Triangulum Galaxy (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Triangulum Galaxy" in English language version.

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40harvard.edu

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archive.org

O'Meara, S. J. (1998). The Messier Objects. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 978-0-521-55332-2.

arxiv.org

U, Vivian; Urbaneja, Miguel A.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Jacobs, Bradley A.; Bresolin, Fabio; Przybilla, Norbert (2009). "A New Distance to M33 Using Blue Supergiants and the FGLR Method". The Astrophysical Journal. 704 (2): 1120–1134. arXiv:0909.0032. Bibcode:2009ApJ...704.1120U. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1120. S2CID 14893769.
Corbelli, Edvige (June 2003). "Dark matter and visible baryons in M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 342 (1): 199–207. arXiv:astro-ph/0302318. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.342..199C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06531.x. S2CID 119383732.
Brunthaler, Andreas; Reid, Mark J.; Falcke, Heino; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (2005). "The Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)". Science. 307 (5714): 1440–1443. arXiv:astro-ph/0503058. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1440B. doi:10.1126/science.1108342. PMID 15746420. S2CID 28172780.
Ho, Luis C.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Sargent, Wallace L. W. (October 1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 112 (2): 315–390. arXiv:astro-ph/9704107. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..315H. doi:10.1086/313041. S2CID 17086638.
Crumey, Andrew (2014). "Human contrast threshold and astronomical visibility". MNRAS. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Magrini, Laura; Stanghellini, Letizia; Villaver, Eva (May 2009). "The Planetary Nebula Population of M33 and its Metallicity Gradient: A Look Into the Galaxy's Distant Past". The Astrophysical Journal. 696 (1): 729–740. arXiv:0901.2273. Bibcode:2009ApJ...696..729M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/729. S2CID 5502295.
McConnachie, A. W.; Irwin, M. J.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Ibata, R. A.; et al. (May 2004). "Determining the location of the tip of the red giant branch in old stellar populations: M33, Andromeda I and II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (1): 250. arXiv:astro-ph/0401453. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.350..243M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07637.x. S2CID 18742035.
Zhang, J. S.; Henkel, C.; Guo, Q.; Wang, H. G.; et al. (2010). "On the Nuclear Obscuration of H₂O Maser Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal. 708 (2): 1528–1536. arXiv:0912.2159. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708.1528Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1528. S2CID 118467266.
Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Kroupa, Pavel; Jerjen, Helmut (2013). "Dwarf galaxy planes: the discovery of symmetric structures in the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (3): 1928–1957. arXiv:1307.6210. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.1928P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1384. S2CID 53991672.
Miller, Bryan W.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Kim, Sang Chul; et al. (December 2001). "The Star Formation History of LGS 3". The Astrophysical Journal. 562 (2): 713–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0108408. Bibcode:2001ApJ...562..713M. doi:10.1086/323853. S2CID 119089499.
Heyer, Mark H.; Corbelli, Edvige; Schneider, Stephen E.; Young, Judith S. (February 2004). "The Molecular Gas Distribution and Schmidt Law in M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 602 (2): 723–729. arXiv:astro-ph/0311226. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602..723H. doi:10.1086/381196. S2CID 119431862.
Verley, S.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C.; Hunt, L. K. (January 2009). "Star formation in M 33: multiwavelength signatures across the disk". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 493 (2): 453–466. arXiv:0810.0473. Bibcode:2009A&A...493..453V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810566. S2CID 14166884.
Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. (November 2009). "The metallicity gradient as a tracer of history and structure: the Magellanic Clouds and M33 galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 506 (3): 1137–1146. arXiv:0904.3136. Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912138. S2CID 15459246.
Zloczewski, K.; Kaluzny, J.; Hartman, J. (March 2008). "Photometric Survey for Stellar Clusters in the Outer Part of M33". Acta Astronomica. 58: 23–39. arXiv:0805.4230. Bibcode:2008AcA....58...23Z.
Dubus, G.; Charles, P. A.; Long, K. S. (October 2004). "High resolution Chandra X-ray imaging of the nucleus of M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (1): 95–98. arXiv:astro-ph/0406310. Bibcode:2004A&A...425...95D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041253. S2CID 15999734.
Gebhardt, Karl; Lauer, Tod R.; Krmendy, John; Pinkney, Jason; Bower, Gary A.; Green, Richard; Gull, Theodore; Hutchings, J.B.; Kaiser, M.E.; Nelson, Charles H. (November 2001). "M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole". Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2469–2476. arXiv:astro-ph/0107135. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2469G. doi:10.1086/323481. S2CID 118864132. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Corbelli, E.; Verley, S.; Elmegreen, B. G.; Giovanardi, C. (February 2009). "The cluster birthline in M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 495 (2): 479–490. arXiv:0901.1530. Bibcode:2009A&A...495..479C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811086. S2CID 16880013.
Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Holtzman, Jon; et al. (April 2009). "The Detection of Inside-Out Disk Growth in M33". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 695 (1): L15–L19. arXiv:0902.3460. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695L..15W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/L15. S2CID 18357615.
Verley, S.; Hunt, L. K.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C. (December 2007). "Star formation in M 33: Spitzer photometry of discrete sources". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1161–1178. arXiv:0709.2601. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1161V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078179. S2CID 2909792.
Keel, William C.; Holberg, Jay B.; Treuthardt, Patrick M. (July 2004). "Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Star-forming Regions in Nearby Galaxies: Stellar Populations and Abundance Indicators". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (1): 211–223. arXiv:astro-ph/0403499. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..211K. doi:10.1086/421367. S2CID 18914205.
Plucinsky, Paul P.; Williams, Benjamin; Long; Gaetz; et al. (February 2008). "Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A First Look". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 174 (2): 366–378. arXiv:0709.4211. Bibcode:2008ApJS..174..366P. doi:10.1086/522942. S2CID 18857065.
Grebel, E. K. (November 2–5, 1999). "The Star Formation History of the Local Group". In F. Favata; A. Kaas; A. Wilson (eds.). Proceedings of the 33rd ESLAB symposium on star formation from the small to the large scale. Noordwijk, The Netherlands. arXiv:astro-ph/0005296. Bibcode:2000ESASP.445...87G.
Abubekerov, M. K.; Antokhina, E. A.; Bogomazov, A. I.; Cherepashchuk, A. M. (March 2009). "The mass of the black hole in the X-ray binary M33 X-7 and the evolutionary status of M33 X-7 and IC 10 X-1". Astronomy Reports. 53 (3): 232–242. arXiv:0906.3429. Bibcode:2009ARep...53..232A. doi:10.1134/S1063772909030056. S2CID 15487309.
Merritt, David; Ferrarese, Laura; Joseph, Charles L. (August 10, 2001). "No Supermassive Black Hole in M33?". Science. 293 (5532): 1116–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0107359. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1116M. doi:10.1126/science.1063896. PMID 11463879. S2CID 6777801.
Davidge, T. J.; McConnachie, A. W.; Fardal, M. A.; Fliri, J.; et al. (2012). "The Recent Stellar Archeology of M31 – The Nearest Red Disk Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 751 (1): 74. arXiv:1203.6081. Bibcode:2012ApJ...751...74D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/751/1/74. S2CID 59933737.
Bekki K. (October 2008). "Formation of a giant HI bridge between M31 and M33 from their tidal interaction". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 390 (1): L24–L28. arXiv:0807.1161. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.390L..24B. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00528.x. S2CID 119090934.
Putman, M. E.; et al. (October 2009). "The Disruption and Fueling of M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 703 (2): 1486–1501. arXiv:0812.3093. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703.1486P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1486. S2CID 119310259.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (July 2012). "The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 9. arXiv:1205.6865. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....9V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/9. S2CID 53071454.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (7 February 2019). "First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 872 (1): 24. arXiv:1805.04079. Bibcode:2019ApJ...872...24V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab001b. S2CID 119011033.

