Ratite (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ratite" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

29doi.org

2^nd place

22nih.gov

4^th place

12harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

11semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

5worldcat.org

5^th place

4researchgate.net

120^th place

125^th place

3jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

2biodiversitylibrary.org

387^th place

373^rd place

2handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

2springer.com

274^th place

309^th place

2web.archive.org

1^st place

1itis.gov

656^th place

1,126^th place

1taxonomy.nl

6,913^th place

low place

1tolweb.org

2,992^nd place

3,299^th place

1murdoch.edu.au

6,278^th place

3,907^th place

1scienceintheclassroom.org

low place

1newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1pan.pl

3,844^th place

4,018^th place

1umn.edu

1,266^th place

860^th place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1webofknowledge.com

low place

1freedictionary.com

low place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1ncseonline.org

low place

biodiversitylibrary.org

Gray, George Robert (1863). Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. London, UK: British Museum. p. 133. OCLC 427298119.
Salvadori, Tomasso; Sharpe, R. Bowdler (1895). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. XXVII. Red Lion Court Fleet Street, London UK: Taylor and Francis. p. 570.

books.google.com

Farner, Donald S.; King, James R. (2013-09-03). Avian Biology: Volume III. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4832-6943-6.

doi.org

Phillips MJ, Gibb GC, Crimp EA, Penny D (January 2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" (PDF). Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2001). "Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis". Proceedings of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences. 268 (1470): 939–945. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1587. PMC 1088691. PMID 11370967.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (November 2014). "Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications". Earth-Science Reviews. 138: 394–408. Bibcode:2014ESRv..138..394B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001.
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.; Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15). "Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites". Current Biology. 27 (1): 68–77. Bibcode:2017CBio...27...68Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029. PMID 27989673.
Mayr, G. (2019). "Hindlimb morphology of Palaeotis suggest palaeognathous affinities of the Geranoididae and other "crane-like" birds from the Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64. doi:10.4202/app.00650.2019.
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.
Cracraft, J (October 1974). "Phylogeny and evolution of ratite birds". Ibis. 116 (4): 494–521. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb07648.x.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Leonard, L.; Dyke, G. J.; Van Tuinen, M. (October 2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5660. S2CID 55323962.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Bourdon, Estelle; De Ricqles, Armand; Cubo, Jorge (2009). "A new Transantarctic relationship: morphological evidence for a Rheidae–Dromaiidae–Casuariidae clade (Aves, Palaeognathae, Ratitae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (3): 641–663. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00509.x.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (January 2012). "Ratite Nonmonophyly: Independent Evidence from 40 Novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Le Duc, D.; Renaud, G.; Krishnan, A.; Almén, M. S.; Huynen, L.; Prohaska, S. J.; Ongyerth, M.; Bitarello, B. D.; Schiöth, H. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Stadler, P. F.; Prüfer, K.; Lambert, D.; Kelso, J.; Schöneberg, T. (23 July 2015). "Kiwi genome provides insights into evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0711-4. PMC 4511969. PMID 26201466.
Agnolin, F. L. (2016-07-05). "Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (1): 101–111. Bibcode:2017Alch...41..101A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898. S2CID 132516050.
Nilsson, M.A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7). Public Library of Science: e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.
McNab, B. K.; Ellis, H. I. (November 2006). "Flightless rails endemic to islands have lower energy expenditures and clutch sizes than flighted rails on islands and continents". Comp Biochem Physiol A. 145 (3): 628–648. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.025. PMID 16632395.
Diamond, J. (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon-Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.
Corfield, J. R.; Wild, J. M.; Hauber, M. E.; Parsons, S.; Kubke, M. F. (2007-11-21). "Evolution of Brain Size in the Palaeognath Lineage, with an Emphasis on New Zealand Ratites". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 71 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1159/000111456. PMID 18032885. S2CID 31628714.
Mayr, Gerald (2009). Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9. ISBN 978-3-540-89628-9.^{[page needed]}

freedictionary.com

http://www.freedictionary.com for definitions of the two latin words

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Leonard, L.; Dyke, G. J.; Van Tuinen, M. (October 2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5660. S2CID 55323962.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (November 2014). "Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications". Earth-Science Reviews. 138: 394–408. Bibcode:2014ESRv..138..394B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001.
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.; Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15). "Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites". Current Biology. 27 (1): 68–77. Bibcode:2017CBio...27...68Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029. PMID 27989673.
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Agnolin, F. L. (2016-07-05). "Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (1): 101–111. Bibcode:2017Alch...41..101A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898. S2CID 132516050.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.

itis.gov

ITIS (2007). "Struthioniformes". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 Jun 2012.

jstor.org

Fowler, Murray E. (June 1991). "Comparative Clinical Anatomy of Ratites". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 22 (2): 204–227. JSTOR 20095143.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Diamond, J. (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon-Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.

murdoch.edu.au

researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au

Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" (PDF). Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.

ncseonline.org

Womach, Jasper (2005). Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws (PDF) (Report). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 15 Jul 2009.

