Turing test (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Turing test" in English language version.

Last modified: 10:57:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC)

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Levesque, Hector J.; Davis, Ernest; Morgenstern, Leora (10 June 2012). The Winograd schema challenge (PDF). Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. Rome, Italy: AAAI Press. pp. 552–561. ISBN 978-1-57735-560-1.

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Shah 2011. Shah, Huma (5 April 2011), Turing's misunderstood imitation game and IBM's Watson success, archived from the original on 10 February 2023, retrieved 20 December 2017

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Schoenick, Carissa; Clark, Peter; Tafjord, Oyvind; Turney, Peter; Etzioni, Oren (23 August 2017). "Moving beyond the Turing Test with the Allen AI Science Challenge". Communications of the ACM. 60 (9): 60–64. doi:10.1145/3122814. ISSN 0001-0782.

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G., T. (14 November 1936). "Review of Language, Truth and Logic". Nature. 138 (3498): 823. Bibcode:1936Natur.138..823G. doi:10.1038/138823a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
Shapiro 1992, p. 10–11 and Shieber 1994, amongst others. Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992), "The Turing Test and the economist", ACM SIGART Bulletin, 3 (4): 10–11, doi:10.1145/141420.141423, S2CID 27079507 Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Shieber 1994, p. 77. Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Biever, Celeste (25 July 2023). "ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the race is on for new ways to assess AI". Nature. 619 (7971): 686–689. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..686B. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02361-7. PMID 37491395. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
Mei, Qiaozhu; Xie, Yutong; Yuan, Walter; Jackson, Matthew O. (27 February 2024). "A Turing test of whether AI chatbots are behaviorally similar to humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (9) e2313925121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12113925M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2313925121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10907317. PMID 38386710.
Jones, Cameron R.; Bergen, Benjamin K. (26 May 2026). "Large language models pass a standard three-party Turing test". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 123 (21) e2524472123. Bibcode:2026PNAS..12324472J. doi:10.1073/pnas.2524472123. PMC 13214042. PMID 42154549.
Saygin, Roberts & Beber 2008. Saygin, A.P.; Roberts, Gary; Beber, Grace (2008), "Comments on "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" by Alan Turing", in Epstein, R.; Roberts, G.; Poland, G. (eds.), Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, Bibcode:2009pttt.book.....E, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6710-5, ISBN 978-1-4020-9624-2, S2CID 60070108
Kevin Warwick; Huma Shah (June 2014). "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. S2CID 45773196.
Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2017). "Taking the fifth amendment in Turing's imitation game" (PDF). Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 29 (2): 287–297. Bibcode:2017JETAI..29..287W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2015.1132273. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 205634569.^{[permanent dead link]}
Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2015). "Human misidentification in Turing tests". Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 45773196.
Biever, Celeste (25 July 2023). "ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the race is on for new ways to assess AI". Nature. 619 (7971): 686–689. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..686B. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02361-7. PMID 37491395.

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AISB 2008 Symposium on the Turing Test, Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour, archived from the original on 18 March 2009, retrieved 29 March 2009

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Searle 1980. Searle, John (1980), "Minds, Brains and Programs", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (3): 417–457, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756, S2CID 55303721, archived from the original on 23 August 2000, retrieved 19 March 2008. Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article. See also Searle's original draft.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Descartes 1996, pp. 34–35. Descartes, René (1996). Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06772-9.
Thomas 1995, p. 112. Thomas, Peter J. (1995), The Social and Interactional Dimensions of Human-Computer Interfaces, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45302-8
Boden 2006, p. 370. Boden, Margaret A. (2006), Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924144-6
Genova 1994, Hayes & Ford 1995, Heil 1998, Dreyfus 1979 Genova, J. (1994), "Turing's Sexual Guessing Game", Social Epistemology, 8 (4): 314–326, doi:10.1080/02691729408578758 Hayes, Patrick; Ford, Kenneth (1995), "Turing Test Considered Harmful", Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI95-1), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.: 972–997 Heil, John (1998), Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-13060-8 Dreyfus, Hubert (1979), What Computers Still Can't Do, New York: MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-06-090613-9
McCorduck 2004, pp. 503–505, Feigenbaum 2003. The subject matter expert test is also mentioned in Kurzweil (2005) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Feigenbaum, Edward A. (2003), "Some challenges and grand challenges for computational intelligence", Journal of the ACM, 50 (1): 32–40, doi:10.1145/602382.602400, S2CID 15379263 Kurzweil, Ray (2005), The Singularity is Near, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3

