Seismic magnitude scales (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Seismic magnitude scales" in English language version.

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Stover & Coffman 1993, p. 3. Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993), Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) (PDF), U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527.
Stover & Coffman 1993, p. 3. Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993), Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) (PDF), U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527.

archive.org

Bolt 1993, p. 164 et seq.. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bolt 1993, pp. 170–171. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bolt 1993, p. 170. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
See Bolt 1993, Chapters 2 and 3, for a very readable explanation of these waves and their interpretation. J. R. Kayal's description of seismic waves can be found here. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 37, 39; Bolt (1993, pp. 88–93) examines this at length. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.

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Anderson 2003, p. 944. Anderson, J. G. (2003), "Chapter 57: Strong-Motion Seismology", International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology, Part B, pp. 937–966, ISBN 0-12-440658-0.
Grünthal 2011, p. 240. Grünthal, G. (2011), "Earthquakes, Intensity", in Gupta, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, pp. 237–242, ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
Grünthal 2011, p. 240. Grünthal, G. (2011), "Earthquakes, Intensity", in Gupta, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, pp. 237–242, ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.

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Richter 1935, p. 7. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21.
Richter 1935, pp. 5; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 10. Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M_L 3 quake at 17 km. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
Gutenberg 1945a; based on work by Gutenberg & Richter 1936. Gutenberg, B. (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1936), "On seismic waves (third paper)", Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik, 47: 73–131.
Gutenberg 1945a. Gutenberg, B. (January 1945a), "Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 35 (1): 3–12.
Defined as "a weighted mean between M_B and M_S." Gutenberg & Richter 1956, p. 1. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1956), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes" (PDF), Annali di Geofisica, 9: 1–15
"At Pasadena, a weighted mean is taken between m_S as found directly from body waves, and m_S, the corresponding value derived from M_S ...." Gutenberg & Richter 1956, p. 2. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1956), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes" (PDF), Annali di Geofisica, 9: 1–15

scedc.caltech.edu

Hutton, Woessner & Haukson 2010, pp. 431, 433. Hutton, Kate; Woessner, Jochen; Haukson, Egill (April 2010), "Earthquake Monitoring in Southern California for Seventy-Seven Years (1932—2008)" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100 (1): 423–446, doi:10.1785/0120090130

