Liepert, Beate G.; Previdi, Michael (2009). «Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming?». Journal of Climate. 22 (11): 3156–3166. Bibcode:2009JCli...22.3156L. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2472.1. «Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean precipitation of 1.1%–1.4% decade−1. This trend corresponds to a hydrological sensitivity (HS) of 7% K−1 of global warming, which is close to the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate expected from the increase in saturation water vapor pressure with temperature. Analysis of two available global ocean evaporation datasets confirms this observed intensification of the atmospheric water cycle. The observed hydrological sensitivity over the past 20-yr period is higher by a factor of 5 than the average HS of 1.4% K−1 simulated in state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.»
Pew Center on Global Climate Change / Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (september 2006). «Science Brief 1: The Causes of Global Climate Change»(PDF). Arlington, Virginia, USA: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 25. oktober 2012.«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 25. oktober 2012. Besøkt 4. februar 2017., p.2
Hartmann, D. L.; Klein Tank, A. M. G.; Rusticucci, M. (2013). «IPCC WGI AR5, kapittel Observations: Atmosphere and Surface»(PDF): 198. «Evidence for a warming world comes from multiple independent climate indicators, from high up in the atmosphere to the depths of the oceans. They include changes in surface, atmospheric and oceanic temperatures; glaciers; snow cover; sea ice; sea level and atmospheric water vapour. Scientists from all over the world have independently verified this evidence many times.»
Rhein, M.; Rintoul, S.R. (2013). «IPCC WGI AR5 Kapittel 3: Observations: Ocean»(PDF): 257. «Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total. Melting ice (including Arctic sea ice, ice sheets and glaciers) and warming of the continents and atmosphere account for the remainder of the change in energy.»
IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policymakers, Observed Changes in the Climate System, p. 2, in IPCC AR5 WG1 2013. «Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.»
England, Matthew (februar 2014). «Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus». Nature Climate Change. 4: 222–227. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..222E. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106.
Wuebbles, Donald J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, B. DeAngelo, S. Doherty, K. Hayhoe, R. Horton, J.P. Kossin,P.C. Taylor, A.M. Waple, and C.P. Weaver (2017). Wuebbles, Donald J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, og T.K. Maycock, red. Executive summary i Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I(engelsk). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program. s. 14. doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
Spahni, Renato; Jérôme Chappellaz; Thomas F. Stocker; Laetitia Loulergue; Gregor Hausammann; Kenji Kawamura; Jacqueline Flückiger; Jakob Schwander; Dominique Raynaud; Valérie Masson-Delmotte; Jean Jouzel (November 2005). «Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores». Science. 310 (5752): 1317–1321. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1317S. PMID16311333. doi:10.1126/science.1120132.
Lüthi, D.; Le Floch, M.; Bereiter, B.; Blunier, T.; Barnola, J. M.; Siegenthaler, U.; Raynaud, D.; Jouzel, J.; Fischer, H.; Kawamura, K.; Stocker, T. F. (2008). «High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present». Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. PMID18480821. doi:10.1038/nature06949.
Pearson, PN; Palmer, MR (2000). «Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years». Nature. 406 (6797): 695–699. PMID10963587. doi:10.1038/35021000.
Le Quéré, C.;; Andres, R.J.; Boden, T.; Conway, T.; Houghton, R.A.; House, J.I.; Marland, G.; Peters, G.P.; van der Werf, G.; Ahlström, A.; Andrew, R.M.; Bopp, L.; Canadell, J.G.; Ciais, P.; Doney, S.C.; Enright, C.; Friedlingstein, P.; Huntingford, C.; Jain, A.K. (2. desember 2012). «The global carbon budget 1959–2011». Earth System Science Data Discussions. 5 (2): 1107–1157. Bibcode:2012ESSDD...5.1107L. doi:10.5194/essdd-5-1107-2012.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). «Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon». Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156.
Randel, William J.; Shine, Keith P.; Austin, John; m.fl. (2009). «An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends». Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11402107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD010421.
