Yarbro, Stan (4 Ocak 1990). "Medellin Cartel Kidnaps Son of President's Closest Adviser". Neither the woman nor Gomez could confirm a report in El Tiempo that the Medellin group has kidnapped 18 people the last three weeks, many of them members of Colombia’s richest families. Associated Press. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
bbc.com
Wallace, Arturo (2 Aralık 2013). "Drug boss Pablo Escobar still divides Colombia". At the height of his power, Pablo Escobar was said to be the seventh richest man in the world, with his Medellin drugs cartel thought to be behind up to 80% of all the cocaine shipped to the United States.His cartel not only trafficked drugs, it terrorised Colombia in the 1980s and early 1990s, bribing, kidnapping or killing all those who stood in its way. Such was his ruthlessness he is widely held responsible for some 4,000 deaths. Others say the real number is closer to 5,000. BBC News. 14 Ağustos 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
books.google.com
Narco-Terrorism. The Pablo Escobar Example: One of the most infamous narco-terrorist was Pablo Escobar. Oxford University Press. 2010. s. 141. ISBN9780195398106. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
Colombia Narco-Terrorism. Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel: Pablo Escobar, born in 1949 to a peasant farmer and schoolteacher, was perhaps the most successful criminal in the history, and his life seriously impacted the population and government of Colombia in the context of narco-terrorism. (İngilizce). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. 2007. s. 62. ISBN9780816062775. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
Steve Murphy, Javier F. Peña (12 Kasım 2019). Manhunters: How We Took Down Pablo Escobar. I remember the cries of a distraught woman as she stepped over debris and dead bodies frantically searching for her son, shouting into the camera, "You miserable ... My God, why haven't they caught him?" Everyone knew she was referring to Pablo Escobar. As with every brutal act of terror that he perpetrated on Colombian people, Pablo Escobar never actually took credit for any of the shopping center bombings. But everyone knew he was responsible. (İngilizce). St. Martin's Press. ISBN9781250202901. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Narco-Terrorists". Leaders of drug cartels have been retroactively defined by the DEA as having been narco-terrorists. For example, Escobar of the Medellín cartel is now described as having committed “terrorist activities,” such as the bombing of a commercial airliner in 1989. He also was responsible for the assassination of politicians, presidential candidates, police officers, journalists, and Colombian supreme court justices. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 Eylül 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: Colombian Criminal". While still a teenager, he began a life of crime. His early illegal activities included smuggling stereo equipment and stealing tombstones to resell. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: Colombian criminal". Escobar became involved in drug smuggling. In the mid-1970s he helped found the crime organization that later became known as the Medellín cartel. His notable partners included the Ochoa brothers: Juan David, Jorge Luis, and Fabio. Escobar served as head of the organization, which focused largely on the production, transport, and sale of cocaine. By the mid-1980s the Medellín cartel dominated the cocaine trade, with Escobar wielding incredible power and wealth. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: 8 Interesting Facts About the King of Cocaine". Perhaps hoping to win the support of everyday Colombians, Escobar became known for his philanthropic efforts, which led to the nickname “Robin Hood.” He built hospitals, stadiums, and housing for the poor. He even sponsored local soccer teams. His popularity with many Colombians was demonstrated when he was elected to an alternate seat in the country’s Congress in 1982. Alas, two years later he was forced to resign after a campaign to expose his criminal activities. The justice minister who led the efforts was assassinated. Encyclopedia Britannica. 22 Kasım 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: Colombian Criminal". He handled problems with “plata o plomo,” meaning “silver” (bribes) or “lead” (bullets). In addition to rival drug traffickers, notably in the Cali cartel, his victims included government officials, policemen, and civilians. In 1989 the cartel reportedly placed a bomb aboard an airplane in an attempt to kill an alleged informant. More than 100 people were killed. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"THE COLOMBIAN NIGHTMARE". Escobar used coercion through narco-terrorism, corruption and abductions to get the Constituent Assembly to establish articles in the new constitution that prohibited the extradition of Colombians. Chicago Tribune. 16 Temmuz 2000. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Medellín, once epicenter of Colombia's drug war, fights to keep the peace". It became the capital of cocaine trafficking in the 1980s as Mr. Escobar's multinational Medellín Cartel earned up to $60 million daily in drug profits. The Christian Science Monitor. 25 Ekim 2010. 9 Kasım 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror"(PDF). Narco-terrorists in this context refers to individuals such as the drug lord Pablo Escobar from the Medellin cartel in Colombia and other members of drug cartels, mafia or other criminal organisations, whose actions were defined as “the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violence”. Global Crime. 2004. 24 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi(PDF). Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror"(PDF). In 1993, for example, Pablo Escobar, allegedly hired the National Liberation Army (ELN) to construct car bombs, since no one in his organisation possessed this knowledge. Global Crime. 2004. 24 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından(PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Arms for the Cartels: The Antigua and Barbuda Connection". On December 15, 1989, Colombian police raided the home of Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, who, along with Pablo Escobar, was one of the top leaders of the Medellin drug cartel. Rodriguez Gacha and his son Freddy were killed in the raid. Colombian police then discovered large arms caches on Rodriguez Gacha's property, containing 232 Israeli-made Galil assault rifles. These rifles were subsequently found to be part of an arms shipment made to the Caribbean nation of Antigua and Barbuda by Israeli Military Industries (IMI). The discovery of this cache led to an investigation of how a supposedly legitimate arms shipment to Antigua was diverted to a Colombian drug cartelCan investigation that revealed, in great detail, the manner in which arms dealers manipulate legal channels in order to transfer arms to insurgents, criminals, and terrorists. Federation of American Scientists. 7 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
hsdl.org
"Drugs and Terror". The drug lord element of narcoterrorism's trinity has escalated in recent years. What used to be mafia type crimes have grown to narcoterrorist political actions. In Colombia, two cartels, the Medellin and Cali, have controlled the majority of the drug trade and have earned billions of dollars each year by bringing corruption and violence throughout the world. The Cali and Medellin cartels are probably more dangerous than any of the Latin American terrorist and guerrilla groups.5. United States Army War College. 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Drugs and Terror". It obtained weapons and supplies through drug traffickers dealing with Cuba. Documented allegations exist that linked Noriega in Panama, Castro in Cuba, the M-19, and Colombia's Medellin drug cartel. These allegations involved money laundering, gun sales, and narcotics trafficking. The drug lord element of narcoterrorism's trinity has escalated in recent years. What used to be mafia type crimes have grown to narcoterrorist political actions. In Colombia, two cartels, the Medellin and Cali, have controlled the majority of the drug trade and have earned billions of dollars each year by bringing corruption and violence throughout the world. United States Army War College. 13 Mart 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Drugs and Terror". In November 1985, about sixty members of the M-19 guerrilla organization seized the Palace of Justice in Bogota. They were funded by the Medellin cartel. The M-19 took more than 300 hostages, including many judges from Colombia's highest court. Their mission was to destroy the records of nearly 200 drug offenders threatened with extradition to the United States. United States Army War College. 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Escobar's hand seen in Bogota bomb atrocity". WHEN HE declared war on the Colombian state two weeks ago, the fugitive cocaine baron, Pablo Escobar, authenticated his handwritten statement in his usual way: with a thumbprint. He has not claimed responsibility for Saturday night's bombing of a Bogota shopping area. He never does. But neither President Cesar Gaviria nor the capital's residents needed a thumbprint to guess whose hand was behind the latest atrocity. The Independent. 1 Şubat 1993. 9 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: from narco-terrorist to marketing success". Escobar is said to have controlled up to 80 percent of the global cocaine business. He was the seventh richest man in the world in 1989, according to Forbes magazine, turned Medellín into the most dangerous city anywhere in the world and has been blamed for at least 4,000 murders. El Patrón, as he was popularly known, threatened the Colombian government with brutal narco-terrorist attacks, such as the bombing of an Avianca airliner that killed 107 people, a bomb at the government's domestic intelligence Administrative Security Department that left 70 dead and more than 40 car bombs. His cruelty knew no limits. Miami Herald. 19 Eylül 2017. 