Quasi-state (English Wikipedia)

Kolstø, Pål (2006). "The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States" (PDF). Journal of Peace Research. 43 (6). Sage Publications: 723–740. doi:10.1177/0022343306068102. hdl:10852/25214. Retrieved 21 October 2025. The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State". BBC News. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

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Keatinge, Tom (2016-03-08). "Islamic State: The struggle to stay rich - BBC News". Retrieved 17 March 2016.

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"Puntland to Operate Independently From Somalia After Law Change".

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Shakya 1999, p. 4 "independent state", Shakya 1999, p. 90 "international legal status" was "independent state". Feigon 1996, p. 119 "border between the two countries" of China and Tibet in 1917. Goldstein 1997, pp. 30–37, Chapter titled "Interlude: De Facto Independence"; Latourette 1964, p. 333 "practically independent" from 1912, 419 "accepted the suzerainty of the Communists" in 1951. Shakya, Tsering (1999), The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947, Pimlico, ISBN 978-0-7126-6533-9, ISBN 0-231-11814-7 Shakya, Tsering (1999), The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947, Pimlico, ISBN 978-0-7126-6533-9, ISBN 0-231-11814-7 Feigon, Lee (1996). Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows. I.R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-089-4. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9, ISBN 0-520-21254-1 Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, Their History and Culture (Fourth ed.), New York: Macmillan Company, Library of Congress catalog card number 64-17372 – via archive.org
Griffiths, Ryan (2016). Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–102, 213–242. ISBN 978-1107161627. Cite error: {{broken ref |msg=Unknown parameter "[[arakan" in <ref> tag; supported parameters are dir, follow, group, name |lang=en |help=Cite error ref too many keys |nocat= }}
Scheidel, Walter; Morris, Ian (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 5–6, 132. ISBN 978-0195371581.
Williams, Brian Glyn (2016-10-20). Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812248678.
Defence Journal. Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal, 2006, Volume 9-10 Collected Issues 12(9)-12 (10) page 47.

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"Boko Haram Nigerian Islamic group". Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Jackson, Robert H. (1991). Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511559020. ISBN 978-0-521-44783-6.
Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
Van Engeland, Anicée (2016). "Remarks by Anicée van Engeland". Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 110: 225–228. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103052. S2CID 233341833.

catarata.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Martín Rodríguez, Javier (2015). Estado Islámico. Geopolítica del Caos [Islamic State: Geopolitics of Chaos] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Los Libros de la Catarata. p. 15. ISBN 978-84-9097-054-6. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

Steinmüller, Hans (2018). "Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 9, 2023.

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Jackson, Robert H. (1991). Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511559020. ISBN 978-0-521-44783-6.
Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
Kolstø, Pål (2006). "The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States" (PDF). Journal of Peace Research. 43 (6). Sage Publications: 723–740. doi:10.1177/0022343306068102. hdl:10852/25214. Retrieved 21 October 2025. The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition.
Van Engeland, Anicée (2016). "Remarks by Anicée van Engeland". Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 110: 225–228. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103052. S2CID 233341833.

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"The Islamic State: More than a Terrorist Group?". E-International Relations. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-20.

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"The caliphate cracks". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
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de la Granja Sainz, José Luis (2007). "El nacimiento de Euskadi: el estatuto de 1936 y el primer gobierno vasco". Historia contemporánea (in Spanish). 35: 437. ISSN 1130-2402.

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Alvarado, David (May 2012). "Independent Azawad: Tuaregs, Jihadists, and an Uncertain Future for Mali" (PDF). Barcelona: Barcelona Center for International Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.

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"How the Islamic State Declared War on the World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2016-07-20.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Kolstø, Pål (2006). "The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States" (PDF). Journal of Peace Research. 43 (6). Sage Publications: 723–740. doi:10.1177/0022343306068102. hdl:10852/25214. Retrieved 21 October 2025. The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition.

hic.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hic: Vjesnik, Podlistak, 16 i 17. travnja 2005., Velikosrpska Tvorevina Na Hrvatskom Tlu: Izvorni Dokumenti O Djelovanju 'Republike Srpske Krajine' (XXIX.)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

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urn.kb.se

Sellström, Tor (2002). Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Vol. 2 : Solidarity and assistance, 1970–1994. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 97–99. ISBN 978-91-7106-448-6.

