research Center Prague - Charles University Center of Excellence.

punchng.com (Global: 2,700^th place; English: 1,456^th place)

Abubakar, Uthman (2023-01-08). "Boko Haram kills 35 ISWAP combatants in Lake Chad". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2023-11-24.

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

rferl.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 605^th place)

"Ukraine Authorities Clear Kharkiv Building, Arrest Scores Of 'Separatists'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 8, 2014.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
Van Engeland, Anicée (2016). "Remarks by Anicée van Engeland". Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting. 110: 225–228. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103052. S2CID 233341833.

sfu.ca (Global: 3,413^th place; English: 2,445^th place)

journals.sfu.ca

Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). "How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization". Journal for Deradicalization (11): 283–4. ISSN 2363-9849. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

sudantribune.com (Global: 5,253^rd place; English: 3,665^th place)

"SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official - Sudan Tribune". sudantribune.com.
"SLM-Abdel Wahid forces seize RSF camp in South Darfur - Sudan Tribune". sudantribune.com.
"SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official". Sudan Tribune. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
https://sudantribune.com/article295130/

thenewhumanitarian.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The New Humanitarian | In Darfur's rebel-held mountains, the war is far from over". www.thenewhumanitarian.org. April 21, 2021.
"The New Humanitarian | What Sudan's new peace deal means for Darfur". www.thenewhumanitarian.org. April 6, 2021.

tvcnews.tv (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Somalia: Puntland refuses to recognise FG after disputed constitutional changes". April 3, 2024.

universiteitleiden.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lia (2015), pp. 31–32. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Lia (2015), p. 33. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Lia (2015), p. 34. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.

uoc.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Euromosaic - Swedish in Finland". www.uoc.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-11-11.

washingtoninstitute.org (Global: 5,572^nd place; English: 4,731^st place)

"The Islamist Threat from Iraqi Kurdistan | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2025-01-13.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Daniel Fahey (19 February 2015). "New insights on Congo's Islamist rebels". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
"Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north". The Washington Post. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Fairfield, Hannah; Wallace, Tim; Watkins, Derek (21 May 2015). "How ISIS Expands". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
"Hic: Vjesnik, Podlistak, 16 i 17. travnja 2005., Velikosrpska Tvorevina Na Hrvatskom Tlu: Izvorni Dokumenti O Djelovanju 'Republike Srpske Krajine' (XXIX.)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Alvarado, David (May 2012). "Independent Azawad: Tuaregs, Jihadists, and an Uncertain Future for Mali" (PDF). Barcelona: Barcelona Center for International Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
Lia (2015), pp. 31–32. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Martín Rodríguez, Javier (2015). Estado Islámico. Geopolítica del Caos [Islamic State: Geopolitics of Chaos] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Los Libros de la Catarata. p. 15. ISBN 978-84-9097-054-6. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
"Euromosaic - Swedish in Finland". www.uoc.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
"The Union of Myanmar, The State Peace and Development Council, Notification No. 33/2010, 20 August 2010"Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine English translation
29 December 2004, 佤帮双雄 Archived 2005-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Phoenix TV
Steinmüller, Hans (2018). "Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 9, 2023.
Lia (2015), p. 33. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Lia (2015), p. 34. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognised the Republic of Kosova Archived April 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

wikidata.org (Global: 43^rd place; English: 161^st place)

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .
Lia (2015), pp. 31–32. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
"The caliphate cracks". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
de la Granja Sainz, José Luis (2007). "El nacimiento de Euskadi: el estatuto de 1936 y el primer gobierno vasco". Historia contemporánea (in Spanish). 35: 437. ISSN 1130-2402.
Lia (2015), p. 33. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Lia (2015), p. 34. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). "How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization". Journal for Deradicalization (11): 283–4. ISSN 2363-9849. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

worldstatesmen.org (Global: 1,772^nd place; English: 1,955^th place)

"Somalia". World Statesmen. Retrieved March 9, 2006. - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map

yahoo.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 40^th place)

news.yahoo.com

"IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape". AFP. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
"Yemen separatists declare self-governance of south". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.

zum.de (Global: 6,532^nd place; English: 7,785^th place)

"Somalia". World Statesmen. Retrieved March 9, 2006. - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map

Quasi-state (English Wikipedia)

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hindustantimes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 52^nd place)

huffingtonpost.es (Global: 4,723^rd place; English: 9,095^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

kb.se (Global: 564^th place; English: 1,445^th place)

lib.ru (Global: 1,588^th place; English: 3,385^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

openlibrary.org (Global: 325^th place; English: 255^th place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 1,637^th place; English: 3,899^th place)

punchng.com (Global: 2,700^th place; English: 1,456^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

rferl.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 605^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

sfu.ca (Global: 3,413^th place; English: 2,445^th place)

sudantribune.com (Global: 5,253^rd place; English: 3,665^th place)

washingtoninstitute.org (Global: 5,572^nd place; English: 4,731^st place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikidata.org (Global: 43^rd place; English: 161^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

worldstatesmen.org (Global: 1,772^nd place; English: 1,955^th place)

yahoo.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 40^th place)

zum.de (Global: 6,532^nd place; English: 7,785^th place)