Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich (Gőttingen: Verlages Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht 1973), translated as The German Empire 1871–1918 (Providence: Berg 1985).
Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Der autoritäre Nationalstaat (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch 1990), translated as Imperial Germany 1867–1918. Politics, culture, and society in an Authoritarian State (London: Arnold 1995).
Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War. Explaining World War I (Harmondsworth: Allen Lane 1998; reprint 1999, Basic Books, New York).