(en) Annalisa Berta et Morgan Churchill, « Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description », Mammal Review, vol. 42, no 3, , p. 207–234 (ISSN1365-2907, DOI10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x, lire en ligne, consulté le )
(en) Annalisa Berta et Morgan Churchill, « Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description », Mammal Review, vol. 42, no 3, , p. 207–234 (ISSN1365-2907, DOI10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x, lire en ligne, consulté le )
Robin L. Westlake et Gregory M. O'Corry-Crowe, « Macrogeographic Structure and Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) from Alaska to Japan », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 83, no 4, , p. 1111–1126 (ISSN0022-2372, lire en ligne, consulté le )
Thompson, D. & Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2008. Phoca vitulina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Consulté le 20 août 2015.
jstor.org
Robin L. Westlake et Gregory M. O'Corry-Crowe, « Macrogeographic Structure and Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) from Alaska to Japan », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 83, no 4, , p. 1111–1126 (ISSN0022-2372, lire en ligne, consulté le )
(en) Annalisa Berta et Morgan Churchill, « Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description », Mammal Review, vol. 42, no 3, , p. 207–234 (ISSN1365-2907, DOI10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x, lire en ligne, consulté le )