Kaufman, D. S.; Schneider, D. P.; McKay, N. P.; Ammann, C. M.; Bradley, R. S.; Briffa, K. R.; Miller, G. H.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Overpeck, J. T.; Vinther, B. M.; Abbott, M.; Axford, M.; Bird, Y.; Birks, B.; Bjune, H. J. B.; Briner, A. E.; Cook, J.; Chipman, T.; Francus, M.; Gajewski, P.; Geirsdottir, K.; Hu, A.; Kutchko, F. S.; Lamoureux, B.; Loso, S.; MacDonald, M.; Peros, G.; Porinchu, M.; Schiff, D.; Seppa, C. (2009). «Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling». Science. 325 (5945): 1236–1239. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1236K. PMID19729653. doi:10.1126/science.1173983.
KEVIN SCHAEFER; TINGJUN ZHANG; LORI BRUHWILER; ANDREW P. BARRETT (2011). «Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming». Tellus Series B. 63 (2): 165–180. Bibcode:2011TellB..63..165S. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x.
Liepert, Beate G.; Previdi, Michael (2009). «Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming?». Journal of Climate. 22 (11): 3156–3166. Bibcode:2009JCli...22.3156L. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2472.1. «Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean precipitation of 1.1%–1.4% decade−1. This trend corresponds to a hydrological sensitivity (HS) of 7% K−1 of global warming, which is close to the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate expected from the increase in saturation water vapor pressure with temperature. Analysis of two available global ocean evaporation datasets confirms this observed intensification of the atmospheric water cycle. The observed hydrological sensitivity over the past 20-yr period is higher by a factor of 5 than the average HS of 1.4% K−1 simulated in state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.»
Rahmstorf, S.; Cazenave, A.; Church, J. A.; Hansen, J. E.; Keeling, R. F.; Parker, D. E.; Somerville, R. C. J. (4. mai 2007). «Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections». Science. 316 (5825): 709–709. Bibcode:2007Sci...316..709R. PMID17272686. doi:10.1126/science.1136843.
E. M. Fischer; R. Knutti (27. april 2015). «Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy-precipitation and high-temperature extremes»(online). Nature Climate Change. 5: 560–564. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..560F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2617. Besøkt 27. april 2015. «We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. … Likewise, today about 75% of the moderate daily hot extremes over land are attributable to warming.»
Peter, U.; m.fl. «Clark et al. 2016 Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change». Nature Climate Change. 6: 360–369. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2923.CS1-vedlikehold: Eksplisitt bruk av m.fl. (link)
Boykoff, M.; Boykoff, J. (juli 2004). «Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press». Global Environmental Change Part A. 14 (2): 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001.
Tranter, Bruce; Booth, Kate (juli 2015). «Scepticism in a Changing Climate: A Cross-national Study». Global Environmental Change. 33: 54–164. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.05.003.
«Arkivert kopi». EPA (US). Arkivert fra originalen 6. desember 2011. Besøkt 4. februar 2017.The U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have each independently concluded that warming of the climate system in recent decades is 'unequivocal'. This conclusion is not drawn from any one source of data but is based on multiple lines of evidence, including three worldwide temperature datasets showing nearly identical warming trends as well as numerous other independent indicators of global warming (e.g., rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
US Environmental Protection Agency (2009). Volume 3: Attribution of Observed Climate Change. Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's Response to Public Comments. US Environmental Protection Agency. Arkivert fra originalen 16. juni 2011. Besøkt 23. juni 2011.
Ray, Julie (22. april 2011). «Worldwide, Blame for Climate Change Falls on Humans». Gallup.Com. Besøkt 3. mai 2011. «People nearly everywhere, including majorities in developed Asia and Latin America, are more likely to attribute global warming to human activities rather than natural causes. The U.S. is the exception, with nearly half (47%) – and the largest percentage in the world – attributing global warming to natural causes.»
Wuebbles, Donald J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, B. DeAngelo, S. Doherty, K. Hayhoe, R. Horton, J.P. Kossin,P.C. Taylor, A.M. Waple, and C.P. Weaver (2017). Wuebbles, Donald J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, og T.K. Maycock, red. Executive summary i Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I(engelsk). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program. s. 14. doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
England, Matthew (februar 2014). «Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus». Nature Climate Change. 4: 222–227. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..222E. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106.