caltech.edu

nedipac.caltech.edu

"Results for NGC 598". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. NASA/IPAC/JPL. Retrieved 2006-12-01.

ned.ipac.caltech.edu

"Your NED Search Results".

clell.de

maa.clell.de

Skiff, Brian (January 10, 1997). "Messier 81 naked-eye". sci.astro.amateur. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2010-02-11.

doi.org

U, Vivian; Urbaneja, Miguel A.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Jacobs, Bradley A.; Bresolin, Fabio; Przybilla, Norbert (2009). "A New Distance to M33 Using Blue Supergiants and the FGLR Method". The Astrophysical Journal. 704 (2): 1120–1134. arXiv:0909.0032. Bibcode:2009ApJ...704.1120U. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1120. S2CID 14893769.
Corbelli, Edvige (June 2003). "Dark matter and visible baryons in M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 342 (1): 199–207. arXiv:astro-ph/0302318. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.342..199C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06531.x. S2CID 119383732.
Brunthaler, Andreas; Reid, Mark J.; Falcke, Heino; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (2005). "The Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)". Science. 307 (5714): 1440–1443. arXiv:astro-ph/0503058. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1440B. doi:10.1126/science.1108342. PMID 15746420. S2CID 28172780.
Ho, Luis C.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Sargent, Wallace L. W. (October 1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 112 (2): 315–390. arXiv:astro-ph/9704107. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..315H. doi:10.1086/313041. S2CID 17086638.
Crumey, Andrew (2014). "Human contrast threshold and astronomical visibility". MNRAS. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Weaver, Harold (1947). "The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 59 (350): 232. Bibcode:1947PASP...59..232W. doi:10.1086/125956. S2CID 51963530. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Fodera-Serio, G.; Indorato, L.; Nastasi, P. (February 1985). "Hodierna's Observations of Nebulae and his Cosmology". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 16 (1): 1–36. Bibcode:1985JHA....16....1F. doi:10.1177/002182868501600101. S2CID 118328541.
Bonanos, A. Z.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kudritzki; Macri; et al. (2006). "The First DIRECT Distance to a Detached Eclipsing Binary in M33". Astrophysics and Space Science. 304 (1–4): 207–209. Bibcode:2006Ap&SS.304..207B. doi:10.1007/s10509-006-9112-1. S2CID 123563673.
Magrini, Laura; Stanghellini, Letizia; Villaver, Eva (May 2009). "The Planetary Nebula Population of M33 and its Metallicity Gradient: A Look Into the Galaxy's Distant Past". The Astrophysical Journal. 696 (1): 729–740. arXiv:0901.2273. Bibcode:2009ApJ...696..729M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/729. S2CID 5502295.
Karachentsev, I. D.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Hutchmeier, W. K.; Makarov, D. I. (2004). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K. doi:10.1086/382905.
Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. S2CID 120973010.
McConnachie, A. W.; Irwin, M. J.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Ibata, R. A.; et al. (May 2004). "Determining the location of the tip of the red giant branch in old stellar populations: M33, Andromeda I and II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (1): 250. arXiv:astro-ph/0401453. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.350..243M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07637.x. S2CID 18742035.
Zhang, J. S.; Henkel, C.; Guo, Q.; Wang, H. G.; et al. (2010). "On the Nuclear Obscuration of H₂O Maser Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal. 708 (2): 1528–1536. arXiv:0912.2159. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708.1528Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1528. S2CID 118467266.
Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Kroupa, Pavel; Jerjen, Helmut (2013). "Dwarf galaxy planes: the discovery of symmetric structures in the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (3): 1928–1957. arXiv:1307.6210. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.1928P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1384. S2CID 53991672.
Miller, Bryan W.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Kim, Sang Chul; et al. (December 2001). "The Star Formation History of LGS 3". The Astrophysical Journal. 562 (2): 713–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0108408. Bibcode:2001ApJ...562..713M. doi:10.1086/323853. S2CID 119089499.
Heyer, Mark H.; Corbelli, Edvige; Schneider, Stephen E.; Young, Judith S. (February 2004). "The Molecular Gas Distribution and Schmidt Law in M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 602 (2): 723–729. arXiv:astro-ph/0311226. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602..723H. doi:10.1086/381196. S2CID 119431862.
Verley, S.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C.; Hunt, L. K. (January 2009). "Star formation in M 33: multiwavelength signatures across the disk". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 493 (2): 453–466. arXiv:0810.0473. Bibcode:2009A&A...493..453V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810566. S2CID 14166884.
Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. (November 2009). "The metallicity gradient as a tracer of history and structure: the Magellanic Clouds and M33 galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 506 (3): 1137–1146. arXiv:0904.3136. Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912138. S2CID 15459246.
Dubus, G.; Charles, P. A.; Long, K. S. (October 2004). "High resolution Chandra X-ray imaging of the nucleus of M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (1): 95–98. arXiv:astro-ph/0406310. Bibcode:2004A&A...425...95D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041253. S2CID 15999734.
Gebhardt, Karl; Lauer, Tod R.; Krmendy, John; Pinkney, Jason; Bower, Gary A.; Green, Richard; Gull, Theodore; Hutchings, J.B.; Kaiser, M.E.; Nelson, Charles H. (November 2001). "M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole". Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2469–2476. arXiv:astro-ph/0107135. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2469G. doi:10.1086/323481. S2CID 118864132. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Corbelli, E.; Verley, S.; Elmegreen, B. G.; Giovanardi, C. (February 2009). "The cluster birthline in M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 495 (2): 479–490. arXiv:0901.1530. Bibcode:2009A&A...495..479C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811086. S2CID 16880013.
Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Holtzman, Jon; et al. (April 2009). "The Detection of Inside-Out Disk Growth in M33". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 695 (1): L15–L19. arXiv:0902.3460. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695L..15W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/L15. S2CID 18357615.
Verley, S.; Hunt, L. K.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C. (December 2007). "Star formation in M 33: Spitzer photometry of discrete sources". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1161–1178. arXiv:0709.2601. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1161V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078179. S2CID 2909792.
Keel, William C.; Holberg, Jay B.; Treuthardt, Patrick M. (July 2004). "Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Star-forming Regions in Nearby Galaxies: Stellar Populations and Abundance Indicators". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (1): 211–223. arXiv:astro-ph/0403499. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..211K. doi:10.1086/421367. S2CID 18914205.
Tammann, G. A.; Loeffler, W.; Schroeder, A. (June 1994). "The Galactic supernova rate". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 92 (2): 487–493. Bibcode:1994ApJS...92..487T. doi:10.1086/192002.
Plucinsky, Paul P.; Williams, Benjamin; Long; Gaetz; et al. (February 2008). "Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A First Look". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 174 (2): 366–378. arXiv:0709.4211. Bibcode:2008ApJS..174..366P. doi:10.1086/522942. S2CID 18857065.
Abubekerov, M. K.; Antokhina, E. A.; Bogomazov, A. I.; Cherepashchuk, A. M. (March 2009). "The mass of the black hole in the X-ray binary M33 X-7 and the evolutionary status of M33 X-7 and IC 10 X-1". Astronomy Reports. 53 (3): 232–242. arXiv:0906.3429. Bibcode:2009ARep...53..232A. doi:10.1134/S1063772909030056. S2CID 15487309.
Merritt, David; Ferrarese, Laura; Joseph, Charles L. (August 10, 2001). "No Supermassive Black Hole in M33?". Science. 293 (5532): 1116–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0107359. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1116M. doi:10.1126/science.1063896. PMID 11463879. S2CID 6777801.
Davidge, T. J.; McConnachie, A. W.; Fardal, M. A.; Fliri, J.; et al. (2012). "The Recent Stellar Archeology of M31 – The Nearest Red Disk Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 751 (1): 74. arXiv:1203.6081. Bibcode:2012ApJ...751...74D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/751/1/74. S2CID 59933737.
Bekki K. (October 2008). "Formation of a giant HI bridge between M31 and M33 from their tidal interaction". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 390 (1): L24–L28. arXiv:0807.1161. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.390L..24B. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00528.x. S2CID 119090934.
Putman, M. E.; et al. (October 2009). "The Disruption and Fueling of M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 703 (2): 1486–1501. arXiv:0812.3093. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703.1486P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1486. S2CID 119310259.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (July 2012). "The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 9. arXiv:1205.6865. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....9V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/9. S2CID 53071454.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (7 February 2019). "First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 872 (1): 24. arXiv:1805.04079. Bibcode:2019ApJ...872...24V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab001b. S2CID 119011033.

