Cherkaoui, Mohamed (2020). Essay on islamization : changes in religious practice in Muslim societies. ISBN978-90-04-41503-4. OCLC1121429138. Consultado el 23 de marzo de 2023. «[...] individuals, Muslims and non-Muslims, Greeks, Arabs, Berbers, Africans and Amerindians, have lived according to the principles of a type of direct democracy in their societies. [...] In the West, since the great revolutions, from the English in the 17th century, the American and French of the end of the 18th century, elites and then all the people have gradually experimented with a liberal democracy whose principles are indisputably different from those of tribal democracy.»
