Capital punishment in the United States (Simple English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Capital punishment in the United States" in Simple English language version.

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aclu.org

"The Death Penalty: Questions and Answers". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved March 25, 2016.

americanheritage.com

Schwarz, Frederic D. (September 2005). "1780: 225 Years Ago – Benedict's Betrayal". American Heritage Magazine. 56 (4). Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

amnesty.org

"United States of America: Death by discrimination – the continuing role of race in capital cases". Amnesty International. April 23, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

archive.org

DeLombard, Jeannine Marie (2012). In the Shadow of the Gallows: Race, Crime, and American Civic Identity. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0812206333.

archive.today

Legislatures, National Conference of State. "States and Capital Punishment". www.ncsl.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
"States and Capital Punishment". National Conference of State Legislatures. January 1, 2016. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

archives.gov

"Timeline of Events Leading to the Brown v. Board of Education Decision, 1954". Teachers’ Resources. United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
"Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27". Charters of Freedom. United States National Archives and Records Administration. 30 October 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Madison, James; et al. (1789). "Bill of Rights". The Charters of Freedom. United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

bjs.gov

Bonczar, Thomas P.; Snell, Tracy L. (November 2003). "Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Capital Punishment, 2002" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Snell, Tracy L. (December 2010). "Bureau of Justice Statistics: Statistical Tables – Capital Punishment, 2009" (PDF). Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

britannica.com

Wallenfeldt, Jeff (January 26, 2016). "Salem Witch Trials". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Denno, Deborah W. "Gas Chamber". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

cbc.ca

MacDonald, Neil (November 7, 2007). "Might we make executions more civilized, please?". CBC News Online. CBC. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

clarkprosecutor.org

Stewart, Steven D. "A Message from the Prosecuting Attorney". The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. Office of the Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. Retrieved March 25, 2016.

cnn.com

Carter, Chelsea J. (August 6, 2013). "Military death row: More than 50 years and no executions". CNN Online. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

edition.cnn.com

"New drug combo used in Ohio execution". CNN Online. Turner Broadcasting System Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

columbia.edu

www2.law.columbia.edu

Liebman, James S.; Fagan, Jeffrey; et al. (February 11, 2012). "A Broken System, Part II: Why There Is So Much Error in Capital Cases, and What Can Be Done About It" (PDF). A Broken System. Columbia Law School. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

cornell.edu

scholarship.law.cornell.edu

Blume, John; Eisenberg, Theodore; Wells, Martin T. (March 2004). "Explaining Death Row's Population and Racial Composition". Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 1 (1): 165–207. doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2004.00006.x.

law.cornell.edu

428 U.S. 153 (1976), Brennan, J., dissenting.

csg.org

Horne, Jennifer (2016). "Lethal Injection Drug Shortage". Capitol Ideas Newsletter. The Council of State Governments. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

ctpost.com

"Unclear future for executions after Ohio's longest". Connecticut Post. January 18, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

deathpenaltycurriculum.org

"High School Curriculum: The Death Penalty" (PDF). The Death Penalty: A Curriculum for High School Students and Teachers. Missouri State University. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

deathpenaltyinfo.org

"Facts about the Death Penalty" (PDF). Death Penalty Information Center. March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"The Death Penalty in Flux". Death Penalty Information Center. March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Fins, Deborah (Fall 2014). Death Row U.S.A. (PDF) (Report). Criminal Justice Project of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. pp. 1–62. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Espy, M. Watt; Smykia, John Ortiz (2004). "Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The ESPY File (ICPSR 8451)". National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Retrieved March 24, 2016. doi:http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08451.v4.
Dezhbakhsh, Hashem; Rubin, Paul H.; & Shepherd, Joanna M. (2003). Does Capital Punishment Have a Deterrent Effect? New Evidence from Postmoratorium Panel Data. American Law and Economics Review 5 (2): 344-376. doi:10.1093/aler/ahg021.
Zimmerman, Paul R. (2004). State Executions, Deterrence, and the Incidence of Murder. Journal of Applied Economics 7: 1-31. doi:10.2139/ssrn.354680.
Donohue, John J., & Wolfers, Justin (2006). Uses and Abuses of Empirical Evidence in the Death Penalty Debate. Stanford Law Review 58: 791-846. doi:10.3386/w11982.
Katz, Lawrence; Levitt, Steven D.; & Shustorovich, Ellen (2003). Prison Conditions, Capital Punishment, and Deterrence. American Law & Economics Review 5 (2): 318-343. doi:10.1093/aler/ahg014.
Zimring, Franklin; Fagan, Jeffrey; & Johnson, David T. (August 31, 2009). Executions, Deterrence and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities. Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 09-206; CELS 2009 4th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1436993.