doi.org

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37. The relationship between magnitude and the energy released is complicated. See §3.1.2.5 and §3.3.3 for details. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.1.2.1. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §1.4, pp. 20–21, for a short explanation, or MNSOP-2 EX 3.1 2012 for a technical description. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, pp. 2–3. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Kanamori 1983, p. 187. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Richter 1935, pp. 5; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 10. Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M_L 3 quake at 17 km. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1; Kanamori 1983, p. 187, figure 2. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4, p. 59. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Katsumata 1996; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.7, p. 78; Doi 2010. Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37; Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §6.5. See also Abe 1981. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
MNSOP-2/IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, §4.2, pp. 15–16. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Kanamori 1983, pp. 189, 196; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 5. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 37, 39; Bolt (1993, pp. 88–93) examines this at length. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Nuttli 1983, p. 104; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L_g waves propagate.Chen & Pomeroy 1980, p. 4. See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", here, page 5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{[dead link‍]}.
Nuttli 1973, p. 881. Nuttli, O. W. (10 February 1973), "Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America", Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (5): 876–885, Bibcode:1973JGR....78..876N, doi:10.1029/JB078i005p00876.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Kanamori 1983, p. 187. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 81–84. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
MNSOP-2 DS 3.1 2012, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
The IASPEI standard formula for deriving moment magnitude from seismic moment is
M_w  = (2/3) (log M₀  – 9.1). Formula 3.68 in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 125. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, p. 198; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 22. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 23 Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §7. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.7.2 for an extended discussion. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §5. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 131. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Rautian et al. 2007, p. 581. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579.
Rautian et al. 2007; NMSOP-2 IS 3.7 2012; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.6. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bindi et al. 2011, p. 330. Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007, Tables 1 and 2. See also IS 3.7 2012, p. 17. Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.6.7, p. 124. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Abe 1979; Abe 1989, p. 28. More precisely, M_t  is based on far-field tsunami wave amplitudes in order to avoid some complications that happen near the source. Abe 1979, p. 1566. Abe, K. (April 1979), "Size of great earthquakes of 1837–1874 inferred from tsunami data", Journal of Geophysical Research, 84 (B4): 1561–1568, Bibcode:1979JGR....84.1561A, doi:10.1029/JB084iB04p01561. Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3. Abe, K. (April 1979), "Size of great earthquakes of 1837–1874 inferred from tsunami data", Journal of Geophysical Research, 84 (B4): 1561–1568, Bibcode:1979JGR....84.1561A, doi:10.1029/JB084iB04p01561.
Abe 1989, p. 28. Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5, pp. 71–72. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Musson & Cecić 2012, p. 2. Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Makris & Black 2004, p. 1032. Makris, N.; Black, C. J. (September 2004), "Evaluation of Peak Ground Velocity as a "Good" Intensity Measure for Near-Source Ground Motions", Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 130 (9): 1032–1044, doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2004)130:9(1032).
Hutton, Woessner & Haukson 2010, pp. 431, 433. Hutton, Kate; Woessner, Jochen; Haukson, Egill (April 2010), "Earthquake Monitoring in Southern California for Seventy-Seven Years (1932—2008)" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100 (1): 423–446, doi:10.1785/0120090130
NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, pp. 1–2. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Abe 1981, p. 74; Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002, p. 667. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Abe & Noguchi 1983. Abe, K; Noguchi, S. (August 1983), "Revision of magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes, 1897-1912", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 33 (1): 1–11, Bibcode:1983PEPI...33....1A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(83)90002-X.
Abe 1981, p. 72. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
E.g., Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, H. (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981.

dtic.mil

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L_g waves propagate.Chen & Pomeroy 1980, p. 4. See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", here, page 5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{[dead link‍]}.

edu.s3.amazonaws.com

gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com

Kanamori 1983, p. 187. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Richter 1935, pp. 5; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 10. Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M_L 3 quake at 17 km. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1; Kanamori 1983, p. 187, figure 2. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Kanamori 1983, pp. 189, 196; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 5. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
Kanamori 1983, p. 187. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
E.g., Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, H. (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981.

geoscienceworld.org

srl.geoscienceworld.org

Rautian et al. 2007, p. 581. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579.
Rautian et al. 2007; NMSOP-2 IS 3.7 2012; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.6. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bindi et al. 2011, p. 330. Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007, Tables 1 and 2. See also IS 3.7 2012, p. 17. Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.