eso.org

"Triangulum Galaxy Snapped by VST". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2021-05-16.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

U, Vivian; Urbaneja, Miguel A.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Jacobs, Bradley A.; Bresolin, Fabio; Przybilla, Norbert (2009). "A New Distance to M33 Using Blue Supergiants and the FGLR Method". The Astrophysical Journal. 704 (2): 1120–1134. arXiv:0909.0032. Bibcode:2009ApJ...704.1120U. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1120. S2CID 14893769.
Corbelli, Edvige (June 2003). "Dark matter and visible baryons in M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 342 (1): 199–207. arXiv:astro-ph/0302318. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.342..199C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06531.x. S2CID 119383732.
De Vaucouleurs, Gerard; De Vaucouleurs, Antoinette; Corwin, Herold G.; Buta, Ronald J.; Paturel, Georges; Fouque, Pascal (1991). Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. Bibcode:1991rc3..book.....D.
Brunthaler, Andreas; Reid, Mark J.; Falcke, Heino; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (2005). "The Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)". Science. 307 (5714): 1440–1443. arXiv:astro-ph/0503058. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1440B. doi:10.1126/science.1108342. PMID 15746420. S2CID 28172780.
Ho, Luis C.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Sargent, Wallace L. W. (October 1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 112 (2): 315–390. arXiv:astro-ph/9704107. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..315H. doi:10.1086/313041. S2CID 17086638.
Weaver, Harold (1947). "The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 59 (350): 232. Bibcode:1947PASP...59..232W. doi:10.1086/125956. S2CID 51963530. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Fodera-Serio, G.; Indorato, L.; Nastasi, P. (February 1985). "Hodierna's Observations of Nebulae and his Cosmology". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 16 (1): 1–36. Bibcode:1985JHA....16....1F. doi:10.1177/002182868501600101. S2CID 118328541.
Mullaney, James (2007). The Herschel objects and how to observe them. Springer. pp. 16–17. Bibcode:2007hoho.book.....M. ISBN 978-0-387-68124-5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Bonanos, A. Z.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kudritzki; Macri; et al. (2006). "The First DIRECT Distance to a Detached Eclipsing Binary in M33". Astrophysics and Space Science. 304 (1–4): 207–209. Bibcode:2006Ap&SS.304..207B. doi:10.1007/s10509-006-9112-1. S2CID 123563673.
Magrini, Laura; Stanghellini, Letizia; Villaver, Eva (May 2009). "The Planetary Nebula Population of M33 and its Metallicity Gradient: A Look Into the Galaxy's Distant Past". The Astrophysical Journal. 696 (1): 729–740. arXiv:0901.2273. Bibcode:2009ApJ...696..729M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/729. S2CID 5502295.
Karachentsev, I. D.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Hutchmeier, W. K.; Makarov, D. I. (2004). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K. doi:10.1086/382905.
Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. S2CID 120973010.
McConnachie, A. W.; Irwin, M. J.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Ibata, R. A.; et al. (May 2004). "Determining the location of the tip of the red giant branch in old stellar populations: M33, Andromeda I and II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (1): 250. arXiv:astro-ph/0401453. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.350..243M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07637.x. S2CID 18742035.
Zhang, J. S.; Henkel, C.; Guo, Q.; Wang, H. G.; et al. (2010). "On the Nuclear Obscuration of H₂O Maser Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal. 708 (2): 1528–1536. arXiv:0912.2159. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708.1528Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1528. S2CID 118467266.
Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Kroupa, Pavel; Jerjen, Helmut (2013). "Dwarf galaxy planes: the discovery of symmetric structures in the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (3): 1928–1957. arXiv:1307.6210. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.1928P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1384. S2CID 53991672.
Miller, Bryan W.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Kim, Sang Chul; et al. (December 2001). "The Star Formation History of LGS 3". The Astrophysical Journal. 562 (2): 713–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0108408. Bibcode:2001ApJ...562..713M. doi:10.1086/323853. S2CID 119089499.
Heyer, Mark H.; Corbelli, Edvige; Schneider, Stephen E.; Young, Judith S. (February 2004). "The Molecular Gas Distribution and Schmidt Law in M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 602 (2): 723–729. arXiv:astro-ph/0311226. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602..723H. doi:10.1086/381196. S2CID 119431862.
Verley, S.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C.; Hunt, L. K. (January 2009). "Star formation in M 33: multiwavelength signatures across the disk". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 493 (2): 453–466. arXiv:0810.0473. Bibcode:2009A&A...493..453V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810566. S2CID 14166884.
Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. (November 2009). "The metallicity gradient as a tracer of history and structure: the Magellanic Clouds and M33 galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 506 (3): 1137–1146. arXiv:0904.3136. Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912138. S2CID 15459246.
