Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Recusal" in English language version.
Roman law was even more expansive. Pursuant to the Code of Justinian, a party who believed that a judge was 'under suspicion' was permitted to 'recuse' that judge prior to the time issue was joined. This power on the part of early litigants to effect a judge's 'recusal' provided the basis for the broad recusal laws that still exist in many civil law countries today.
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