gfz-potsdam.de

gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37. The relationship between magnitude and the energy released is complicated. See §3.1.2.5 and §3.3.3 for details. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.1.2.1. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §1.4, pp. 20–21, for a short explanation, or MNSOP-2 EX 3.1 2012 for a technical description. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, pp. 2–3. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4, p. 59. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Katsumata 1996; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.7, p. 78; Doi 2010. Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
Bormann & Saul 2009, p. 2478. Bormann, P.; Saul, J. (2009), "Earthquake Magnitude" (PDF), Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science, vol. 3, pp. 2473–2496.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37; Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §6.5. See also Abe 1981. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
Bormann & Saul 2009, p. 2482. Bormann, P.; Saul, J. (2009), "Earthquake Magnitude" (PDF), Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science, vol. 3, pp. 2473–2496.
MNSOP-2/IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, §4.2, pp. 15–16. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 37, 39; Bolt (1993, pp. 88–93) examines this at length. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Nuttli 1983, p. 104; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L_g waves propagate.Chen & Pomeroy 1980, p. 4. See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", here, page 5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{[dead link‍]}.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 81–84. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
MNSOP-2 DS 3.1 2012, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
The IASPEI standard formula for deriving moment magnitude from seismic moment is
M_w  = (2/3) (log M₀  – 9.1). Formula 3.68 in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 125. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, p. 198; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 22. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 23 Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §7. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.7.2 for an extended discussion. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §5. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 131. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Rautian et al. 2007; NMSOP-2 IS 3.7 2012; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.6. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bindi et al. 2011, p. 330. Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007, Tables 1 and 2. See also IS 3.7 2012, p. 17. Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.6.7, p. 124. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5, pp. 71–72. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Musson & Cecić 2012, p. 2. Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, pp. 1–2. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kanamori 1983, p. 187. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Richter 1935, pp. 5; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 10. Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M_L 3 quake at 17 km. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1; Kanamori 1983, p. 187, figure 2. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37; Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §6.5. See also Abe 1981. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
Kanamori 1983, pp. 189, 196; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 5. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
Nuttli 1973, p. 881. Nuttli, O. W. (10 February 1973), "Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America", Journal of Geophysical Research, 78 (5): 876–885, Bibcode:1973JGR....78..876N, doi:10.1029/JB078i005p00876.
Kanamori 1983, p. 187. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Bindi et al. 2011, p. 330. Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007, Tables 1 and 2. See also IS 3.7 2012, p. 17. Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Abe 1979; Abe 1989, p. 28. More precisely, M_t  is based on far-field tsunami wave amplitudes in order to avoid some complications that happen near the source. Abe 1979, p. 1566. Abe, K. (April 1979), "Size of great earthquakes of 1837–1874 inferred from tsunami data", Journal of Geophysical Research, 84 (B4): 1561–1568, Bibcode:1979JGR....84.1561A, doi:10.1029/JB084iB04p01561. Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3. Abe, K. (April 1979), "Size of great earthquakes of 1837–1874 inferred from tsunami data", Journal of Geophysical Research, 84 (B4): 1561–1568, Bibcode:1979JGR....84.1561A, doi:10.1029/JB084iB04p01561.
Abe 1989, p. 28. Abe, K. (September 1989), "Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M_t scale", Tectonophysics, 166 (1–3): 27–34, Bibcode:1989Tectp.166...27A, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3.
Abe 1981, p. 74; Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002, p. 667. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Abe & Noguchi 1983. Abe, K; Noguchi, S. (August 1983), "Revision of magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes, 1897-1912", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 33 (1): 1–11, Bibcode:1983PEPI...33....1A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(83)90002-X.
Abe 1981, p. 72. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
E.g., Kanamori 1977. Kanamori, H. (July 10, 1977), "The energy release in great earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research, 82 (20): 2981–2987, Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981.

httptsunamisociety.org

Blackford 1984, p. 29. Blackford, M. E. (1984), "Use of the Abe magnitude scale by the Tsunami Warning System." (PDF), Science of Tsunami Hazards, 2 (1): 27–30^{[permanent dead link‍]}.

isc.ac.uk

Katsumata 1996; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.7, p. 78; Doi 2010. Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
Doi 2010. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).

osti.gov

Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
Richter 1935, pp. 5; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 10. Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M_L 3 quake at 17 km. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 1; Kanamori 1983, p. 187, figure 2. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1.
Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. ix. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.
Kanamori 1983, pp. 189, 196; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 5. Kanamori, H. (April 1983), "Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake" (PDF), Tectonophysics, 93 (3–4): 185–199, Bibcode:1983Tectp..93..185K, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90273-1. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457.