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Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognised the Republic of Kosova Archived April 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

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"The Suffering and Prospects of Kokang Refugees at the Border Areas Between China and Myanmar Since 2009". repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

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sudan.liveuamap.com

"Sudan Liberation Army Movement to Al-Arabiya: We have received a number of displaced people in the areas under our control North Darfur, Sudan - Sudan latest news in English on live map - South Sudan and Sudan News in English - sudan.liveuamap.com".

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .

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"The Union of Myanmar, The State Peace and Development Council, Notification No. 33/2010, 20 August 2010"Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine English translation

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openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .

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Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
Van Engeland, Anicée (2016). "Remarks by Anicée van Engeland". Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 110: 225–228. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103052. S2CID 233341833.

sfu.ca (Global: 3,708^th place; English: 2,384^th place)

journals.sfu.ca

Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). "How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization". Journal for Deradicalization (11): 283–4. ISSN 2363-9849. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

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papers.ssrn.com

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"SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official - Sudan Tribune". sudantribune.com.
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https://sudantribune.com/article295130/^{[permanent dead link]}

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Lia (2015), pp. 31–32. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Lia (2015), p. 33. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
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Fairfield, Hannah; Wallace, Tim; Watkins, Derek (21 May 2015). "How ISIS Expands". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
"Hic: Vjesnik, Podlistak, 16 i 17. travnja 2005., Velikosrpska Tvorevina Na Hrvatskom Tlu: Izvorni Dokumenti O Djelovanju 'Republike Srpske Krajine' (XXIX.)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Alvarado, David (May 2012). "Independent Azawad: Tuaregs, Jihadists, and an Uncertain Future for Mali" (PDF). Barcelona: Barcelona Center for International Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
Lia (2015), pp. 31–32. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Martín Rodríguez, Javier (2015). Estado Islámico. Geopolítica del Caos [Islamic State: Geopolitics of Chaos] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Los Libros de la Catarata. p. 15. ISBN 978-84-9097-054-6. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
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"The Union of Myanmar, The State Peace and Development Council, Notification No. 33/2010, 20 August 2010"Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine English translation
29 December 2004, 佤帮双雄 Archived 2005-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Phoenix TV
Steinmüller, Hans (2018). "Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 9, 2023.
Lia (2015), p. 33. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Tum Hmung, Zo; Indergaard, John (11 January 2024). "Chinland Council Established in Myanmar". Stimson. Archived from the original on 23 July 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
Lia (2015), p. 34. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
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Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognised the Republic of Kosova Archived April 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker (2009). "Quasi-State". Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. LCCN 2009016654. OCLC 319247427. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921. A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .
Lia (2015), pp. 31–32. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
"The caliphate cracks". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
Runciman, W. G. (July 1982). "Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 351–377. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010045. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145247889.
de la Granja Sainz, José Luis (2007). "El nacimiento de Euskadi: el estatuto de 1936 y el primer gobierno vasco". Historia contemporánea (in Spanish). 35: 437. ISSN 1130-2402.
Lia (2015), p. 33. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Lia (2015), p. 34. Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4): 31–41. ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). "How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization". Journal for Deradicalization (11): 283–4. ISSN 2363-9849. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

worldstatesmen.org (Global: 1,592^nd place; English: 2,349^th place)

"Somalia". World Statesmen. Retrieved March 9, 2006. - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map

zum.de (Global: 9,529^th place; English: low place)

"Somalia". World Statesmen. Retrieved March 9, 2006. - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map

Quasi-state (English Wikipedia)