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Smith, G. W. (27 March 2015). "Art and Artificial Intelligence". ArtEnt. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2015.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Shapiro 1992, p. 10–11 and Shieber 1994, amongst others. Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992), "The Turing Test and the economist", ACM SIGART Bulletin, 3 (4): 10–11, doi:10.1145/141420.141423, S2CID 27079507 Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Shieber 1994, p. 77. Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Jones, Cameron R.; Bergen, Benjamin K. (31 March 2025). "Large Language Models Pass the Turing Test". arXiv:2503.23674 [cs.CL].
Legg, Shane; Veness, Joel (2011). "An Approximation of the Universal Intelligence Measure". arXiv:1109.5951 [cs.AI].

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"Robot Bores: AI-powered awkward first date". BBC News. 1 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
"The hobbyists competing to make AI human". BBC News. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2025.

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Turing 1950, pp. 442–454 and see Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 948), where they comment, "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the idea of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared." Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3, 948. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
"These six disciplines," write Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig, "represent most of AI." Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 3 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Russell & Norvig (2003, pp. 958–960) identify Searle's argument with the one Turing answers. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 3. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2

chedd-angier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turing test, on season 4, episode 3". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1993–1994. PBS. Archived from the original on 1 January 2006.

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"How CAPTCHAs work | What does CAPTCHA mean? | Cloudflare". Retrieved 27 September 2024.

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Harnad 2004, p. 1. Harnad, Stevan (2004), "The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence", in Epstein, Robert; Peters, Grace (eds.), The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer, Klewer, archived from the original on 6 July 2011, retrieved 17 December 2005

collisiondetection.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Thompson, Clive (July 2005). "The Other Turing Test". Issue 13.07. WIRED magazine. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011. As a gay man who spent nearly his whole life in the closet, Turing must have been keenly aware of the social difficulty of constantly faking your real identity. And there's a delicious irony in the fact that decades of AI scientists have chosen to ignore Turing's gender-twisting test – only to have it seized upon by three college-age women. (Full version Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine).

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Kevin Warwick; Huma Shah (June 2014). "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. S2CID 45773196.
Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2015). "Human misidentification in Turing tests". Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 45773196.

curve.coventry.ac.uk

Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2017). "Taking the fifth amendment in Turing's imitation game" (PDF). Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 29 (2): 287–297. Bibcode:2017JETAI..29..287W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2015.1132273. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 205634569.^{[permanent dead link]}

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"How does reCAPTCHA work? How it is triggered & bypassed". Retrieved 27 September 2024.