Zloczewski, K.; Kaluzny, J.; Hartman, J. (March 2008). "Photometric Survey for Stellar Clusters in the Outer Part of M33". Acta Astronomica. 58: 23–39. arXiv:0805.4230. Bibcode:2008AcA....58...23Z.
Hernández-López, I.; Athanassoula, E.; Mújica, R.; Bosma, A. (November 2009). "M33: The existence of a bar". A Long Walk Through Astronomy: A Celebration of Luis Carrasco's 60th Birthday, Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias. Vol. 37. pp. 160–162. Bibcode:2009RMxAC..37..160H.
Dubus, G.; Charles, P. A.; Long, K. S. (October 2004). "High resolution Chandra X-ray imaging of the nucleus of M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (1): 95–98. arXiv:astro-ph/0406310. Bibcode:2004A&A...425...95D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041253. S2CID 15999734.
Gebhardt, Karl; Lauer, Tod R.; Krmendy, John; Pinkney, Jason; Bower, Gary A.; Green, Richard; Gull, Theodore; Hutchings, J.B.; Kaiser, M.E.; Nelson, Charles H. (November 2001). "M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole". Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2469–2476. arXiv:astro-ph/0107135. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2469G. doi:10.1086/323481. S2CID 118864132. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Buczilowski, U. R. (October 1988). "A multifrequency radio continuum survey of M33. II – Thermal and non-thermal emission". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 205 (1–2): 29–40. Bibcode:1988A&A...205...29B.
Corbelli, E.; Verley, S.; Elmegreen, B. G.; Giovanardi, C. (February 2009). "The cluster birthline in M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 495 (2): 479–490. arXiv:0901.1530. Bibcode:2009A&A...495..479C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811086. S2CID 16880013.
Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Holtzman, Jon; et al. (April 2009). "The Detection of Inside-Out Disk Growth in M33". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 695 (1): L15–L19. arXiv:0902.3460. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695L..15W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/L15. S2CID 18357615.
Verley, S.; Hunt, L. K.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C. (December 2007). "Star formation in M 33: Spitzer photometry of discrete sources". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1161–1178. arXiv:0709.2601. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1161V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078179. S2CID 2909792.
Keel, William C.; Holberg, Jay B.; Treuthardt, Patrick M. (July 2004). "Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Star-forming Regions in Nearby Galaxies: Stellar Populations and Abundance Indicators". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (1): 211–223. arXiv:astro-ph/0403499. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..211K. doi:10.1086/421367. S2CID 18914205.
Tammann, G. A.; Loeffler, W.; Schroeder, A. (June 1994). "The Galactic supernova rate". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 92 (2): 487–493. Bibcode:1994ApJS...92..487T. doi:10.1086/192002.
Plucinsky, Paul P.; Williams, Benjamin; Long; Gaetz; et al. (February 2008). "Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A First Look". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 174 (2): 366–378. arXiv:0709.4211. Bibcode:2008ApJS..174..366P. doi:10.1086/522942. S2CID 18857065.
Grebel, E. K. (November 2–5, 1999). "The Star Formation History of the Local Group". In F. Favata; A. Kaas; A. Wilson (eds.). Proceedings of the 33rd ESLAB symposium on star formation from the small to the large scale. Noordwijk, The Netherlands. arXiv:astro-ph/0005296. Bibcode:2000ESASP.445...87G.
Abubekerov, M. K.; Antokhina, E. A.; Bogomazov, A. I.; Cherepashchuk, A. M. (March 2009). "The mass of the black hole in the X-ray binary M33 X-7 and the evolutionary status of M33 X-7 and IC 10 X-1". Astronomy Reports. 53 (3): 232–242. arXiv:0906.3429. Bibcode:2009ARep...53..232A. doi:10.1134/S1063772909030056. S2CID 15487309.
Merritt, David; Ferrarese, Laura; Joseph, Charles L. (August 10, 2001). "No Supermassive Black Hole in M33?". Science. 293 (5532): 1116–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0107359. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1116M. doi:10.1126/science.1063896. PMID 11463879. S2CID 6777801.
Davidge, T. J.; McConnachie, A. W.; Fardal, M. A.; Fliri, J.; et al. (2012). "The Recent Stellar Archeology of M31 – The Nearest Red Disk Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 751 (1): 74. arXiv:1203.6081. Bibcode:2012ApJ...751...74D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/751/1/74. S2CID 59933737.
Bekki K. (October 2008). "Formation of a giant HI bridge between M31 and M33 from their tidal interaction". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 390 (1): L24–L28. arXiv:0807.1161. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.390L..24B. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00528.x. S2CID 119090934.
Putman, M. E.; et al. (October 2009). "The Disruption and Fueling of M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 703 (2): 1486–1501. arXiv:0812.3093. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703.1486P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1486. S2CID 119310259.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (July 2012). "The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 9. arXiv:1205.6865. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....9V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/9. S2CID 53071454.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (7 February 2019). "First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 872 (1): 24. arXiv:1805.04079. Bibcode:2019ApJ...872...24V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab001b. S2CID 119011033.

