Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 2 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN0521223539. Alt URL
Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006). "5". The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. ISBN9781931907309.
Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 2 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN0521223539. Alt URL
Schottenhammer, Angela (1 August 2003). "Slaves and Forms of Slavery in Late Imperial China (Seventeenth to Early Twentieth Centuries)". Slavery & Abolition. 24 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1080/01440390308559161. ISSN0144-039X. S2CID143643161.
Yates, Robin D. S. (2002). "Slavery in Early China: a socio-cultural approach". Journal of East Asian Archaeology. 3 (1): 283–331. doi:10.1163/156852301100402723. p. 301. reprinted in Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (eds.). Critical Readings on Global Slavery.
Mizuno, Norihito (2004). Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy Fromo the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century (Dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164. CiteSeerX10.1.1.839.4807.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
Schottenhammer, Angela (1 August 2003). "Slaves and Forms of Slavery in Late Imperial China (Seventeenth to Early Twentieth Centuries)". Slavery & Abolition. 24 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1080/01440390308559161. ISSN0144-039X. S2CID143643161.
Schottenhammer, Angela (1 August 2003). "Slaves and Forms of Slavery in Late Imperial China (Seventeenth to Early Twentieth Centuries)". Slavery & Abolition. 24 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1080/01440390308559161. ISSN0144-039X. S2CID143643161.
Watson, James L., ed. (1980). "Transactions in People: The Chinese Market in Slaves, Servants, and Heirs". Asian and African systems of slavery. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-04031-7. OCLC5310324.