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Image adapted from Saygin 2000 Saygin, A. P.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
(Turing 1950). Turing wrote about the 'imitation game' centrally and extensively throughout his 1950 text, but apparently retired the term thereafter. He referred to '[his] test' four times—three times in pp. 446–447 and once on p. 454. He also referred to it as an 'experiment'—once on p. 436, twice on p. 455, and twice again on p. 457—and used the term 'viva voce' (p. 446). See also #Versions, below. Turing gives a more precise version of the question later in the paper: "[T]hese questions [are] equivalent to this, 'Let us fix our attention on one particular digital computer C. Is it true that by modifying this computer to have an adequate storage, suitably increasing its speed of action, and providing it with an appropriate programme, C can be made to play satisfactorily the part of A in the imitation game, the part of B being taken by a man?'" (Turing 1950, p. 442) Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
Turing 1950, p. 433. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
Turing 1950, pp. 442–454 and see Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 948), where they comment, "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the idea of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared." Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Saygin 2000. Saygin, A. P.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
G., T. (14 November 1936). "Review of Language, Truth and Logic". Nature. 138 (3498): 823. Bibcode:1936Natur.138..823G. doi:10.1038/138823a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
Rapaport, W.J. (2003). "How to Pass a Turing Test". In Moor, J.H. (ed.). The Turing Test. Studies in Cognitive Systems. Vol. 30. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 161–184. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0105-2_9. ISBN 978-1-4020-1205-1. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024.
Svilpis, Janis (2008). "The Science-Fiction Prehistory of the Turing Test". Science Fiction Studies. 35 (3): 430–449. doi:10.1525/sfs.35.3.0430. ISSN 0091-7729. JSTOR 25475177.
Turing 1950, p. 434. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
Shah & Warwick 2010a. Shah, Huma; Warwick, Kevin (April 2010a), "Testing Turing's five minutes, parallel-paired imitation game", Kybernetes, 4 (3): 449–465, doi:10.1108/03684921011036178
Turing 1950, p. 446. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
Searle 1980. Searle, John (1980), "Minds, Brains and Programs", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (3): 417–457, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756, S2CID 55303721, archived from the original on 23 August 2000, retrieved 19 March 2008. Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article. See also Searle's original draft.
There are a large number of arguments against Searle's Chinese room. A few are:
- Hauser, Larry (1997), "Searle's Chinese Box: Debunking the Chinese Room Argument", Minds and Machines, 7 (2): 199–226, doi:10.1023/A:1008255830248, S2CID 32153206
- Saygin 2000, p. 479. Saygin, A. P.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
- Loebner 1994. Loebner, Hugh Gene (1994), "In response", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 79–82, doi:10.1145/175208.175218, S2CID 38428377, archived from the original on 14 March 2008, retrieved 22 March 2008
- Shapiro 1992, p. 10–11 and Shieber 1994, amongst others. Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992), "The Turing Test and the economist", ACM SIGART Bulletin, 3 (4): 10–11, doi:10.1145/141420.141423, S2CID 27079507 Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
- Shieber 1994, p. 77. Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
- Weizenbaum 1966, p. 42. Weizenbaum, Joseph (January 1966), "ELIZA – A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", Communications of the ACM, 9 (1): 36–45, doi:10.1145/365153.365168, S2CID 1896290
- Berry, David M. (6 November 2023). "The Limits of Computation: Joseph Weizenbaum and the ELIZA Chatbot". Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society. 3 (3). doi:10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.3.2. ISSN 2748-5625.
- Weizenbaum 1966, p. 37. Weizenbaum, Joseph (January 1966), "ELIZA – A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", Communications of the ACM, 9 (1): 36–45, doi:10.1145/365153.365168, S2CID 1896290
- Colby et al. 1972, p. 220. Colby, K. M.; Hilf, F. D.; Weber, S.; Kraemer, H. (1972), "Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes", Artificial Intelligence, 3: 199–221, doi:10.1016/0004-3702(72)90049-5
- Biever, Celeste (25 July 2023). "ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the race is on for new ways to assess AI". Nature. 619 (7971): 686–689. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..686B. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02361-7. PMID 37491395. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- Mei, Qiaozhu; Xie, Yutong; Yuan, Walter; Jackson, Matthew O. (27 February 2024). "A Turing test of whether AI chatbots are behaviorally similar to humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (9) e2313925121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12113925M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2313925121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10907317. PMID 38386710.
- Jones, Cameron R.; Bergen, Benjamin K. (26 May 2026). "Large language models pass a standard three-party Turing test". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 123 (21) e2524472123. Bibcode:2026PNAS..12324472J. doi:10.1073/pnas.2524472123. PMC 13214042. PMID 42154549.
- Traiger 2000. Traiger, Saul (2000), "Making the Right Identification in the Turing Test", Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 561, doi:10.1023/A:1011254505902, S2CID 2302024 (reprinted in The Turing Test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic 2003) ISBN 1-4020-1205-5
- Saygin, Roberts & Beber 2008. Saygin, A.P.; Roberts, Gary; Beber, Grace (2008), "Comments on "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" by Alan Turing", in Epstein, R.; Roberts, G.; Poland, G. (eds.), Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, Bibcode:2009pttt.book.....E, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6710-5, ISBN 978-1-4020-9624-2, S2CID 60070108
