Ratite (English Wikipedia)

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (November 2014). "Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications". Earth-Science Reviews. 138: 394–408. Bibcode:2014ESRv..138..394B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001.
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.; Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15). "Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites". Current Biology. 27 (1): 68–77. Bibcode:2017CBio...27...68Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029. PMID 27989673.
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Agnolin, F. L. (2016-07-05). "Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (1): 101–111. Bibcode:2017Alch...41..101A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898. S2CID 132516050.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.

itis.gov (Global: 656^th place; English: 1,126^th place)

ITIS (2007). "Struthioniformes". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 Jun 2012.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Fowler, Murray E. (June 1991). "Comparative Clinical Anatomy of Ratites". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 22 (2): 204–227. JSTOR 20095143.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Diamond, J. (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon-Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.

murdoch.edu.au (Global: 6,278^th place; English: 3,907^th place)

researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au

Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" (PDF). Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.

ncseonline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Womach, Jasper (2005). Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws (PDF) (Report). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 15 Jul 2009.

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

Holmes, Bob (2008-06-26). "Bird evolutionary tree given a shake by DNA study". New Scientist. Retrieved 2009-02-04.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Phillips MJ, Gibb GC, Crimp EA, Penny D (January 2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" (PDF). Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2001). "Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis". Proceedings of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences. 268 (1470): 939–945. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1587. PMC 1088691. PMID 11370967.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.; Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15). "Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites". Current Biology. 27 (1): 68–77. Bibcode:2017CBio...27...68Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029. PMID 27989673.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (January 2012). "Ratite Nonmonophyly: Independent Evidence from 40 Novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Le Duc, D.; Renaud, G.; Krishnan, A.; Almén, M. S.; Huynen, L.; Prohaska, S. J.; Ongyerth, M.; Bitarello, B. D.; Schiöth, H. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Stadler, P. F.; Prüfer, K.; Lambert, D.; Kelso, J.; Schöneberg, T. (23 July 2015). "Kiwi genome provides insights into evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0711-4. PMC 4511969. PMID 26201466.
Nilsson, M.A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7) e1000436. Public Library of Science. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
McNab, B. K.; Ellis, H. I. (November 2006). "Flightless rails endemic to islands have lower energy expenditures and clutch sizes than flighted rails on islands and continents". Comp Biochem Physiol A. 145 (3): 628–648. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.025. PMID 16632395.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.
Corfield, J. R.; Wild, J. M.; Hauber, M. E.; Parsons, S.; Kubke, M. F. (2007-11-21). "Evolution of Brain Size in the Palaeognath Lineage, with an Emphasis on New Zealand Ratites". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 71 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1159/000111456. PMID 18032885. S2CID 31628714.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2001). "Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis". Proceedings of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences. 268 (1470): 939–945. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1587. PMC 1088691. PMID 11370967.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Le Duc, D.; Renaud, G.; Krishnan, A.; Almén, M. S.; Huynen, L.; Prohaska, S. J.; Ongyerth, M.; Bitarello, B. D.; Schiöth, H. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Stadler, P. F.; Prüfer, K.; Lambert, D.; Kelso, J.; Schöneberg, T. (23 July 2015). "Kiwi genome provides insights into evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0711-4. PMC 4511969. PMID 26201466.
Nilsson, M.A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7) e1000436. Public Library of Science. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Zimmer, C. (2014-05-22). "A Theory on How Flightless Birds Spread Across the World: They Flew There". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.

pan.pl (Global: 3,844^th place; English: 4,018^th place)

polar.pan.pl

Tambussi, C.P.; Noriega, J.I.; Gazdzicki, A.; Tatur, A.; Reguero, M.A.; Vizcaino, S.F. (1994). "Ratite bird from the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 15 (1–2): 15–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 28 December 2019.

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; English: 136^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Leonard, L.; Dyke, G. J.; Van Tuinen, M. (October 2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5660. S2CID 55323962.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.

scienceintheclassroom.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Leonard, L.; Dyke, G. J.; Van Tuinen, M. (October 2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5660. S2CID 55323962.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Agnolin, F. L. (2016-07-05). "Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (1): 101–111. Bibcode:2017Alch...41..101A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898. S2CID 132516050.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Corfield, J. R.; Wild, J. M.; Hauber, M. E.; Parsons, S.; Kubke, M. F. (2007-11-21). "Evolution of Brain Size in the Palaeognath Lineage, with an Emphasis on New Zealand Ratites". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 71 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1159/000111456. PMID 18032885. S2CID 31628714.

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

link.springer.com

Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.

taxonomy.nl (Global: 6,913^th place; English: low place)

taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl

Brands, Sheila J., ed. (2020). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Taxon: Order Struthioniformes". The Taxonomicon. Zwaag, The Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

tolweb.org (Global: 2,992^nd place; English: 3,299^th place)

Harshman, John; Brown, Joseph W. (13 May 2010). "Palaeognathae". The Tree of Life Web Project.

umn.edu (Global: 1,266^th place; English: 860^th place)

duluth.umn.edu

Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Zimmer, C. (2014-05-22). "A Theory on How Flightless Birds Spread Across the World: They Flew There". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
Tambussi, C.P.; Noriega, J.I.; Gazdzicki, A.; Tatur, A.; Reguero, M.A.; Vizcaino, S.F. (1994). "Ratite bird from the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 15 (1–2): 15–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Womach, Jasper (2005). Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws (PDF) (Report). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 15 Jul 2009.

webofknowledge.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

apps.webofknowledge.com

Diamond, J. (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon-Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Gray, George Robert (1863). Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. London, UK: British Museum. p. 133. OCLC 427298119.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
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