telegrafenberg.de

bib.telegrafenberg.de

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37. The relationship between magnitude and the energy released is complicated. See §3.1.2.5 and §3.3.3 for details. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.1.2.1. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §1.4, pp. 20–21, for a short explanation, or MNSOP-2 EX 3.1 2012 for a technical description. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, pp. 2–3. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4, p. 59. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Datasheet 3.1 in NMSOP-2 Archived 2019-08-04 at the Wayback Machine for a partial compilation and references.
Katsumata 1996; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.7, p. 78; Doi 2010. Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37; Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §6.5. See also Abe 1981. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
MNSOP-2/IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, §4.2, pp. 15–16. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 37, 39; Bolt (1993, pp. 88–93) examines this at length. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Nuttli 1983, p. 104; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L_g waves propagate.Chen & Pomeroy 1980, p. 4. See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", here, page 5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{[dead link‍]}.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 81–84. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
MNSOP-2 DS 3.1 2012, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
The IASPEI standard formula for deriving moment magnitude from seismic moment is
M_w  = (2/3) (log M₀  – 9.1). Formula 3.68 in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 125. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, p. 198; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 22. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 23 Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §7. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.7.2 for an extended discussion. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §5. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 131. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Rautian et al. 2007; NMSOP-2 IS 3.7 2012; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.6. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bindi et al. 2011, p. 330. Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007, Tables 1 and 2. See also IS 3.7 2012, p. 17. Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.6.7, p. 124. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5, pp. 71–72. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Musson & Cecić 2012, p. 2. Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, pp. 1–2. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.

tripod.com

dapgeol.tripod.com

The "USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" for reporting earthquake magnitudes to the public as formulated by the USGS Earthquake Magnitude Working Group was implemented January 18, 2002, and posted at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. It has since been removed; a copy is archived at the Wayback Machine, and the essential part can be found here.

ucsd.edu

l2a.ucsd.edu

Rautian & Leith 2002, pp. 158, 162. Rautian, T.; Leith, W. S. (September 2002), "Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union." (PDF), 24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida: Laboratory for Atmospheric Acoustics.
Rautian & Leith 2002, pp. 162, 164. Rautian, T.; Leith, W. S. (September 2002), "Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union." (PDF), 24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida: Laboratory for Atmospheric Acoustics.
Rautian & Leith 2002, p. 164. Rautian, T.; Leith, W. S. (September 2002), "Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union." (PDF), 24th Seismic Research Review – Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida: Laboratory for Atmospheric Acoustics.

usgs.gov

earthquake.usgs.gov

The "USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" for reporting earthquake magnitudes to the public as formulated by the USGS Earthquake Magnitude Working Group was implemented January 18, 2002, and posted at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. It has since been removed; a copy is archived at the Wayback Machine, and the essential part can be found here.
Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Abe 1981, p. 74; Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002, p. 667. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002, p. 688. Engdahl, E. R.; Villaseñor, A. (2002), "Chapter 41: Global Seismicity: 1900–1999", in Lee, W.H.K.; Kanamori, H.; Jennings, P.C.; Kisslinger, C. (eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (PDF), vol. Part A, Academic Press, pp. 665–690, ISBN 0-12-440652-1.

escweb.wr.usgs.gov

See Bolt 1993, Chapters 2 and 3, for a very readable explanation of these waves and their interpretation. J. R. Kayal's description of seismic waves can be found here. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L_g waves propagate.Chen & Pomeroy 1980, p. 4. See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", here, page 5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{[dead link‍]}.

pubs.usgs.gov

Spence, Sipkin & Choy 1989, p. 61. Spence, W.; Sipkin, S. A.; Choy, G. L. (1989), "Measuring the size of an Earthquake" (PDF), Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 21 (1): 58–63.

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"Magnitude Types | U.S. Geological Survey". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2024-04-06.