doi.org

Blackman, Paul H.; McLaughlin, Vance (August 2011). "The Espy File on American Executions: User Beware". Homicide Studies. 15 (3). SAGE Publications: 209–227. doi:10.1177/1088767911418054. S2CID 109008351.
Blume, John; Eisenberg, Theodore; Wells, Martin T. (March 2004). "Explaining Death Row's Population and Racial Composition". Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 1 (1): 165–207. doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2004.00006.x.
Baldus, David C.; Pulaski, Charles; Woodworth, George (1983). "Comparative Review of Death Sentences: An Empirical Study of the Georgia Experience". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 74 (3). Northwestern University: 661–753. doi:10.2307/1143133. JSTOR 1143133.

findlaw.com

caselaw.findlaw.com

Glass v. Louisiana, 472 U.S. 1033 (1985) (Brennan, J., dissenting).

heritage.org

David Muhlhausen (June 27, 2007). "The Death Penalty Deters Crime and Saves Lives". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-22.

history.org

Knight, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Gates (May 24, 1610). "Articles, Laws and Orders, Divine, Politic, and Martial for the Colony in Virginia". Colonial Williamsburg. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Hume, Ivor Noel (2011). "Upon Paine of Death: The Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall (online version)". The Colonial Williamsburg Journal. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

jstor.org

Baldus, David C.; Pulaski, Charles; Woodworth, George (1983). "Comparative Review of Death Sentences: An Empirical Study of the Georgia Experience". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 74 (3). Northwestern University: 661–753. doi:10.2307/1143133. JSTOR 1143133.

justia.com

supreme.justia.com

408 U.S. 238 (1972).
428 U.S. 153 (1976).
536 U.S. 304 (2002).
543 U.S. 551 (2005).
481 U.S. 279 (1987).
553 U.S. 35 (2008).
428 U.S. 153 (1976), Brennan, J., dissenting.

lectlaw.com

Fierro, Ruiz, Harris v. Gomez, 94-16775 (U.S. 9th Circuit 1996).

msu.edu

news.msu.edu

Baldus, David C.; Grosso, Catherine M.; Woodworth, George; Newell, Richard (2012). "Racial Discrimination in the Administration of the Death Penalty: The Experience of the United States Armed Forces (1984-2005)" (PDF). The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 101 (4). Northwestern University School of Law: 1227–1336. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

msutoday.msu.edu

Parker, Kristen; Grosso, Catherine (February 17, 2012). "Study: Military Death Sentence More Likely for Minorities". MSU Today. Michigan State University. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

nber.org

users.nber.org

Donohue, John J., & Wolfers, Justin (2006). Uses and Abuses of Empirical Evidence in the Death Penalty Debate. Stanford Law Review 58: 791-846. doi:10.3386/w11982.

ncsl.org

Legislatures, National Conference of State. "States and Capital Punishment". www.ncsl.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
"States and Capital Punishment". National Conference of State Legislatures. January 1, 2016. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

northwestern.edu

scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu

Baldus, David C.; Pulaski, Charles; Woodworth, George (1983). "Comparative Review of Death Sentences: An Empirical Study of the Georgia Experience". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 74 (3). Northwestern University: 661–753. doi:10.2307/1143133. JSTOR 1143133.

npr.org

Rath, Arun (host) (October 26, 2013). "Lacking Lethal Injection Drugs, States Find Untested Backups [Transcript]". National Public Radio.

nps.gov

"History of the Andersonville Prison". National Park Service: National Historic Sites. United States Department of the Interior. 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.

nytimes.com

Weil, Elizabeth (February 11, 2007). "The needle and the damage done". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

pbs.org

Reggie, Michael H. (1997). "History of the Death Penalty". In Laura E. Randa (ed.). Society's Final Solution: A History and Discussion of the Death Penalty (online version). University Press of America, Inc. ISBN 978-0761807131.

