Violeta Chamorro (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Violeta Chamorro" in English language version.

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48books.google.com

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abicc.org

"Award for Leadership in Global Trade". Association of Bi-National Chambers of Commerce in Florida. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2007.

academia.edu

Martí i Puig, Salvador; Baumeister, Eduardo (2017). "Agrarian policies in Nicaragua: From revolution to the revival of agro-exports, 1979-2015". Journal of Agrarian Change. 17 (2): 393. Bibcode:2017JAgrC..17..381M. doi:10.1111/joac.12214 – via ACADEMIA.

archive.org

Beckman & D'Amico 1995, pp. 34–36. Beckman, Peter R.; D'Amico, Francine, eds. (1995). Women in world politics: an introduction. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-410-3.
Beckman & D'Amico 1995, p. 37. Beckman, Peter R.; D'Amico, Francine, eds. (1995). Women in world politics: an introduction. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-410-3.
Beckman & D'Amico 1995, pp. 37–39. Beckman, Peter R.; D'Amico, Francine, eds. (1995). Women in world politics: an introduction. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-410-3.
Beckman & D'Amico 1995, pp. 40–41. Beckman, Peter R.; D'Amico, Francine, eds. (1995). Women in world politics: an introduction. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-410-3.

baltimoresun.com

"Feud between a widowed president, Jesse Helms snags U.S. aid to Nicaragua". Baltimore Sun. baltimoresun.com. 4 November 1992. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.

bbc.com

"The women presidents of Latin America". London, England: BBC. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