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  - Shapiro 1992, p. 10–11 and Shieber 1994, amongst others. Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992), "The Turing Test and the economist", ACM SIGART Bulletin, 3 (4): 10–11, doi:10.1145/141420.141423, S2CID 27079507 Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
  - Shieber 1994, p. 77. Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
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  - Several alternatives to the Turing test, designed to evaluate machines more intelligent than humans:
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    Jose Hernandez-Orallo (2000), "Beyond the Turing Test", Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 9 (4): 447–466, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.44.8943, doi:10.1023/A:1008367325700, S2CID 14481982 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
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    Image adapted from Saygin 2000 Saygin, A. P.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
    (Turing 1950). Turing wrote about the 'imitation game' centrally and extensively throughout his 1950 text, but apparently retired the term thereafter. He referred to '[his] test' four times—three times in pp. 446–447 and once on p. 454. He also referred to it as an 'experiment'—once on p. 436, twice on p. 455, and twice again on p. 457—and used the term 'viva voce' (p. 446). See also #Versions, below. Turing gives a more precise version of the question later in the paper: "[T]hese questions [are] equivalent to this, 'Let us fix our attention on one particular digital computer C. Is it true that by modifying this computer to have an adequate storage, suitably increasing its speed of action, and providing it with an appropriate programme, C can be made to play satisfactorily the part of A in the imitation game, the part of B being taken by a man?'" (Turing 1950, p. 442) Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, p. 433. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, pp. 442–454 and see Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 948), where they comment, "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the idea of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared." Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
    Saygin 2000. Saygin, A. P.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
    Turing 1950, p. 434. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, p. 446. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Searle 1980. Searle, John (1980), "Minds, Brains and Programs", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (3): 417–457, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756, S2CID 55303721, archived from the original on 23 August 2000, retrieved 19 March 2008. Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article. See also Searle's original draft.
    There are a large number of arguments against Searle's Chinese room. A few are:
    Hauser, Larry (1997), "Searle's Chinese Box: Debunking the Chinese Room Argument", Minds and Machines, 7 (2): 199–226, doi:10.1023/A:1008255830248, S2CID 32153206
    Saygin 2000, p. 479. Saygin, A. P.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
    Loebner 1994. Loebner, Hugh Gene (1994), "In response", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 79–82, doi:10.1145/175208.175218, S2CID 38428377, archived from the original on 14 March 2008, retrieved 22 March 2008
    Shapiro 1992, p. 10–11 and Shieber 1994, amongst others. Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992), "The Turing Test and the economist", ACM SIGART Bulletin, 3 (4): 10–11, doi:10.1145/141420.141423, S2CID 27079507 Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
    Shieber 1994, p. 77. Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test", Communications of the ACM, 37 (6): 70–78, arXiv:cmp-lg/9404002, Bibcode:1994cmp.lg....4002S, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.54.3277, doi:10.1145/175208.175217, S2CID 215823854, archived from the original on 17 March 2008, retrieved 25 March 2008 {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
    Weizenbaum 1966, p. 42. Weizenbaum, Joseph (January 1966), "ELIZA – A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", Communications of the ACM, 9 (1): 36–45, doi:10.1145/365153.365168, S2CID 1896290
    Weizenbaum 1966, p. 37. Weizenbaum, Joseph (January 1966), "ELIZA – A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", Communications of the ACM, 9 (1): 36–45, doi:10.1145/365153.365168, S2CID 1896290
    Traiger 2000. Traiger, Saul (2000), "Making the Right Identification in the Turing Test", Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 561, doi:10.1023/A:1011254505902, S2CID 2302024 (reprinted in The Turing Test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic 2003) ISBN 1-4020-1205-5
    Saygin, Roberts & Beber 2008. Saygin, A.P.; Roberts, Gary; Beber, Grace (2008), "Comments on "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" by Alan Turing", in Epstein, R.; Roberts, G.; Poland, G. (eds.), Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, Bibcode:2009pttt.book.....E, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6710-5, ISBN 978-1-4020-9624-2, S2CID 60070108
    Traiger 2000, p. 99. Traiger, Saul (2000), "Making the Right Identification in the Turing Test", Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 561, doi:10.1023/A:1011254505902, S2CID 2302024 (reprinted in The Turing Test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic 2003) ISBN 1-4020-1205-5
    Sterrett 2000. Sterrett, S. G. (2000), "Turing's Two Test of Intelligence", Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 541, doi:10.1023/A:1011242120015, hdl:10057/10701, S2CID 9600264 (reprinted in The Turing Test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic 2003) ISBN 1-4020-1205-5
    Danziger 2022. Danziger, Shlomo (2022), "Intelligence as a Social Concept: a Socio-Technological Interpretation of the Turing Test", Philosophy & Technology, 35 (3) 68, doi:10.1007/s13347-022-00561-z, S2CID 251000575
    Turing 1950, p. 442. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Shah & Warwick 2010j. Shah, Huma; Warwick, Kevin (June 2010j), "Hidden Interlocutor Misidentification in Practical Turing Tests", Minds and Machines, 20 (3): 441–454, doi:10.1007/s11023-010-9219-6, S2CID 34076187
    Kevin Warwick; Huma Shah (June 2014). "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. S2CID 45773196.