procon.org

deathpenalty.procon.org

"31 States with the Death Penalty and 19 States with Death Penalty Bans". The Death Penalty. ProCon. 2016. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Blackman, Paul H.; McLaughlin, Vance (August 2011). "The Espy File on American Executions: User Beware". Homicide Studies. 15 (3). SAGE Publications: 209–227. doi:10.1177/1088767911418054. S2CID 109008351.

ssrn.com

Zimmerman, Paul R. (2004). State Executions, Deterrence, and the Incidence of Murder. Journal of Applied Economics 7: 1-31. doi:10.2139/ssrn.354680.

papers.ssrn.com

Zimring, Franklin; Fagan, Jeffrey; & Johnson, David T. (August 31, 2009). Executions, Deterrence and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities. Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 09-206; CELS 2009 4th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1436993.

state.nh.us

gencourt.state.nh.us

New Hampshire Laws, TITLE LXII: Criminal Code, Chapter 630: Homicide, Section 630:5, Procedure in Capital Murder. – Clause XIV. From statutes 1974, 34:10. 1977, 440:2. 1986, 82:1. 1990, 199:3, eff. Jan. 1, 1991. General Court of New Hampshire State. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

theatlantic.com

Ford, Matt (March 13, 2015). "How to Execute People in the 21st Century". The Atlantic Online. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

theguardian.com

Fretland, Katie (April 30, 2014). "Oklahoma execution: Clayton Lockett writhes on gurney in botched procedure". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

time.com

Sanburn, Josh (May 15, 2014). "Creator of Lethal Injection Method: 'I Don't See Anything That is More Humane'". TIME Online. Time Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Sunburn, Josh (April 17, 2015). The Dawn of a New Form of Capital Punishment. TIME. Retrieved March 22, 2016.

ideas.time.com

Touré (May 3, 2012). "Put to Death for Being Black: New Hope Against Judicial System Bias". TIME Online. Time Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

txprisonmuseum.org

"Capital Punishment Exhibit". Texas Prison Museum. 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2016.

umich.edu

law.umich.edu

"Glossary". University of Michigan Law School. 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"Detailed View [Sentence: Death]". University of Michigan Law School. 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

icpsr.umich.edu

Espy, M. Watt; Smykia, John Ortiz (2004). "Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The ESPY File (ICPSR 8451)". National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Retrieved March 24, 2016. doi:http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08451.v4.

usccb.org

The National Jewish/Catholic Consultation (November 9, 1999). To End the Death Penalty (PDF) (Report). The National Council of Synagogues and the Bishops’ Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. p. 2. Retrieved March 25, 2016.

washingtonpost.com

Bever, Lindsey (December 18, 2014). "It took 10 minutes to convict 14-year-old George Stinney Jr. It took 70 years after his execution to exonerate him". Washington Post.
Ehrenreund, Max (April 30, 2014). "There's still no evidence that executions deter criminals". The Washington Post Online. WP Company LLC. Retrieved March 27, 2016.

web.archive.org

Knight, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Gates (May 24, 1610). "Articles, Laws and Orders, Divine, Politic, and Martial for the Colony in Virginia". Colonial Williamsburg. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Hume, Ivor Noel (2011). "Upon Paine of Death: The Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall (online version)". The Colonial Williamsburg Journal. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Schwarz, Frederic D. (September 2005). "1780: 225 Years Ago – Benedict's Betrayal". American Heritage Magazine. 56 (4). Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
"31 States with the Death Penalty and 19 States with Death Penalty Bans". The Death Penalty. ProCon. 2016. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
MacDonald, Neil (November 7, 2007). "Might we make executions more civilized, please?". CBC News Online. CBC. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Horne, Jennifer (2016). "Lethal Injection Drug Shortage". Capitol Ideas Newsletter. The Council of State Governments. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
"Unclear future for executions after Ohio's longest". Connecticut Post. January 18, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
"The Death Penalty in Flux". Death Penalty Information Center. March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Liebman, James S.; Fagan, Jeffrey; et al. (February 11, 2012). "A Broken System, Part II: Why There Is So Much Error in Capital Cases, and What Can Be Done About It" (PDF). A Broken System. Columbia Law School. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.