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

Weaver, Harold (1947). "The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 59 (350): 232. Bibcode:1947PASP...59..232W. doi:10.1086/125956. S2CID 51963530. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

chandra.harvard.edu

Morcone, Jennifer (October 17, 2007). "Heaviest Stellar Black Hole Discovered in Nearby Galaxy". Chandra X-ray Observatory press release. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

Gebhardt, Karl; Lauer, Tod R.; Krmendy, John; Pinkney, Jason; Bower, Gary A.; Green, Richard; Gull, Theodore; Hutchings, J.B.; Kaiser, M.E.; Nelson, Charles H. (November 2001). "M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole". Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2469–2476. arXiv:astro-ph/0107135. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2469G. doi:10.1086/323481. S2CID 118864132. Retrieved 18 November 2020.

nasa.gov

The following source lists it as the most distant object:
Naeye, Robert (March 21, 2008). "A Stellar Explosion You Could See on Earth!". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
However, the more distant galaxy Messier 81 has also been sighted with the naked eye:
Christensen, Lars Lindberg; Zezas, Andreas; Noll, Keith; Villard, Ray (May 28, 2007). "Hubble photographs grand spiral galaxy Messier 81". ESA. Retrieved 2010-06-15.

newscientist.com

"Milky Way's twin caught dismembering neighbour". New Scientist. Retrieved 2012-07-31.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brunthaler, Andreas; Reid, Mark J.; Falcke, Heino; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (2005). "The Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)". Science. 307 (5714): 1440–1443. arXiv:astro-ph/0503058. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1440B. doi:10.1126/science.1108342. PMID 15746420. S2CID 28172780.
Merritt, David; Ferrarese, Laura; Joseph, Charles L. (August 10, 2001). "No Supermassive Black Hole in M33?". Science. 293 (5532): 1116–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0107359. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1116M. doi:10.1126/science.1063896. PMID 11463879. S2CID 6777801.

nrao.edu

Finley, Dave (June 11, 2012). "Neighbor galaxies may have brushed closely, astronomers find". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2012-06-13.

numericana.com

Michon, Gerard P. "Sizing up the Universe - Stars, Sand and Nucleons". Retrieved 2010-01-07.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Crumey, Andrew (2014). "Human contrast threshold and astronomical visibility". MNRAS. 442 (3): 2600–2619. arXiv:1405.4209. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

sci-news.com

Enrico de Lazaro: Amateur Astronomer Discovers New Dwarf Galaxy, on: sci-news, Nov 18, 2021

seds.org

messier.seds.org

"Messier Object 101". Retrieved 2007-04-07.
"Messier Object 33". www.messier.seds.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2021-05-21.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