Spahni, Renato; Jérôme Chappellaz; Thomas F. Stocker; Laetitia Loulergue; Gregor Hausammann; Kenji Kawamura; Jacqueline Flückiger; Jakob Schwander; Dominique Raynaud; Valérie Masson-Delmotte; Jean Jouzel (November 2005). «Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores». Science. 310 (5752): 1317–1321. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1317S. PMID16311333. doi:10.1126/science.1120132.
Lüthi, D.; Le Floch, M.; Bereiter, B.; Blunier, T.; Barnola, J. M.; Siegenthaler, U.; Raynaud, D.; Jouzel, J.; Fischer, H.; Kawamura, K.; Stocker, T. F. (2008). «High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present». Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. PMID18480821. doi:10.1038/nature06949.
Le Quéré, C.;; Andres, R.J.; Boden, T.; Conway, T.; Houghton, R.A.; House, J.I.; Marland, G.; Peters, G.P.; van der Werf, G.; Ahlström, A.; Andrew, R.M.; Bopp, L.; Canadell, J.G.; Ciais, P.; Doney, S.C.; Enright, C.; Friedlingstein, P.; Huntingford, C.; Jain, A.K. (2. desember 2012). «The global carbon budget 1959–2011». Earth System Science Data Discussions. 5 (2): 1107–1157. Bibcode:2012ESSDD...5.1107L. doi:10.5194/essdd-5-1107-2012.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. (2008). «Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon». Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 221–227. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..221R. doi:10.1038/ngeo156.
Randel, William J.; Shine, Keith P.; Austin, John; m.fl. (2009). «An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends». Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11402107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD010421.
Kaufman, D. S.; Schneider, D. P.; McKay, N. P.; Ammann, C. M.; Bradley, R. S.; Briffa, K. R.; Miller, G. H.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Overpeck, J. T.; Vinther, B. M.; Abbott, M.; Axford, M.; Bird, Y.; Birks, B.; Bjune, H. J. B.; Briner, A. E.; Cook, J.; Chipman, T.; Francus, M.; Gajewski, P.; Geirsdottir, K.; Hu, A.; Kutchko, F. S.; Lamoureux, B.; Loso, S.; MacDonald, M.; Peros, G.; Porinchu, M.; Schiff, D.; Seppa, C. (2009). «Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling». Science. 325 (5945): 1236–1239. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1236K. PMID19729653. doi:10.1126/science.1173983.
KEVIN SCHAEFER; TINGJUN ZHANG; LORI BRUHWILER; ANDREW P. BARRETT (2011). «Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming». Tellus Series B. 63 (2): 165–180. Bibcode:2011TellB..63..165S. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x.
Liepert, Beate G.; Previdi, Michael (2009). «Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming?». Journal of Climate. 22 (11): 3156–3166. Bibcode:2009JCli...22.3156L. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2472.1. «Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean precipitation of 1.1%–1.4% decade−1. This trend corresponds to a hydrological sensitivity (HS) of 7% K−1 of global warming, which is close to the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate expected from the increase in saturation water vapor pressure with temperature. Analysis of two available global ocean evaporation datasets confirms this observed intensification of the atmospheric water cycle. The observed hydrological sensitivity over the past 20-yr period is higher by a factor of 5 than the average HS of 1.4% K−1 simulated in state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.»
Rahmstorf, S.; Cazenave, A.; Church, J. A.; Hansen, J. E.; Keeling, R. F.; Parker, D. E.; Somerville, R. C. J. (4. mai 2007). «Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections». Science. 316 (5825): 709–709. Bibcode:2007Sci...316..709R. PMID17272686. doi:10.1126/science.1136843.
E. M. Fischer; R. Knutti (27. april 2015). «Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy-precipitation and high-temperature extremes»(online). Nature Climate Change. 5: 560–564. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..560F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2617. Besøkt 27. april 2015. «We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. … Likewise, today about 75% of the moderate daily hot extremes over land are attributable to warming.»
«CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers»(PDF). IPCC. Besøkt 1. november 2015. «Følgende betegnelser har blitt brukt til å indikere den vurderte sannsynligheten for et utfall eller resultat: så godt som sikkert 99-100 % sannsynlighet, meget sannsynlig 90-100 %, sannsynligvis 66-100 %, omtrent like sannsynlig som ikke 33-66 %, usannsynlig 0-33 %, svært usannsynlig 0-10 %, eksepsjonelt usannsynlig 0-1 %. Ytterligere vilkår (ekstremt sannsynlig: 95-100 %, mer sannsynlig enn ikke> 50-100%, mer usannsynlig enn sannsynlig 0- <50 % og ekstremt usannsynlige 0-5 %) kan også brukes når det er hensiktsmessig.»
Le Treut; m.fl. «Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science». FAQ 1.1., p. 97Arkivert 26. november 2018 hos Wayback Machine., in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007:"To emit 240 W m–2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around -19 °C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). Instead, the necessary -19 °C is found at an altitude about 5 km above the surface." IPCC AR4 WG1 (2007). Solomon, S., red. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-88009-1.
Banuri et al., Chapter 3: Equity and Social Considerations, Section 3.3.3: Patterns of greenhouse gas emissions, and Box 3.1, pp. 92–93Arkivert 11. oktober 2017 hos Wayback Machine. in IPCC SAR WG3 1996. IPCC SAR WG3 (1996). Bruce, J.P., red. Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the IPCC Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-56051-9.Full rapportArkivert 11. oktober 2017 hos Wayback Machine. (PDF-fil).
Mimura, N.; m.fl. (2007). Chapter 16: Small Islands. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN0521880106. Arkivert fra originalen 14. oktober 2011. Besøkt 15. september 2011.
Quoted in IPCC SAR SYR 1996, «Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change», paragraph 4.1, p. 8 (pdf p. 18.) IPCC SAR SYR (1996). «Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change». IPCC Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC.pdfArkivert 13. september 2018 hos Wayback Machine.. The «Full Report», consisting of «The IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change» and the Summaries for Policymakers of the three Working Groups.
IPCC. «Detection and Attribution of Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers». ««It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century» (page 15) and «In this Summary for Policymakers, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: (...) extremely likely: 95–100%» (page 2).», in IPCC AR5 WG1 2013.
Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap, «Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement's Counter-Claims», Social Problems, November 2000, Vol. 47 Issue 4, pp 499–522 in JSTOR
«FNs klimapanel konkluderer: Klimatilpasning og raske utslippskutt er nødvendig»Arkivert 20. oktober 2016 hos Wayback Machine., faktaark fra Miljødirektoratet om FNs klimapanels femte hovedrapport, foreløpig versjon november 2014 (M254/2014).
«Kunnskapsgrunnlaget om klima har blitt vesentlig forbedret siden klimapanelets fjerde hovedrapport (2007). Vi vet blant annet mer om endringer av temperatur, havforsuring, smelting av is, nedbørsmønstre og naturlige variasjoner og kan bedre forutsi hvordan klimaet vil endre seg i framtiden. Vi vet også mer om virkninger på mennesker og natur. Forskning på tiltak har beveget seg fra et teknologifokus til blant annet også å inkludere kunnskap om økosystemtjenester, institusjonelle og sosiale hensyn. I tillegg legges det større vekt på risikohåndtering og vurdering av avveininger (trade-offs) og barrierer.»
«FNs klimapanel konkluderer: Klimatilpasning og raske utslippskutt er nødvendig»Arkivert 20. oktober 2016 hos Wayback Machine., faktaark fra Miljødirektoratet om FNs klimapanels femte hovedrapport, foreløpig versjon november 2014 (M254/2014). «Panelet sier at det er ekstremt sannsynlig at menneskeskapte utslipp har vært den dominerende årsaken til den observerte økningen i global gjennomsnittstemperatur siden midten av 1900-tallet.»