books.google.com

Profile of Violeta Chamorro
Leiken 2003, pp. 73–74. Leiken, Robert S. (2003). Why Nicaragua vanished : a story of reporters and revolutionaries / Robert S. Leiken. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2342-5.
Chamorro 1996, pp. 38–40. Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de (1996). Dreams of the heart : the autobiography of President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of Nicaragua. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81055-7.
Baldwin 1996, p. 100. Baldwin, Louis (1996). Women of strength: biographies of 106 who have excelled in traditionally male fields, A.D. 61 to the present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0250-2.
Leiken 2003, p. 74. Leiken, Robert S. (2003). Why Nicaragua vanished : a story of reporters and revolutionaries / Robert S. Leiken. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2342-5.
Hamilton & Inouye 1995, p. 27. Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (1995). Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-2602-4.
Baldwin 1996, p. 101. Baldwin, Louis (1996). Women of strength: biographies of 106 who have excelled in traditionally male fields, A.D. 61 to the present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0250-2.
Steinmetz 1994, p. 135. Steinmetz, Sara (1994). Democratic Transition and Human Rights: Perspectives on U.S. Foreign Policy. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1433-0.
Hamilton & Inouye 1995, p. 29. Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (1995). Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-2602-4.
Guillermoprieto 1995, p. 40. Guillermoprieto, Alma (1995). The heart that bleeds: Latin America now. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-75795-5.
Baldwin 1996, pp. 101–102. Baldwin, Louis (1996). Women of strength: biographies of 106 who have excelled in traditionally male fields, A.D. 61 to the present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0250-2.
Leiken 2003, p. 75. Leiken, Robert S. (2003). Why Nicaragua vanished : a story of reporters and revolutionaries / Robert S. Leiken. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2342-5.
Leiken 2003, p. 69. Leiken, Robert S. (2003). Why Nicaragua vanished : a story of reporters and revolutionaries / Robert S. Leiken. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2342-5.
Skard 2014, p. 261. Skard, Torild (2014). Women of power: Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-1637-4.
Moreno 1994, pp. 119–121. Moreno, Dario (1994). The Struggle for Peace in Central America. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1274-2.
Santa-Cruz 2013, p. 113. Santa-Cruz, Arturo (2013). International Election Monitoring, Sovereignty, and the Western Hemisphere: The Emergence of an International Norm. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-48396-8.
Santa-Cruz 2013, p. 93. Santa-Cruz, Arturo (2013). International Election Monitoring, Sovereignty, and the Western Hemisphere: The Emergence of an International Norm. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-48396-8.
Korgen 2007, p. 57. Korgen, Jeffry Odell (2007). Solidarity will transform the World. Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-60833-049-2.
Arnson & Holiday 1991, pp. 1–2. Arnson, Cynthia; Holiday, David (1991). Fitful Peace: Human Rights and Reconciliation in Nicaragua Under the Chamorro Government. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-034-6.
Skidmore & Smith 1997, pp. 344–345. Skidmore, Thomas E.; Smith, Peter H. (1997). Modern Latin America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510017-4.
Walker 1997, p. 49. Walker, Thomas W. (1997). Nicaragua without illusions: regime transition and structural adjustment in the 1990s. SR Books. ISBN 978-0-8420-2578-2.
Anderson & Dodd 2009, p. 210. Anderson, Leslie E.; Dodd, Lawrence C. (2009). Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01974-1.
Anderson & Dodd 2009, p. 212. Anderson, Leslie E.; Dodd, Lawrence C. (2009). Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01974-1.
Keen & Haynes 2012, p. 533. Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith (2012). A History of Latin America. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-84141-6.
Arnson & Holiday 1991, p. 51. Arnson, Cynthia; Holiday, David (1991). Fitful Peace: Human Rights and Reconciliation in Nicaragua Under the Chamorro Government. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-034-6.
Staten 2010, p. 134. Staten, Clifford L. (2010). The History of Nicaragua. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36038-1.
Close 1999, p. 136. Close, David (1999). Nicaragua: The Chamorro Years. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-643-2.
LeoGrande 2000, p. 563. LeoGrande, William M. (2000). Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4857-9.
Coerver & Hall 1999, p. 169. Coerver, Don M.; Hall, Linda Biesele (1999). Tangled Destinies: Latin America and the United States. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2117-6.
Walker 1997, p. 86. Walker, Thomas W. (1997). Nicaragua without illusions: regime transition and structural adjustment in the 1990s. SR Books. ISBN 978-0-8420-2578-2.
Chavez Metoyer 2000, p. 2. Chavez Metoyer, Cynthia (2000). Women and the State in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-751-4.
Vanden & Prevost 2002, p. 116. Vanden, Harry E.; Prevost, Gary (2002). Politics of Latin America: The Power Game. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512317-3.
Taylor 1993, pp. 444–445. Taylor, Lance (1993). The Rocky Road to Reform: Adjustment, Income Distribution, and Growth in the Developing World. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-20093-6.
Chavez Metoyer 2000, p. 5. Chavez Metoyer, Cynthia (2000). Women and the State in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-751-4.
Chavez Metoyer 2000, pp. 90–91. Chavez Metoyer, Cynthia (2000). Women and the State in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-751-4.
Taylor 1993, p. 447. Taylor, Lance (1993). The Rocky Road to Reform: Adjustment, Income Distribution, and Growth in the Developing World. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-20093-6.
Fernandez Jilberto & Mommen 2012, p. 128. Fernandez Jilberto, Alex E.; Mommen, Andre (2012). Liberalization in the Developing World: Institutional and Economic Changes in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-82583-7.
Close 1999, p. 147. Close, David (1999). Nicaragua: The Chamorro Years. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-643-2.
Bothmann 2015, p. 173. Bothmann, Astrid (2015). Transitional Justice in Nicaragua 1990–2012: Drawing a Line Under the Past. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-10503-7.
Staten 2010, p. 132. Staten, Clifford L. (2010). The History of Nicaragua. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36038-1.
Bothmann 2015, p. 174. Bothmann, Astrid (2015). Transitional Justice in Nicaragua 1990–2012: Drawing a Line Under the Past. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-10503-7.
Arnson & Holiday 1991, p. 46. Arnson, Cynthia; Holiday, David (1991). Fitful Peace: Human Rights and Reconciliation in Nicaragua Under the Chamorro Government. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-034-6.
Arnson & Holiday 1991, p. 56. Arnson, Cynthia; Holiday, David (1991). Fitful Peace: Human Rights and Reconciliation in Nicaragua Under the Chamorro Government. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-034-6.
Bothmann 2015, pp. 174–175. Bothmann, Astrid (2015). Transitional Justice in Nicaragua 1990–2012: Drawing a Line Under the Past. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-10503-7.
Skard 2014, p. 264. Skard, Torild (2014). Women of power: Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-1637-4.
Staten 2010, p. 135. Staten, Clifford L. (2010). The History of Nicaragua. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36038-1.
González-Rivera 2011, p. 50. González-Rivera, Victoria (2011). Before the Revolution: Women's Rights and Right-wing Politics in Nicaragua, 1821–1979. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04870-3.
Borland 2006, p. 128. Borland, Katherine (2006). Unmasking Class, Gender, and Sexuality in Nicaraguan Festival. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2511-9.

brown.edu

Chimene-Weiss, Sara; Eppel, Sol; Feigenbaum, Jeremy; Motel, Seth; Pangandoyon, Ingrid (2010). "Nicaragua and Iran Timeline". Brown University. Providence, Rhode Island. Retrieved 30 August 2015.