6 Ekim 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"The Afterlife of Pablo Escobar". No one disputes that Pablo Escobar was a murderer, a torturer, and a kidnapper. But he was loved by many in Medellín, and, increasingly, he is an object of fascination abroad. The New Yorker. 26 Şubat 2018. 12 Haziran 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Cocaine Ring's Latest Campaign: Kidnapping Wealthy Colombians". Gen. Miguel Maza Marquez, the head of Colombia's federal intelligence police, argued that the Government's five-month war on the traffickers has disrupted their business to the extent that they are short of cash. Escobar is kidnapping because he has a liquidity problem, the general said. The New York Times. 7 Ocak 1990. 13 Şubat 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"COLOMBIAN DRUGLORD TRYING TO TURN WEALTH INTO RESPECT". His first known criminal activity was stealing gravestones and then resurfacing and selling them to the recently bereaved. In his early 1970s, he was a thief and bodyguard, and he made a quick $100,000 on the side kidnapping and ransoming a Medellin executive before entering the drug trade. Orlando Sentinel. 10 Mart 1991. 8 Ağustos 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Cardinal who humbled a drugs baron". But what shook the bishop were Escobar's parting words. 'If I have to kill the whole of Colombia just to stay here with my wife, I'll do it without flinching.'. The Guardian. 23 Nisan 1999. 5 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: from narco-terrorist to marketing success". Escobar is said to have controlled up to 80 percent of the global cocaine business. He was the seventh richest man in the world in 1989, according to Forbes magazine, turned Medellín into the most dangerous city anywhere in the world and has been blamed for at least 4,000 murders. El Patrón, as he was popularly known, threatened the Colombian government with brutal narco-terrorist attacks, such as the bombing of an Avianca airliner that killed 107 people, a bomb at the government's domestic intelligence Administrative Security Department that left 70 dead and more than 40 car bombs. His cruelty knew no limits. Miami Herald. 19 Eylül 2017. 6 Ekim 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Drugs and Terror". The drug lord element of narcoterrorism's trinity has escalated in recent years. What used to be mafia type crimes have grown to narcoterrorist political actions. In Colombia, two cartels, the Medellin and Cali, have controlled the majority of the drug trade and have earned billions of dollars each year by bringing corruption and violence throughout the world. The Cali and Medellin cartels are probably more dangerous than any of the Latin American terrorist and guerrilla groups.5. United States Army War College. 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Narco-Terrorists". Leaders of drug cartels have been retroactively defined by the DEA as having been narco-terrorists. For example, Escobar of the Medellín cartel is now described as having committed “terrorist activities,” such as the bombing of a commercial airliner in 1989. He also was responsible for the assassination of politicians, presidential candidates, police officers, journalists, and Colombian supreme court justices. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 Eylül 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror"(PDF). Narco-terrorists in this context refers to individuals such as the drug lord Pablo Escobar from the Medellin cartel in Colombia and other members of drug cartels, mafia or other criminal organisations, whose actions were defined as “the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violence”. Global Crime. 2004. 24 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi(PDF). Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
Wallace, Arturo (2 Aralık 2013). "Drug boss Pablo Escobar still divides Colombia". At the height of his power, Pablo Escobar was said to be the seventh richest man in the world, with his Medellin drugs cartel thought to be behind up to 80% of all the cocaine shipped to the United States.His cartel not only trafficked drugs, it terrorised Colombia in the 1980s and early 1990s, bribing, kidnapping or killing all those who stood in its way. Such was his ruthlessness he is widely held responsible for some 4,000 deaths. Others say the real number is closer to 5,000. BBC News. 14 Ağustos 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Cardinal who humbled a drugs baron". But what shook the bishop were Escobar's parting words. 'If I have to kill the whole of Colombia just to stay here with my wife, I'll do it without flinching.'. The Guardian. 23 Nisan 1999. 