Den felles uttalelsen fra 2001 ble undertegnet av de nasjonale vitenskapsakademier i Australia, Belgia, Brasil, Canada, Karibia, Folkerepublikken Kina, Frankrike, Tyskland, India, Indonesia, Irland, Italia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Sverige og Storbritannia.[191] Uttalelsen fra 2005 tok med Japan, Russland og USA. Uttalelsen fra 2007 inkluderte Mexico og Sør-Afrika. Videre har Network of African Science Academies og the Polish Academy of Sciences gitt ut egne uttalelser. Blant profesjonelle vitenskapsselskaper som har uttalt seg er: American Astronomical Society, American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Institute of Physics, American Meteorological Society, American Physical Society, American Quaternary Association, Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, European Geosciences Union, European Science Foundation, Geological Society of America, Geological Society of Australia, Geological Society of London-Stratigraphy Commission, InterAcademy Council, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, International Union for Quaternary Research, National Association of Geoscience Teachers, United States National Research Council, Royal Meteorological Society og World Meteorological Organization.
nap.edu
nap.edu
America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN0-309-14588-0. Arkivert fra originalen 29. mai 2014. «(p1) ... det er en sterk, troverdig mengde bevis, basert på flere linjer med forskning som dokumenterer at klimaet er i endring, og at disse endringene er i stor grad forårsaket av menneskelig aktivitet. Selv om mye gjenstår å forstå, har kjernen i fenomen, vitenskapelige spørsmål, og hypoteser blitt undersøkt grundig, og har stått fast i møte med alvorlig vitenskapelig debatt og nøye vurdering av alternative forklaringer. * * * (p21-22) Noen vitenskapelige konklusjoner eller teorier har blitt så grundig undersøkt og testet, og støttes av så mange uavhengige observasjoner og resultater, at deres sannsynlighet for senere å bli funnet å være feil er forsvinnende liten. Slike konklusjoner og teorier er da regnet som etablerte fakta. Dette er tilfellet for de konklusjoner som jordsystemet er under oppvarming og at mye av denne oppvarmingen er svært sannsynlig på grunn av menneskelig aktivitet.»
US National Research Council (2003). «Ch. 1 Introduction». Understanding Climate Change Feedbacks. Washington, D.C., USA: National Academies Press., p.19
America's Climate Choices. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2011. s. 15. ISBN978-0-309-14585-5. «The average temperature of the Earth's surface increased by about 1,4 °F (0,8 °C) over the past 100 years, with about 1,0 °F (0,6 °C) of this warming occurring over just the past three decades.»
V. Ramanathan and G. Carmichael, supra note 1, at 221 («. . . emissions of black carbon are the second strongest contribution to current global warming, after carbon dioxide emissions.») Numerous scientists also calculate that black carbon may be second only to CO2 in its contribution to climate change, including Tami C. Bond & Haolin Sun, Can Reducing Black Carbon Emissions Counteract Global Warming, ENVIRON. SCI. TECHN. (2005), at 5921 («BC is the second or third largest individual warming agent, following carbon dioxide and methane.»); and J. Hansen, A Brighter Future, 53 CLIMATE CHANGE 435 (2002), available at«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 21. oktober 2011. Besøkt 8. juli 2008. (calculating the climate forcing of BC at 1.0±0.5 W/m2).
Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias (Brazil), Royal Society of Canada, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Académie des Sciences (France), Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany), Indian National Science Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), Science Council of Japan, Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Science of South Africa, Royal Society (United Kingdom), National Academy of Sciences (United States of America) (mai 2009). «G8+5 Academies’ joint statement: Climate change and the transformation of energy technologies for a low carbon future»(PDF). US National Academies website. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 15. februar 2010. Besøkt 5. mai 2010.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
E. M. Fischer; R. Knutti (27. april 2015). «Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy-precipitation and high-temperature extremes»(online). Nature Climate Change. 5: 560–564. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..560F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2617. Besøkt 27. april 2015. «We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. … Likewise, today about 75% of the moderate daily hot extremes over land are attributable to warming.»
Spahni, Renato; Jérôme Chappellaz; Thomas F. Stocker; Laetitia Loulergue; Gregor Hausammann; Kenji Kawamura; Jacqueline Flückiger; Jakob Schwander; Dominique Raynaud; Valérie Masson-Delmotte; Jean Jouzel (November 2005). «Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores». Science. 310 (5752): 1317–1321. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1317S. PMID16311333. doi:10.1126/science.1120132.