cartercenter.org

The Carter Center (May 1990). "Observing Nicaragua's Elections, 1989–1990" (PDF). Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

chicagotribune.com

Neikirk, Bill; Coffey, Raymond (2 May 1985). "Reagan Puts Embargo On Nicaragua To 'Mend Their Ways'". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

cidob.org

Ortiz de Zarate, Roberto (15 November 2001). "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro". CIDOB (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. Retrieved 30 August 2015.

collectifs.net

risal.collectifs.net

url=http://risal.collectifs.net/spip.php?article1944

confidencial.com.ni

"El legado de doña Violeta" (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Confidencial. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

csmonitor.com

Dye, David R. (20 June 1995). "A Chamorro Dynasty Dashed In Deal Struck in Nicaragua". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

doi.org

Bischoping, Katherine; Schuman, Howard (May 1992). "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys". American Journal of Political Science. 36 (2): 331–350. doi:10.2307/2111480. JSTOR 2111480. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
Martí i Puig, Salvador; Baumeister, Eduardo (2017). "Agrarian policies in Nicaragua: From revolution to the revival of agro-exports, 1979-2015". Journal of Agrarian Change. 17 (2): 393. Bibcode:2017JAgrC..17..381M. doi:10.1111/joac.12214 – via ACADEMIA.

elnuevodiario.com.ni

"Reconocen legado de Violeta Chamorro". El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua. 25 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

envio.org.ni

"The Electoral Process Gears Up". Revista Envío. 100. Managua, Nicaragua: Central American University. November 1989. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
"After the Poll Wars-Explaining the Upset". Envio. March 1990.
Rocha, José Luis (July 2010). "The Contradictory Legacy of the Sandinista Agrarian Reform". Revista Envío. 348. Managua, Nicaragua: Central American University. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
"US Aid: Not Even a Cheap Lunch". Revista Envío. 124. Managua, Nicaragua: Central American University. November 1991. Retrieved 2 September 2015.

harvard.edu

nieman.harvard.edu

"1986 Louis Lyons Award". Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nieman Foundation. 30 April 1986. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"1986 Louis Lyons Award: Violeta Chamorro". The Nieman Foundation for Journalism. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2007.

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Martí i Puig, Salvador; Baumeister, Eduardo (2017). "Agrarian policies in Nicaragua: From revolution to the revival of agro-exports, 1979-2015". Journal of Agrarian Change. 17 (2): 393. Bibcode:2017JAgrC..17..381M. doi:10.1111/joac.12214 – via ACADEMIA.

highbeam.com

Hockstader, Lee (25 January 1990). "Nicaraguan Opposition: Outsmarted and Outspent". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

hrw.org

"The policy of keeping the contras alive ... also has placed in jeopardy the holding of elections by encouraging contra attacks on the electoral process. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both." As seen at: "Nicaragua" Human Rights Watch, 1990

jstor.org

Bischoping, Katherine; Schuman, Howard (May 1992). "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys". American Journal of Political Science. 36 (2): 331–350. doi:10.2307/2111480. JSTOR 2111480. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

latimes.com

Boudreaux, Richard; Miller, Marjorie (4 March 1990). "Sandinistas Conclude They Lost Touch With Populace". The LA Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Fritz, Sara (17 October 1989). "U.S. Accused of Trying to Buy Election : Nicaragua: The Administration insists that the $9 million it seeks for the opposition party is needed to offset the well-financed Sandinistas". LA Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Boudreaux, Richard (22 April 1990). "Sandinista Foe to Lead Assembly : Nicaragua: Chamorro nominee for president of the legislature is rejected. The vote discloses a deep rift in her ruling coalition". The LA Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
"Sandinista General May Be Chamorro's Army Chief : Nicaragua: The reported choice of Humberto Ortega could provoke a split in her coalition. The move is described as temporary". LA Times. Los Angeles, California. 25 April 1990. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
LeoGrande, William M. (15 July 1990). "Two Strikes, Chamorro Digging In : Nicaragua: An accord halts the violence, but the underlying conflict that produced it—tough medicine for a sick economy—remains unresolved". LA Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

macalester.edu

Pallmeyer, Hannah (18 December 2006). A Surprising Defeat?: Using the Importance of People to Create a Better Understanding of the 1990 Electoral Defeat of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua (PDF) (Thesis). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Macalester College. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

miami.edu

repository.law.miami.edu

Morgan, Martha I. (July 1995). "The Bitter and the Sweet: Feminist Efforts to Reform Nicaraguan Rape and Sodomy Laws". University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 26 (3). Miami, Florida: University of Miami School of Law: 439–488. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

monde-diplomatique.fr

"Echec du modèle néolibéral à Managua". October 1996.

ned.org

"1991 Democracy Award". National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.