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ethz.ch (Global: 2,203rd place; English: 1,928th place)

files.ethz.ch

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185th place; English: 815th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

hic.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

hindustantimes.com (Global: 128th place; English: 76th place)

huffingtonpost.es (Global: 4,818th place; English: 7,960th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46th place; English: 29th place)

jurist.org (Global: low place; English: 9,452nd place)

kas.de (Global: 4,448th place; English: 6,580th place)

kb.se (Global: 276th place; English: 804th place)

urn.kb.se

keshilliministrave.al (Global: low place; English: low place)

kyoto-u.ac.jp (Global: 2,808th place; English: 4,826th place)

repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp

lib.ru (Global: 1,734th place; English: 2,661st place)

militera.lib.ru

liveuamap.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sudan.liveuamap.com

loc.gov (Global: 63rd place; English: 47th place)

lccn.loc.gov

mmpeacemonitor.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

myanmargeneva.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183rd place; English: 212th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

ocindex.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

openlibrary.org (Global: 185th place; English: 154th place)

phoenixtv.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185th place; English: 5,078th place)

prcprague.cz (Global: low place; English: low place)

punchng.com (Global: 2,243rd place; English: 1,199th place)

reliefweb.int (Global: 1,334th place; English: 874th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; English: 30th place)

rferl.org (Global: 733rd place; English: 555th place)

securityjournalamericas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sfu.ca (Global: 3,708th place; English: 2,384th place)

journals.sfu.ca

ssrn.com (Global: 907th place; English: 529th place)

papers.ssrn.com

stimson.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sudantribune.com (Global: 3,340th place; English: 2,098th place)

thedefensepost.com (Global: 7,899th place; English: 5,052nd place)

thenewhumanitarian.org (Global: 9,807th place; English: 6,669th place)

trackingterrorism.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

tvcnews.tv (Global: low place; English: low place)

universiteitleiden.nl (Global: 5,842nd place; English: 5,472nd place)

uoc.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

washingtoninstitute.org (Global: 3,403rd place; English: 2,596th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35th place; English: 24th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikidata.org (Global: 10th place; English: 98th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

20minutos.es (Global: 823^rd place; English: 1,509^th place)

africanews.com (Global: 2,572^nd place; English: 1,864^th place)

al-monitor.com (Global: 2,236^th place; English: 1,637^th place)

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

allafrica.com (Global: 977^th place; English: 635^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

csmonitor.com (Global: 982^nd place; English: 614^th place)

dabangasudan.org (Global: 7,307^th place; English: 4,513^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

elpais.com (Global: 89^th place; English: 268^th place)

ethz.ch (Global: 2,203^rd place; English: 1,928^th place)

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 815^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

hindustantimes.com (Global: 128^th place; English: 76^th place)

huffingtonpost.es (Global: 4,818^th place; English: 7,960^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

jurist.org (Global: low place; English: 9,452^nd place)

kas.de (Global: 4,448^th place; English: 6,580^th place)

kb.se (Global: 276^th place; English: 804^th place)

kyoto-u.ac.jp (Global: 2,808^th place; English: 4,826^th place)

lib.ru (Global: 1,734^th place; English: 2,661^st place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183^rd place; English: 212^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185^th place; English: 5,078^th place)

punchng.com (Global: 2,243^rd place; English: 1,199^th place)

reliefweb.int (Global: 1,334^th place; English: 874^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

rferl.org (Global: 733^rd place; English: 555^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

sfu.ca (Global: 3,708^th place; English: 2,384^th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

sudantribune.com (Global: 3,340^th place; English: 2,098^th place)

thedefensepost.com (Global: 7,899^th place; English: 5,052^nd place)

thenewhumanitarian.org (Global: 9,807^th place; English: 6,669^th place)

universiteitleiden.nl (Global: 5,842^nd place; English: 5,472^nd place)

washingtoninstitute.org (Global: 3,403^rd place; English: 2,596^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

worldstatesmen.org (Global: 1,592^nd place; English: 2,349^th place)

zum.de (Global: 9,529^th place; English: low place)