Water clock (English Wikipedia)

Kak, Subhash (2003-02-17). "Babylonian and Indian Astronomy: Early Connections". In Pande, G. C. (ed.). History of Science, Philosophy & Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. 1 Part 4. pp. 847–869. arXiv:physics/0301078. Bibcode:2003physics...1078K.

books.google.com

Koetsier, Teun; ceccarelli, marco (5 April 2012). Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 90. ISBN 9789400741324. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Koetsier, Teun; ceccarelli, marco (5 April 2012). Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 95. ISBN 9789400741324. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Ceccarelli, Marco (21 May 2014). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies. Springer. p. 111. ISBN 9789401789479. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Pisano, Raffaele (30 June 2015). A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks: Sciences, Society and Technology Studies. Springer. p. 364. ISBN 9789401796453. Retrieved 27 March 2017.

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Mercury at the Encyclopædia Britannica

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Mills, A. A. (August 1982). "Newton's Water Clocks and the Fluid Mechanics of Clepsydrae". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 37 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1982.0004. JSTOR 531476. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
Neugebauer 1947. Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)
Neugebauer 1947, pp. 39–40 Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)
Landels, John G. (1979). "Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity". Endeavour. 3 (1): 33. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(79)90007-3.
Noble, Joseph V.; de Solla Price, Derek (October 1968). "The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds". American Journal of Archaeology. 72 (4): 345–355. doi:10.2307/503828. JSTOR 503828. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
Xu, Z. (2021). "The Spread of Traditional Chinese Mathematics in the Sinosphere and Its Influence" (PDF). The High Tide of Science and Technology Development in China: History of Science and Technology in China. Vol. 3. pp. 413–426. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7847-2_11. ISBN 978-981-15-7846-5.

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"two falcon automata dropping balls into vases – Google Search". www.google.com.my.

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Kak, Subhash (2003-02-17). "Babylonian and Indian Astronomy: Early Connections". In Pande, G. C. (ed.). History of Science, Philosophy & Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. 1 Part 4. pp. 847–869. arXiv:physics/0301078. Bibcode:2003physics...1078K.
Rao, N. Kameswara (December 2005). "Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 33 (4): 499–511. Bibcode:2005BASI...33..499R. Retrieved 2007-05-11. It appears that two artifacts from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa might correspond to these two instruments. Joshi and Parpola (1987) lists a few pots tapered at the bottom and having a hole on the side from the excavations at Mohenjadaro (Figure 3). A pot with a small hole to drain the water is very similar to clepsydras described by Ohashi to measure the time (similar to the utensil used over the lingum in Shiva temple for abhishekam).

history-science-technology.com

Hassan, Ahmad Y, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam

jstor.org

Mills, A. A. (August 1982). "Newton's Water Clocks and the Fluid Mechanics of Clepsydrae". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 37 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1982.0004. JSTOR 531476. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
Noble, Joseph V.; de Solla Price, Derek (October 1968). "The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds". American Journal of Archaeology. 72 (4): 345–355. doi:10.2307/503828. JSTOR 503828. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

kscpp.net

Fifty Wonders of Korea - Vol. 2. KSCPP. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 27 March 2017.

laurasianacademy.com

ejvs.laurasianacademy.com

Achar, N. Narahari (December 1998). "On the meaning of AV XIX. 53.3: Measurement of Time?". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2007-05-11.

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japan.mfa.gov.ir

"Qanat is cultural and social and scientific heritage in Iran".

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Goodenow, Orr & Ross (2007), p. 7 Goodenow, Jennifer; Orr, Richard; Ross, David (2007), Mathematical Models of Water Clocks (PDF), Rochester Institute of Technology
Goodenow, Orr & Ross (2007), p. 6 Goodenow, Jennifer; Orr, Richard; Ross, David (2007), Mathematical Models of Water Clocks (PDF), Rochester Institute of Technology

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Neugebauer 1947. Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)
Neugebauer 1947, pp. 39–40 Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)

parssea.org

"Water clock or Pengan in Iran, National conference 2004 Gonabad". parssea.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Neugebauer 1947. Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)
Neugebauer 1947, pp. 39–40 Neugebauer, Otto (1947). "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy". Isis. 37 (1/2): 37–43. doi:10.1086/347965. PMID 20247883. S2CID 120229480. (Reprinted in Neugebauer, Otto (1983). Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. pp. 239–245.)

springer.com

link.springer.com

Xu, Z. (2021). "The Spread of Traditional Chinese Mathematics in the Sinosphere and Its Influence" (PDF). The High Tide of Science and Technology Development in China: History of Science and Technology in China. Vol. 3. pp. 413–426. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7847-2_11. ISBN 978-981-15-7846-5.

swipnet.se

home.swipnet.se

Routledge Hill, Donald, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering Archived 2007-12-25 at the Wayback Machine)

tifr.res.in

ncra.tifr.res.in

Rao, N. Kameswara (December 2005). "Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 33 (4): 499–511. Bibcode:2005BASI...33..499R. Retrieved 2007-05-11. It appears that two artifacts from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa might correspond to these two instruments. Joshi and Parpola (1987) lists a few pots tapered at the bottom and having a hole on the side from the excavations at Mohenjadaro (Figure 3). A pot with a small hole to drain the water is very similar to clepsydras described by Ohashi to measure the time (similar to the utensil used over the lingum in Shiva temple for abhishekam).

ut.ac.ir

jihs.ut.ac.ir

Rahimi, G.H. "Water Sharing Management in Ancient Iran, with Special Reference to Pangān (cup) in Iran" (PDF). Tehran university science magazine.

vista.ir

vista.ir. "Qanat iscultural and social and scientific heritage in Iran".

web.archive.org

Achar, N. Narahari (December 1998). "On the meaning of AV XIX. 53.3: Measurement of Time?". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
"Water clock or Pengan in Iran, National conference 2004 Gonabad". parssea.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10.
"water clock in persia". amordadnews.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-29.
"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots". History Channel. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
Routledge Hill, Donald, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering Archived 2007-12-25 at the Wayback Machine)
Fifty Wonders of Korea - Vol. 2. KSCPP. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 27 March 2017.

wikimedia.org

commons.wikimedia.org

Ellywa (1 August 2007). "Clepsydra in the Drum Tower, Beijing, China" – via Wikimedia Commons.

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Turner 1984, p. 1 Turner, Anthony J. (1984). The Time Museum. Vol. I: Time Measuring Instruments, Part 3: Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks. Rockford, IL: The Museum. ISBN 0-912947-01-2. OCLC 159866762.
Cotterell & Kamminga 1990, pp. 59–61. Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42871-8. OCLC 18520966.
Cotterell & Kamminga 1990 Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42871-8. OCLC 18520966.
Needham 2000, p. 479 Needham, Joseph (2000). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. OCLC 153247141.
Needham 1995, pp. 321–322 Needham, Joseph (1995). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05801-5. OCLC 153247126.
Needham 2000, pp. 30, 532 Needham, Joseph (2000). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. OCLC 153247141.
Needham 2000, pp. 471, 490, 532 Needham, Joseph (2000). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. OCLC 153247141.
Needham 2000, p. 462 Needham, Joseph (2000). Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. OCLC 153247141.
al-Hassan & Hill 1986, pp. 57–59 al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Hill, Donald R. (1986). Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26333-6. OCLC 13332728.

youtube.com

"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots". History Channel. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved 2008-09-06.