news.google.com

"Chamorro declared end to Nicaraguan civil war". The Telegraph. Vol. 121, no. 74. Nashua, New Hampshire. 28 June 1990. p. 32. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

nuso.org

Pallais, María L (March–April 1992). "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. La reinamadre de la nación" (PDF). Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish) (118). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Foro Nueva Sociedad: 89–98. ISSN 0251-3552. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.

nytimes.com

Uhlig, Mark A. (27 February 1990). "Turnover in Nicaragua; Aristocratic Democrat; Violeta Barrios de Chamorro". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Pear, Robert (4 February 1990). "U.S. Aid Just Dribbles In to Nicaragua Opposition, but the Sandinistas Profit". New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Uhlig, Mark A. (28 February 1990). "TURNOVER IN NICARAGUA; Sandinista Leaders, Facing Defeat, Didn't Argue, Carter Says". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
Rohter, Larry (5 June 1995). "President and Legislature Dueling in Nicaragua". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
"New Nicaraguan Constitution". The New York Times. New York, New York. 16 June 1995. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

query.nytimes.com

Uhlig, Mark A. (27 February 1990). "Turnover in Nicaragua; NICARAGUAN OPPOSITION ROUTS SANDINISTAS; U.S. PLEDGES AID, TIED TO ORDERLY TURNOVER". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.

orlandosentinel.com

Wattenberg, Ben (15 February 1990). "Media Piranhas, Where Are You Now?". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"Surgery In U.s. Successful For Nicaraguan President". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. 27 August 1996. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

pinknews.co.uk

Roberts, Joe (16 November 2007). "Nicaragua to decriminalise gay sex". PinkNews. London, England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.

refworld.org

Human Rights Watch (1 January 1992). "Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 – Nicaragua". Refworld. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Refugee Agency. Retrieved 2 September 2015.

researchgate.net

Bischoping, Katherine; Schuman, Howard (May 1992). "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys". American Journal of Political Science. 36 (2): 331–350. doi:10.2307/2111480. JSTOR 2111480. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

rit.edu

"Arthur Sulzberger Jr. to Receive RIT Isaiah Thomas Award in Publishing". Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved 23 October 2007.

stanforddaily.com

archives.stanforddaily.com

"Chamorro requests more U.S. support". 199 (38). Stanford, California: The Stanford Daily. 17 April 1991: 3. Retrieved 2 September 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

sun-sentinel.com

articles.sun-sentinel.com

Collier, Robert (28 January 1990). "U.S. Flubs Chamorro Election Aid". Sun-Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

thedialogue.org

"Inter-American Dialogue | Experts". www.thedialogue.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

thepathtopeacefoundation.org

"1997 – Her Excellency Mrs. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro". Rome, Italy: Path to Peace Foundation. 1997. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

unhchr.ch

Committee on the Rights of the Child (21 October 1994). "Country analysis: Nicaragua: Nicaragua. 10/17/1994". Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

upi.com

Molinski, Michael (9 June 1990). "Chamorro declares end to war". Washington, DC. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

washingtonpost.com

Oberdorfer, Don (10 November 1989). "Chamorro Upbeat About Chances in Nicaragua Vote". Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Kete, Phillip R. (6 August 1990). "Nicaraguan Strike Concessions Did Not Hurt Chamorro". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

web.archive.org

Pallais, María L (March–April 1992). "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. La reinamadre de la nación" (PDF). Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish) (118). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Foro Nueva Sociedad: 89–98. ISSN 0251-3552. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Collier, Robert (28 January 1990). "U.S. Flubs Chamorro Election Aid". Sun-Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Hockstader, Lee (25 January 1990). "Nicaraguan Opposition: Outsmarted and Outspent". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"Reconocen legado de Violeta Chamorro". El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua. 25 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins", The Washington Post, 9 November 1989
"U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report" The Toronto Star, 27 October 1989
"LatAm's First Elected Female President Nicaragua's Violeta Chamorro Took Office in 1990". Chicago, Illinois: Hispanically Speaking News. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Feud between a widowed president, Jesse Helms snags U.S. aid to Nicaragua". Baltimore Sun. baltimoresun.com. 4 November 1992. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Roberts, Joe (16 November 2007). "Nicaragua to decriminalise gay sex". PinkNews. London, England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
"Inter-American Dialogue | Experts". www.thedialogue.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
"1986 Louis Lyons Award: Violeta Chamorro". The Nieman Foundation for Journalism. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
"1991 Democracy Award". National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.

worldbank.org

data.worldbank.org

"GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) – Nicaragua"

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Pallais, María L (March–April 1992). "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. La reinamadre de la nación" (PDF). Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish) (118). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Foro Nueva Sociedad: 89–98. ISSN 0251-3552. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.