    Turing 1950, p. 448. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Several alternatives to the Turing test, designed to evaluate machines more intelligent than humans:
    Jose Hernandez-Orallo (2000), "Beyond the Turing Test", Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 9 (4): 447–466, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.44.8943, doi:10.1023/A:1008367325700, S2CID 14481982. {{citation}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
    Turing 1950. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, under the heading "The Imitation Game," where he writes, "Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words." Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2017). "Taking the fifth amendment in Turing's imitation game" (PDF). Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 29 (2): 287–297. Bibcode:2017JETAI..29..287W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2015.1132273. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 205634569.^{[permanent dead link]}
    Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2015). "Human misidentification in Turing tests". Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 45773196.
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    McCorduck 2004, pp. 503–505, Feigenbaum 2003. The subject matter expert test is also mentioned in Kurzweil (2005) McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 Feigenbaum, Edward A. (2003), "Some challenges and grand challenges for computational intelligence", Journal of the ACM, 50 (1): 32–40, doi:10.1145/602382.602400, S2CID 15379263 Kurzweil, Ray (2005), The Singularity is Near, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3
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    (Turing 1950). Turing wrote about the 'imitation game' centrally and extensively throughout his 1950 text, but apparently retired the term thereafter. He referred to '[his] test' four times—three times in pp. 446–447 and once on p. 454. He also referred to it as an 'experiment'—once on p. 436, twice on p. 455, and twice again on p. 457—and used the term 'viva voce' (p. 446). See also #Versions, below. Turing gives a more precise version of the question later in the paper: "[T]hese questions [are] equivalent to this, 'Let us fix our attention on one particular digital computer C. Is it true that by modifying this computer to have an adequate storage, suitably increasing its speed of action, and providing it with an appropriate programme, C can be made to play satisfactorily the part of A in the imitation game, the part of B being taken by a man?'" (Turing 1950, p. 442) Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, p. 433. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, pp. 442–454 and see Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 948), where they comment, "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the idea of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared." Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
    G., T. (14 November 1936). "Review of Language, Truth and Logic". Nature. 138 (3498): 823. Bibcode:1936Natur.138..823G. doi:10.1038/138823a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
    Amini, Majid (1 June 2020). "Cognition as Computation: From Swift to Turing". Humanities Bulletin. 3 (1): 43–54. ISSN 2517-4266.
    Svilpis, Janis (2008). "The Science-Fiction Prehistory of the Turing Test". Science Fiction Studies. 35 (3): 430–449. doi:10.1525/sfs.35.3.0430. ISSN 0091-7729. JSTOR 25475177.
    Wansbrough, Aleks (2021). Capitalism and the enchanted screen: myths and allegories in the digital age. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-5013-5639-1. OCLC 1202731640.
    Turing 1950, p. 434. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, p. 446. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Berry, David M. (6 November 2023). "The Limits of Computation: Joseph Weizenbaum and the ELIZA Chatbot". Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society. 3 (3). doi:10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.3.2. ISSN 2748-5625.
    Mei, Qiaozhu; Xie, Yutong; Yuan, Walter; Jackson, Matthew O. (27 February 2024). "A Turing test of whether AI chatbots are behaviorally similar to humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (9) e2313925121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12113925M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2313925121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10907317. PMID 38386710.
    Turing 1950, p. 442. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, p. 448. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Turing 1950, under the heading "The Imitation Game," where he writes, "Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words." Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. JSTOR 2251299. S2CID 14636783.
    Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2017). "Taking the fifth amendment in Turing's imitation game" (PDF). Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 29 (2): 287–297. Bibcode:2017JETAI..29..287W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2015.1132273. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 205634569.^{[permanent dead link]}
    Warwick, Kevin; Shah, Huma (4 March 2015). "Human misidentification in Turing tests". Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 27 (2): 123–135. Bibcode:2015JETAI..27..123W. doi:10.1080/0952813X.2014.921734. ISSN 0952-813X. S2CID 45773196.
    Bringsjord, Selmer; Bello, Paul; Ferrucci, David (2001). "Creativity, the Turing Test, and the (Better) Lovelace Test". Minds and Machines. 11 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1023/A:1011206622741. ISSN 0924-6495.
    Schoenick, Carissa; Clark, Peter; Tafjord, Oyvind; Turney, Peter; Etzioni, Oren (23 August 2017). "Moving beyond the Turing Test with the Allen AI Science Challenge". Communications of the ACM. 60 (9): 60–64. doi:10.1145/3122814. ISSN 0001-0782.
    zdnet.com (Global: 1,235^th place; English: 855^th place)
    "Computer chatbot; Eugene Goostman; passes the Turing test | ZDNET". ZDNet. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
    Tung, Liam, Google algorithm busts CAPTCHA with 99.8 percent accuracy, archived from the original on 23 March 2019, retrieved 31 December 2015
    "Can you distinguish people from AI bots? 'Human or not' online game reveals results". ZDNET. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
    
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