(the University of Michigan)John Merton Patrick. Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Utah State University Press, 13. o. (1961). ISBN 9780874210262 „(along, it seems, with explosive charges of gunpowder) on the massed Hungarians trapped within their defensive ring of wagons. King Béla escaped, though 70,000 Hungarians died in the massacre that resulted—a slaughter that extended over several days of the retreat from Mohi.”
James Riddick Partington. A history of Greek fire and gunpowder, reprint, illustrated, JHU Press, 250. o. (1960). ISBN 0-8018-5954-9 „After defeating the Kipchak Turks (Cumans), Bulgars and Russians, the Mongol army under Subutai took Cracow and Breslau, and on 9 April 1241, defeated a German army under Duke Henry of Silesia at Liegnitz. The Mongols under Batu defeated the Hungarians under King Bela IV at Mohi on the Sajo on 11th April, 1241. ... it has priority over the use of gunpowder, which the Mongols used two days later in the battle beside the Sajo. ...”
(the University of Michigan)John Merton Patrick. Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Utah State University Press, 13. o. (1961). ISBN 9780874210262 „superior mobility and combination of shock and missile tactics again won the day. As the battle developed, the Mongols broke up western cavalry charges, and placed a heavy fire of flaming arrows and naphtha fire-bombs”
(the University of Michigan)John Merton Patrick. Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Utah State University Press, 13. o. (1961). ISBN 9780874210262 „33 D'Ohsson's European account of these events credits the Mongols with using catapults and ballistae only in the battle of Mohi, but several Chinese sources speak of p'ao and "fire-catapults" as present. The Meng Wu Er Shih Chi states, for instance, that the Mongols attacked with the p'ao for five days before taking the city of Strigonie, to which many Hungarians had fled: "On the sixth day the city was taken. The powerful soldiers threw the Huo Kuan Vets (fire-pot) and rushed into the city, crying and shouting.34 Whether or not Batu actually used explosive powder on the Sayo, only twelve years later Mangu was requesting "naphtha-shooters" in large numbers for his invasion of Persia, according to Yule”
A NASA honlapján elolvasható tanulmányArchiválva2006. augusztus 5-i dátummal a Wayback Machine-ben pontos angol szövege a következő: „The rocket seems to have arrived in Europe around 1241 A.D. Contemporary accounts describe rocket-like weapons being used by the Mongols against Magyar forces at the battle of Sejo which preceded their capture of Buda (now known as Budapest) Dec. 25, 1241. Accounts also describe Mongol's use of a noxious smoke screen -- possibly the first instance of chemical warfare.” Magyarul: „Úgy néz ki, hogy a rakéta 1241-ben jutott el Európába. A korabeli beszámolókban rakétaszerű fegyverekről olvashatunk, amelyeket a mongolok használtak a magyar erők ellen a Sajó melletti csatában, amely megelőzte Buda (ma Budapest) bevételét 1241. december 25-én. A beszámolók arról is írnak, hogy a mongolok mérgező füstfüggönyt is bevetettek, ez volt valószínűleg az első példa vegyi hadviselésre.” (A mondat második fele téves, mert i.e. V. században, a peloponnészoszi háború idején a spártaiak fa, szurok és kén keverékét égették Athén falai alatt, így próbálva harcképtelenné tenni a védőket.)
A NASA honlapján elolvasható tanulmányArchiválva2006. augusztus 5-i dátummal a Wayback Machine-ben pontos angol szövege a következő: „The rocket seems to have arrived in Europe around 1241 A.D. Contemporary accounts describe rocket-like weapons being used by the Mongols against Magyar forces at the battle of Sejo which preceded their capture of Buda (now known as Budapest) Dec. 25, 1241. Accounts also describe Mongol's use of a noxious smoke screen -- possibly the first instance of chemical warfare.” Magyarul: „Úgy néz ki, hogy a rakéta 1241-ben jutott el Európába. A korabeli beszámolókban rakétaszerű fegyverekről olvashatunk, amelyeket a mongolok használtak a magyar erők ellen a Sajó melletti csatában, amely megelőzte Buda (ma Budapest) bevételét 1241. december 25-én. A beszámolók arról is írnak, hogy a mongolok mérgező füstfüggönyt is bevetettek, ez volt valószínűleg az első példa vegyi hadviselésre.” (A mondat második fele téves, mert i.e. V. században, a peloponnészoszi háború idején a spártaiak fa, szurok és kén keverékét égették Athén falai alatt, így próbálva harcképtelenné tenni a védőket.)