newscientist.com

Holmes, Bob (2008-06-26). "Bird evolutionary tree given a shake by DNA study". New Scientist. Retrieved 2009-02-04.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Phillips MJ, Gibb GC, Crimp EA, Penny D (January 2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" (PDF). Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2001). "Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis". Proceedings of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences. 268 (1470): 939–945. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1587. PMC 1088691. PMID 11370967.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.; Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15). "Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites". Current Biology. 27 (1): 68–77. Bibcode:2017CBio...27...68Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029. PMID 27989673.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (January 2012). "Ratite Nonmonophyly: Independent Evidence from 40 Novel Loci". Systematic Biology. 62 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys067. PMID 22831877.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Le Duc, D.; Renaud, G.; Krishnan, A.; Almén, M. S.; Huynen, L.; Prohaska, S. J.; Ongyerth, M.; Bitarello, B. D.; Schiöth, H. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Stadler, P. F.; Prüfer, K.; Lambert, D.; Kelso, J.; Schöneberg, T. (23 July 2015). "Kiwi genome provides insights into evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0711-4. PMC 4511969. PMID 26201466.
Nilsson, M.A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7). Public Library of Science: e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
McNab, B. K.; Ellis, H. I. (November 2006). "Flightless rails endemic to islands have lower energy expenditures and clutch sizes than flighted rails on islands and continents". Comp Biochem Physiol A. 145 (3): 628–648. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.025. PMID 16632395.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.
Corfield, J. R.; Wild, J. M.; Hauber, M. E.; Parsons, S.; Kubke, M. F. (2007-11-21). "Evolution of Brain Size in the Palaeognath Lineage, with an Emphasis on New Zealand Ratites". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 71 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1159/000111456. PMID 18032885. S2CID 31628714.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haddrath, O.; Baker, A. J. (2001). "Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis". Proceedings of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences. 268 (1470): 939–945. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1587. PMC 1088691. PMID 11370967.
Harshman, J.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Hackett, S. J.; Han, K.-L.; Kimball, R. T.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Steppan, S. J.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (September 2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Le Duc, D.; Renaud, G.; Krishnan, A.; Almén, M. S.; Huynen, L.; Prohaska, S. J.; Ongyerth, M.; Bitarello, B. D.; Schiöth, H. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Stadler, P. F.; Prüfer, K.; Lambert, D.; Kelso, J.; Schöneberg, T. (23 July 2015). "Kiwi genome provides insights into evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0711-4. PMC 4511969. PMID 26201466.
Nilsson, M.A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7). Public Library of Science: e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.

nytimes.com

Zimmer, C. (2014-05-22). "A Theory on How Flightless Birds Spread Across the World: They Flew There". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.

pan.pl

polar.pan.pl

Tambussi, C.P.; Noriega, J.I.; Gazdzicki, A.; Tatur, A.; Reguero, M.A.; Vizcaino, S.F. (1994). "Ratite bird from the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 15 (1–2): 15–20. Retrieved 28 December 2019.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.

researchgate.net

Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Leonard, L.; Dyke, G. J.; Van Tuinen, M. (October 2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5660. S2CID 55323962.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.

scienceintheclassroom.org

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 704–707. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..704C. doi:10.1038/35055536. PMID 11217857. S2CID 4430050.
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.
Laurin, M.; Gussekloo, S.W.S.; Marjanovic, D.; Legendre, L.; Cubo, J. (2012). "Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02422.x. PMID 22107024. S2CID 22483929.
Leonard, L.; Dyke, G. J.; Van Tuinen, M. (October 2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5660. S2CID 55323962.
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Agnolin, F. L. (2016-07-05). "Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (1): 101–111. Bibcode:2017Alch...41..101A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898. S2CID 132516050.
McNab, B. K. (October 1994). "Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds". The American Naturalist. 144 (4): 628–648. Bibcode:1994ANat..144..628M. doi:10.1086/285697. JSTOR 2462941. S2CID 86511951.
Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.
Corfield, J. R.; Wild, J. M.; Hauber, M. E.; Parsons, S.; Kubke, M. F. (2007-11-21). "Evolution of Brain Size in the Palaeognath Lineage, with an Emphasis on New Zealand Ratites". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 71 (2): 87–99. doi:10.1159/000111456. PMID 18032885. S2CID 31628714.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.

taxonomy.nl

taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl

Brands, Sheila J., ed. (2020). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Taxon: Order Struthioniformes". The Taxonomicon. Zwaag, The Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

tolweb.org

Harshman, John; Brown, Joseph W. (13 May 2010). "Palaeognathae". The Tree of Life Web Project.

umn.edu

duluth.umn.edu

Cubo, Arthur (4 May 2001). "Patterns of correlated character evolution in flightless birds: a phylogenetic approach" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 14 (8): 693–702. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1294. doi:10.1023/a:1011695406277. S2CID 951896.

web.archive.org

Zimmer, C. (2014-05-22). "A Theory on How Flightless Birds Spread Across the World: They Flew There". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
Womach, Jasper (2005). Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws (PDF) (Report). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 15 Jul 2009.

webofknowledge.com

apps.webofknowledge.com

Diamond, J. (July 1991). "A New Species of Rail from the Solomon-Islands and Convergent Evolution of Insular Flightlessness". Auk. 108 (3): 461–470. doi:10.2307/4088088. JSTOR 4088088.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Gray, George Robert (1863). Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. London, UK: British Museum. p. 133. OCLC 427298119.
Sackton, Timothy B.; Grayson, Phil; Cloutier, Alison; Hu, Zhirui; Liu, Jun S.; Wheeler, Nicole E.; Gardner, Paul P.; Clarke, Julia A.; Baker, Allan J.; Clamp, Michele; Edwards, Scott V. (2019-04-05). "Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds". Science. 364 (6435): 74–78. Bibcode:2019Sci...364...74S. doi:10.1126/science.aat7244. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30948549.
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (16): 1808–1810. Bibcode:2005ChSBu..50.1808H. doi:10.1360/982005-575 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 1861-9541. S2CID 129449364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Roff, Derek A. (1994). "The evolution of flightlessness: Is history important?". Evolutionary Ecology. 8 (6): 639–657. Bibcode:1994EvEco...8..639R. doi:10.1007/BF01237847. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 13524994.
Wright, Natalie A.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C. (26 April 2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (17): 4765–4770. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4765W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522931113. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4855539. PMID 27071105.