web.archive.org

Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37. The relationship between magnitude and the energy released is complicated. See §3.1.2.5 and §3.3.3 for details. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.1.2.1. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §1.4, pp. 20–21, for a short explanation, or MNSOP-2 EX 3.1 2012 for a technical description. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P. (2012), "Exercise 3.1: Magnitude determinations", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_EX_3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, pp. 2–3. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Richter 1935, p. 7. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21.
Richter 1935, pp. 5; Chung & Bernreuter 1980, p. 10. Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M_L 3 quake at 17 km. Richter, C. F. (January 1935), "An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-10, retrieved 2017-06-21. Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales., OSTI 5073993, NUREG/CR-1457. Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), "The M_L scale in Southern California" (PDF), Nature, 271: 411–414, Bibcode:1978Natur.271..411K, doi:10.1038/271411a0.
The "USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" for reporting earthquake magnitudes to the public as formulated by the USGS Earthquake Magnitude Working Group was implemented January 18, 2002, and posted at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. It has since been removed; a copy is archived at the Wayback Machine, and the essential part can be found here.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4, p. 59. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Datasheet 3.1 in NMSOP-2 Archived 2019-08-04 at the Wayback Machine for a partial compilation and references.
Katsumata 1996; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.7, p. 78; Doi 2010. Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 37; Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, §6.5. See also Abe 1981. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Abe, K. (October 1981), "Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 27 (1): 72–92, Bibcode:1981PEPI...27...72A, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1.
MNSOP-2/IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, §4.2, pp. 15–16. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 37, 39; Bolt (1993, pp. 88–93) examines this at length. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bolt, B. A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library, ISBN 0-7167-5040-6.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI IS 3.3 2014, p. 18. Bormann, P.; Dewey, J. W. (2014), "Information Sheet 3.3: The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Nuttli 1983, p. 104; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 103. Nuttli, O. W. (April 1983), "Average seismic source-parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73 (2): 519–535. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
IASPEI/NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. The "g" subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L_g waves propagate.Chen & Pomeroy 1980, p. 4. See also J. R. Kayal, "Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location", here, page 5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Chen, T. C.; Pomeroy, P. W. (1980), Regional Seismic Wave Propagation^{[dead link‍]}.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.4. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, pp. 81–84. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
MNSOP-2 DS 3.1 2012, p. 8. Bormann, P. (2012), "Data Sheet 3.1: Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data.", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
The IASPEI standard formula for deriving moment magnitude from seismic moment is
M_w  = (2/3) (log M₀  – 9.1). Formula 3.68 in Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 125. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Havskov & Ottemöller 2009, p. 198; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 22. Havskov, J.; Ottemöller, L. (October 2009), Processing Earthquake Data (PDF)^{[permanent dead link‍]}. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 23 Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §7. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
See Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.7.2 for an extended discussion. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.6 2012, §5. Choy, G. L.; Boatwright, J. L. (2012), "Information Sheet 3.6: Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, p. 131. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Rautian et al. 2007; NMSOP-2 IS 3.7 2012; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.6. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bindi et al. 2011, p. 330. Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007, Tables 1 and 2. See also IS 3.7 2012, p. 17. Bindi, D.; Parolai, S.; Oth, K.; Abdrakhmatov, A.; Muraliev, A.; Zschau, J. (October 2011), "Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia", Geophysical Journal International, 187: 327–337, Bibcode:2011GeoJI.187..327B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05142.x. Rautian, T. G.; Khalturin, V. I.; Fujita, K.; Mackey, K. G.; Kendall, A. D. (November–December 2007), "Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, 78 (6): 579–590, doi:10.1785/gssrl.78.6.579. Bormann, P.; Fugita, K.; MacKey, K. G.; Gusev, A. (July 2012), "Information Sheet 3.7: The Russian K-class system, its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.6.7, p. 124. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.8.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.5, pp. 71–72. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
Musson & Cecić 2012, p. 2. Musson, R. M.; Cecić, I. (2012), "Chapter 12: Intensity and Intensity Scales", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.
NMSOP-2 IS 3.2 2013, pp. 1–2. Bormann, P. (2013), "Information Sheet 3.2: Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28.

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Katsumata 1996; Bormann, Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013, §3.2.4.7, p. 78; Doi 2010. Katsumata, A. (June 1996), "Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes.", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86 (3): 832–842. Bormann, P.; Wendt, S.; Di Giacomo, D. (2013), "Chapter 3: Seismic Sources and Source Parameters", in Bormann (ed.), New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04, retrieved 2017-06-28. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).
Gutenberg & Richter 1942. Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1942), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America: 163–191, ISSN 0037-1106.
Doi 2010. Doi, K. (2010), "Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies" (PDF), Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, 47 (7–12): 25, ISSN 2309-236X. Also available here (sections renumbered).