U, Vivian; Urbaneja, Miguel A.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Jacobs, Bradley A.; Bresolin, Fabio; Przybilla, Norbert (2009). "A New Distance to M33 Using Blue Supergiants and the FGLR Method". The Astrophysical Journal. 704 (2): 1120–1134. arXiv:0909.0032. Bibcode:2009ApJ...704.1120U. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1120. S2CID 14893769.
Corbelli, Edvige (June 2003). "Dark matter and visible baryons in M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 342 (1): 199–207. arXiv:astro-ph/0302318. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.342..199C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06531.x. S2CID 119383732.
Brunthaler, Andreas; Reid, Mark J.; Falcke, Heino; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; et al. (2005). "The Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)". Science. 307 (5714): 1440–1443. arXiv:astro-ph/0503058. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1440B. doi:10.1126/science.1108342. PMID 15746420. S2CID 28172780.
Ho, Luis C.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Sargent, Wallace L. W. (October 1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 112 (2): 315–390. arXiv:astro-ph/9704107. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..315H. doi:10.1086/313041. S2CID 17086638.
Weaver, Harold (1947). "The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 59 (350): 232. Bibcode:1947PASP...59..232W. doi:10.1086/125956. S2CID 51963530. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
Fodera-Serio, G.; Indorato, L.; Nastasi, P. (February 1985). "Hodierna's Observations of Nebulae and his Cosmology". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 16 (1): 1–36. Bibcode:1985JHA....16....1F. doi:10.1177/002182868501600101. S2CID 118328541.
Bonanos, A. Z.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kudritzki; Macri; et al. (2006). "The First DIRECT Distance to a Detached Eclipsing Binary in M33". Astrophysics and Space Science. 304 (1–4): 207–209. Bibcode:2006Ap&SS.304..207B. doi:10.1007/s10509-006-9112-1. S2CID 123563673.
Magrini, Laura; Stanghellini, Letizia; Villaver, Eva (May 2009). "The Planetary Nebula Population of M33 and its Metallicity Gradient: A Look Into the Galaxy's Distant Past". The Astrophysical Journal. 696 (1): 729–740. arXiv:0901.2273. Bibcode:2009ApJ...696..729M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/729. S2CID 5502295.
Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. S2CID 120973010.
McConnachie, A. W.; Irwin, M. J.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Ibata, R. A.; et al. (May 2004). "Determining the location of the tip of the red giant branch in old stellar populations: M33, Andromeda I and II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (1): 250. arXiv:astro-ph/0401453. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.350..243M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07637.x. S2CID 18742035.
Zhang, J. S.; Henkel, C.; Guo, Q.; Wang, H. G.; et al. (2010). "On the Nuclear Obscuration of H₂O Maser Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal. 708 (2): 1528–1536. arXiv:0912.2159. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708.1528Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1528. S2CID 118467266.
Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Kroupa, Pavel; Jerjen, Helmut (2013). "Dwarf galaxy planes: the discovery of symmetric structures in the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (3): 1928–1957. arXiv:1307.6210. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.1928P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1384. S2CID 53991672.
Miller, Bryan W.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Kim, Sang Chul; et al. (December 2001). "The Star Formation History of LGS 3". The Astrophysical Journal. 562 (2): 713–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0108408. Bibcode:2001ApJ...562..713M. doi:10.1086/323853. S2CID 119089499.
Heyer, Mark H.; Corbelli, Edvige; Schneider, Stephen E.; Young, Judith S. (February 2004). "The Molecular Gas Distribution and Schmidt Law in M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 602 (2): 723–729. arXiv:astro-ph/0311226. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602..723H. doi:10.1086/381196. S2CID 119431862.
Verley, S.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C.; Hunt, L. K. (January 2009). "Star formation in M 33: multiwavelength signatures across the disk". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 493 (2): 453–466. arXiv:0810.0473. Bibcode:2009A&A...493..453V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810566. S2CID 14166884.
Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. (November 2009). "The metallicity gradient as a tracer of history and structure: the Magellanic Clouds and M33 galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 506 (3): 1137–1146. arXiv:0904.3136. Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912138. S2CID 15459246.
Dubus, G.; Charles, P. A.; Long, K. S. (October 2004). "High resolution Chandra X-ray imaging of the nucleus of M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 425 (1): 95–98. arXiv:astro-ph/0406310. Bibcode:2004A&A...425...95D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041253. S2CID 15999734.
Gebhardt, Karl; Lauer, Tod R.; Krmendy, John; Pinkney, Jason; Bower, Gary A.; Green, Richard; Gull, Theodore; Hutchings, J.B.; Kaiser, M.E.; Nelson, Charles H. (November 2001). "M33: A Galaxy with No Supermassive Black Hole". Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2469–2476. arXiv:astro-ph/0107135. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2469G. doi:10.1086/323481. S2CID 118864132. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Corbelli, E.; Verley, S.; Elmegreen, B. G.; Giovanardi, C. (February 2009). "The cluster birthline in M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 495 (2): 479–490. arXiv:0901.1530. Bibcode:2009A&A...495..479C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811086. S2CID 16880013.
Williams, Benjamin F.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Holtzman, Jon; et al. (April 2009). "The Detection of Inside-Out Disk Growth in M33". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 695 (1): L15–L19. arXiv:0902.3460. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695L..15W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/L15. S2CID 18357615.
Verley, S.; Hunt, L. K.; Corbelli, E.; Giovanardi, C. (December 2007). "Star formation in M 33: Spitzer photometry of discrete sources". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1161–1178. arXiv:0709.2601. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1161V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078179. S2CID 2909792.
Keel, William C.; Holberg, Jay B.; Treuthardt, Patrick M. (July 2004). "Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Star-forming Regions in Nearby Galaxies: Stellar Populations and Abundance Indicators". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (1): 211–223. arXiv:astro-ph/0403499. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..211K. doi:10.1086/421367. S2CID 18914205.
Plucinsky, Paul P.; Williams, Benjamin; Long; Gaetz; et al. (February 2008). "Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A First Look". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 174 (2): 366–378. arXiv:0709.4211. Bibcode:2008ApJS..174..366P. doi:10.1086/522942. S2CID 18857065.
Abubekerov, M. K.; Antokhina, E. A.; Bogomazov, A. I.; Cherepashchuk, A. M. (March 2009). "The mass of the black hole in the X-ray binary M33 X-7 and the evolutionary status of M33 X-7 and IC 10 X-1". Astronomy Reports. 53 (3): 232–242. arXiv:0906.3429. Bibcode:2009ARep...53..232A. doi:10.1134/S1063772909030056. S2CID 15487309.
Merritt, David; Ferrarese, Laura; Joseph, Charles L. (August 10, 2001). "No Supermassive Black Hole in M33?". Science. 293 (5532): 1116–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0107359. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1116M. doi:10.1126/science.1063896. PMID 11463879. S2CID 6777801.
Davidge, T. J.; McConnachie, A. W.; Fardal, M. A.; Fliri, J.; et al. (2012). "The Recent Stellar Archeology of M31 – The Nearest Red Disk Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 751 (1): 74. arXiv:1203.6081. Bibcode:2012ApJ...751...74D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/751/1/74. S2CID 59933737.
Bekki K. (October 2008). "Formation of a giant HI bridge between M31 and M33 from their tidal interaction". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 390 (1): L24–L28. arXiv:0807.1161. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.390L..24B. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00528.x. S2CID 119090934.
Putman, M. E.; et al. (October 2009). "The Disruption and Fueling of M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 703 (2): 1486–1501. arXiv:0812.3093. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703.1486P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1486. S2CID 119310259.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (July 2012). "The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 9. arXiv:1205.6865. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....9V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/9. S2CID 53071454.
van der Marel, Roeland P.; et al. (7 February 2019). "First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 872 (1): 24. arXiv:1805.04079. Bibcode:2019ApJ...872...24V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab001b. S2CID 119011033.

