Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook (på engelsk). Kensington Publishing Corporation. s. 19. ISBN978-0806522272. «Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows' Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.»
«BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Arkivert frå originalen 3. november 2011. Henta 1. november 2011. «It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church.... All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain ...»
Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. ISBN978-0877790440. Henta 31. oktober 2011. «Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.»
Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN978-0582301436. Henta 14 December 2015. «Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.»
Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women's History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. s. 66. ISBN978-0252029318. Henta 14 December 2015. «The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.»
Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195168969. Henta 31. oktober 2011. «Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.»
Austrian information. 1965. Henta 31. oktober 2011. «The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.»
Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. s. 12. Arkivert frå originalen 23 April 2016. «Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society...both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows' Eve.»
Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1. august 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. s. 12. ISBN978-1565543461. Arkivert frå originalen 31. oktober 2017. Henta 1. november 2012. «Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.»
«Vigil of All Saints». Catholic News Agency. 31. oktober 2012. Arkivert frå originalen 24 May 2013. Henta 1 November 2011. «The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.»
collinsdictionary.com
«Definition of "guising"». Collins English Dictionary. «(in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people's houses, esp at Halloween»
Moser, Stefan (29. oktober 2010). «Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten» (på tysk). Salzburger Nachrichten. Arkivert frå originalen 17 March 2014. Henta 11 August 2017. «Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.»
Suarez, Essdras (29. oktober 2007). «Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween». USA Today. Henta 7. november 2015. «While some Christians aren't certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. ...Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.»
ussu.co.uk
Hughes, Rebekkah (29. oktober 2014). «Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!»(PDF). The Stag (University of Surrey). s. 1. Arkivert frå originalen(PDF) 19. november 2015. Henta 31. oktober 2015. «Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.»
Beth Allison Barr (28. oktober 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan - The Washington Post». The Washington Post. Henta 31. oktober 2018. «It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints' and All Souls' that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of "Hallowtide" fit well with our modern holiday.»
wdr.de
Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (på tysk). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Arkivert frå originalen 14 June 2011. Henta 12. november 2015. «Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.»
Hughes, Rebekkah (29. oktober 2014). «Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!»(PDF). The Stag (University of Surrey). s. 1. Arkivert frå originalen(PDF) 19. november 2015. Henta 31. oktober 2015. «Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.»
Moser, Stefan (29. oktober 2010). «Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten» (på tysk). Salzburger Nachrichten. Arkivert frå originalen 17 March 2014. Henta 11 August 2017. «Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.»
Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (på tysk). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Arkivert frå originalen 14 June 2011. Henta 12. november 2015. «Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.»
«Halloween». Encyclopædia Britannica. Arkivert frå originalen 30. oktober 2012. Henta 25. oktober 2012.
Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. s. 12. Arkivert frå originalen 23 April 2016. «Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society...both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows' Eve.»
«Vigil of All Saints». Catholic News Agency. 31. oktober 2012. Arkivert frå originalen 24 May 2013. Henta 1 November 2011. «The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.»
Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1. august 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. s. 12. ISBN978-1565543461. Arkivert frå originalen 31. oktober 2017. Henta 1. november 2012. «Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.»
«BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Arkivert frå originalen 3. november 2011. Henta 1. november 2011. «It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church.... All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain ...»
Hollister, Helen (1917). «Halloween Frolics». Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. s. 98. Arkivert frå originalen 8. desember 2015.
Hollister, Helen (1917). «Halloween Frolics». Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. s. 98. Arkivert frå originalen 8. desember 2015.