Lüthi, D.; Le Floch, M.; Bereiter, B.; Blunier, T.; Barnola, J. M.; Siegenthaler, U.; Raynaud, D.; Jouzel, J.; Fischer, H.; Kawamura, K.; Stocker, T. F. (2008). «High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present». Nature. 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. PMID18480821. doi:10.1038/nature06949.
Pearson, PN; Palmer, MR (2000). «Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years». Nature. 406 (6797): 695–699. PMID10963587. doi:10.1038/35021000.
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«New Study Links Weather Extremes to Global Warming». The New York Times. 27. april 2015. Besøkt 27. april 2015. «“The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said. “You make the world a degree or two warmer, and there will be more hot days. There will be more moisture in the atmosphere, so that must come down somewhere.”»
Royal Society (13. april 2005). Economic Affairs – Written Evidence. The Economics of Climate Change, the Second Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee. UK Parliament website. Besøkt 9. juli 2011. This document is also available in PDF format
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Royal Society (13. april 2005). Economic Affairs – Written Evidence. The Economics of Climate Change, the Second Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee. UK Parliament website. Besøkt 9. juli 2011. This document is also available in PDF format
Ramanathan, V.; m.fl. (2008). «Report Summary»(PDF). Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia. United Nations Environment Programme. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 18. juli 2011.
Ramanathan, V.; m.fl. (2008). «Part III: Global and Future Implications»(PDF). Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia. United Nations Environment Programme. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 18. juli 2011.
«Arkivert kopi». EPA (US). Arkivert fra originalen 6. desember 2011. Besøkt 4. februar 2017.The U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have each independently concluded that warming of the climate system in recent decades is 'unequivocal'. This conclusion is not drawn from any one source of data but is based on multiple lines of evidence, including three worldwide temperature datasets showing nearly identical warming trends as well as numerous other independent indicators of global warming (e.g., rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Pew Center on Global Climate Change / Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (september 2006). «Science Brief 1: The Causes of Global Climate Change»(PDF). Arlington, Virginia, USA: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 25. oktober 2012.«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 25. oktober 2012. Besøkt 4. februar 2017., p.2
«FNs klimapanel konkluderer: Klimatilpasning og raske utslippskutt er nødvendig»Arkivert 20. oktober 2016 hos Wayback Machine., faktaark fra Miljødirektoratet om FNs klimapanels femte hovedrapport, foreløpig versjon november 2014 (M254/2014).
«Kunnskapsgrunnlaget om klima har blitt vesentlig forbedret siden klimapanelets fjerde hovedrapport (2007). Vi vet blant annet mer om endringer av temperatur, havforsuring, smelting av is, nedbørsmønstre og naturlige variasjoner og kan bedre forutsi hvordan klimaet vil endre seg i framtiden. Vi vet også mer om virkninger på mennesker og natur. Forskning på tiltak har beveget seg fra et teknologifokus til blant annet også å inkludere kunnskap om økosystemtjenester, institusjonelle og sosiale hensyn. I tillegg legges det større vekt på risikohåndtering og vurdering av avveininger (trade-offs) og barrierer.»
«FNs klimapanel konkluderer: Klimatilpasning og raske utslippskutt er nødvendig»Arkivert 20. oktober 2016 hos Wayback Machine., faktaark fra Miljødirektoratet om FNs klimapanels femte hovedrapport, foreløpig versjon november 2014 (M254/2014). «Panelet sier at det er ekstremt sannsynlig at menneskeskapte utslipp har vært den dominerende årsaken til den observerte økningen i global gjennomsnittstemperatur siden midten av 1900-tallet.»