skyandtelescope.com

Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Retrieved 2010-01-07.

spaceref.com

"NASA Spitzer Telescope Reveals Pinwheel Galaxy's Hidden Wonders". 2 June 2004. Retrieved 2007-04-07.^{[permanent dead link]}

spacetelescope.org

The following source lists it as the most distant object:
Naeye, Robert (March 21, 2008). "A Stellar Explosion You Could See on Earth!". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
However, the more distant galaxy Messier 81 has also been sighted with the naked eye:
Christensen, Lars Lindberg; Zezas, Andreas; Noll, Keith; Villard, Ray (May 28, 2007). "Hubble photographs grand spiral galaxy Messier 81". ESA. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
"Hubble takes gigantic image of the Triangulum Galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 8 January 2019.

supernovae.net

David Bishop. "Extragalactic Novae". supernovae.net (International Supernovae Network). Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2010-09-11.

u-strasbg.fr

simbad.u-strasbg.fr

"M 33 – Galaxy". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
"SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for Messier 101. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
"Best of AOP: M101: Pinwheel Galaxy". Retrieved 2007-04-07.

web.archive.org

The following source lists it as the most distant object:
Naeye, Robert (March 21, 2008). "A Stellar Explosion You Could See on Earth!". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
However, the more distant galaxy Messier 81 has also been sighted with the naked eye:
Christensen, Lars Lindberg; Zezas, Andreas; Noll, Keith; Villard, Ray (May 28, 2007). "Hubble photographs grand spiral galaxy Messier 81". ESA. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Skiff, Brian (January 10, 1997). "Messier 81 naked-eye". sci.astro.amateur. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
"Messier Object 33". www.messier.seds.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
David Bishop. "Extragalactic Novae". supernovae.net (International Supernovae Network). Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2010-09-11.