America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN0-309-14588-0. Arkivert fra originalen 29. mai 2014. «(p1) ... det er en sterk, troverdig mengde bevis, basert på flere linjer med forskning som dokumenterer at klimaet er i endring, og at disse endringene er i stor grad forårsaket av menneskelig aktivitet. Selv om mye gjenstår å forstå, har kjernen i fenomen, vitenskapelige spørsmål, og hypoteser blitt undersøkt grundig, og har stått fast i møte med alvorlig vitenskapelig debatt og nøye vurdering av alternative forklaringer. * * * (p21-22) Noen vitenskapelige konklusjoner eller teorier har blitt så grundig undersøkt og testet, og støttes av så mange uavhengige observasjoner og resultater, at deres sannsynlighet for senere å bli funnet å være feil er forsvinnende liten. Slike konklusjoner og teorier er da regnet som etablerte fakta. Dette er tilfellet for de konklusjoner som jordsystemet er under oppvarming og at mye av denne oppvarmingen er svært sannsynlig på grunn av menneskelig aktivitet.»
Le Treut; m.fl. «Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science». FAQ 1.1., p. 97Arkivert 26. november 2018 hos Wayback Machine., in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007:"To emit 240 W m–2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around -19 °C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). Instead, the necessary -19 °C is found at an altitude about 5 km above the surface." IPCC AR4 WG1 (2007). Solomon, S., red. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-88009-1.
Banuri et al., Chapter 3: Equity and Social Considerations, Section 3.3.3: Patterns of greenhouse gas emissions, and Box 3.1, pp. 92–93Arkivert 11. oktober 2017 hos Wayback Machine. in IPCC SAR WG3 1996. IPCC SAR WG3 (1996). Bruce, J.P., red. Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the IPCC Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-56051-9.Full rapportArkivert 11. oktober 2017 hos Wayback Machine. (PDF-fil).
V. Ramanathan and G. Carmichael, supra note 1, at 221 («. . . emissions of black carbon are the second strongest contribution to current global warming, after carbon dioxide emissions.») Numerous scientists also calculate that black carbon may be second only to CO2 in its contribution to climate change, including Tami C. Bond & Haolin Sun, Can Reducing Black Carbon Emissions Counteract Global Warming, ENVIRON. SCI. TECHN. (2005), at 5921 («BC is the second or third largest individual warming agent, following carbon dioxide and methane.»); and J. Hansen, A Brighter Future, 53 CLIMATE CHANGE 435 (2002), available at«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 21. oktober 2011. Besøkt 8. juli 2008. (calculating the climate forcing of BC at 1.0±0.5 W/m2).
Ramanathan, V.; m.fl. (2008). «Report Summary»(PDF). Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia. United Nations Environment Programme. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 18. juli 2011.
Ramanathan, V.; m.fl. (2008). «Part III: Global and Future Implications»(PDF). Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia. United Nations Environment Programme. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 18. juli 2011.
US Environmental Protection Agency (2009). Volume 3: Attribution of Observed Climate Change. Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. EPA's Response to Public Comments. US Environmental Protection Agency. Arkivert fra originalen 16. juni 2011. Besøkt 23. juni 2011.
Mimura, N.; m.fl. (2007). Chapter 16: Small Islands. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN0521880106. Arkivert fra originalen 14. oktober 2011. Besøkt 15. september 2011.
Quoted in IPCC SAR SYR 1996, «Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change», paragraph 4.1, p. 8 (pdf p. 18.) IPCC SAR SYR (1996). «Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change». IPCC Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC.pdfArkivert 13. september 2018 hos Wayback Machine.. The «Full Report», consisting of «The IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change» and the Summaries for Policymakers of the three Working Groups.
Grubb, M. (juli–september 2003). «The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol»(PDF). World Economics. 4 (3): 144–145. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF)Bruk av |arkiv_url= krever at |arkivdato= også er angitt (hjelp). Besøkt 25. mars 2010.
Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias (Brazil), Royal Society of Canada, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Académie des Sciences (France), Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany), Indian National Science Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), Science Council of Japan, Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Science of South Africa, Royal Society (United Kingdom), National Academy of Sciences (United States of America) (mai 2009). «G8+5 Academies’ joint statement: Climate change and the transformation of energy technologies for a low carbon future»(PDF). US National Academies website. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF) 15. februar 2010. Besøkt 5. mai 2010.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
Grubb, M. (juli–september 2003). «The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol»(PDF). World Economics. 4 (3): 144–145. Arkivert fra originalen(PDF)Bruk av |arkiv_url= krever at |arkivdato= også er angitt (hjelp). Besøkt 25. mars 2010.