5 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Arms for the Cartels: The Antigua and Barbuda Connection". On December 15, 1989, Colombian police raided the home of Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, who, along with Pablo Escobar, was one of the top leaders of the Medellin drug cartel. Rodriguez Gacha and his son Freddy were killed in the raid. Colombian police then discovered large arms caches on Rodriguez Gacha's property, containing 232 Israeli-made Galil assault rifles. These rifles were subsequently found to be part of an arms shipment made to the Caribbean nation of Antigua and Barbuda by Israeli Military Industries (IMI). The discovery of this cache led to an investigation of how a supposedly legitimate arms shipment to Antigua was diverted to a Colombian drug cartelCan investigation that revealed, in great detail, the manner in which arms dealers manipulate legal channels in order to transfer arms to insurgents, criminals, and terrorists. Federation of American Scientists. 7 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Drugs and Terror". It obtained weapons and supplies through drug traffickers dealing with Cuba. Documented allegations exist that linked Noriega in Panama, Castro in Cuba, the M-19, and Colombia's Medellin drug cartel. These allegations involved money laundering, gun sales, and narcotics trafficking. The drug lord element of narcoterrorism's trinity has escalated in recent years. What used to be mafia type crimes have grown to narcoterrorist political actions. In Colombia, two cartels, the Medellin and Cali, have controlled the majority of the drug trade and have earned billions of dollars each year by bringing corruption and violence throughout the world. United States Army War College. 13 Mart 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: Colombian Criminal". While still a teenager, he began a life of crime. His early illegal activities included smuggling stereo equipment and stealing tombstones to resell. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"COLOMBIAN DRUGLORD TRYING TO TURN WEALTH INTO RESPECT". His first known criminal activity was stealing gravestones and then resurfacing and selling them to the recently bereaved. In his early 1970s, he was a thief and bodyguard, and he made a quick $100,000 on the side kidnapping and ransoming a Medellin executive before entering the drug trade. Orlando Sentinel. 10 Mart 1991. 8 Ağustos 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: Colombian criminal". Escobar became involved in drug smuggling. In the mid-1970s he helped found the crime organization that later became known as the Medellín cartel. His notable partners included the Ochoa brothers: Juan David, Jorge Luis, and Fabio. Escobar served as head of the organization, which focused largely on the production, transport, and sale of cocaine. By the mid-1980s the Medellín cartel dominated the cocaine trade, with Escobar wielding incredible power and wealth. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Medellín, once epicenter of Colombia's drug war, fights to keep the peace". It became the capital of cocaine trafficking in the 1980s as Mr. Escobar's multinational Medellín Cartel earned up to $60 million daily in drug profits. The Christian Science Monitor. 25 Ekim 2010. 9 Kasım 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: 8 Interesting Facts About the King of Cocaine". Perhaps hoping to win the support of everyday Colombians, Escobar became known for his philanthropic efforts, which led to the nickname “Robin Hood.” He built hospitals, stadiums, and housing for the poor. He even sponsored local soccer teams. His popularity with many Colombians was demonstrated when he was elected to an alternate seat in the country’s Congress in 1982. Alas, two years later he was forced to resign after a campaign to expose his criminal activities. The justice minister who led the efforts was assassinated. Encyclopedia Britannica. 22 Kasım 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Escobar's hand seen in Bogota bomb atrocity". WHEN HE declared war on the Colombian state two weeks ago, the fugitive cocaine baron, Pablo Escobar, authenticated his handwritten statement in his usual way: with a thumbprint. He has not claimed responsibility for Saturday night's bombing of a Bogota shopping area. He never does. But neither President Cesar Gaviria nor the capital's residents needed a thumbprint to guess whose hand was behind the latest atrocity. The Independent. 1 Şubat 1993. 9 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Cocaine Ring's Latest Campaign: Kidnapping Wealthy Colombians". Gen. Miguel Maza Marquez, the head of Colombia's federal intelligence police, argued that the Government's five-month war on the traffickers has disrupted their business to the extent that they are short of cash. Escobar is kidnapping because he has a liquidity problem, the general said. The New York Times. 7 Ocak 1990. 13 Şubat 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"The Afterlife of Pablo Escobar". No one disputes that Pablo Escobar was a murderer, a torturer, and a kidnapper. But he was loved by many in Medellín, and, increasingly, he is an object of fascination abroad. The New Yorker. 26 Şubat 2018. 12 Haziran 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Pablo Escobar: Colombian Criminal". He handled problems with “plata o plomo,” meaning “silver” (bribes) or “lead” (bullets). In addition to rival drug traffickers, notably in the Cali cartel, his victims included government officials, policemen, and civilians. In 1989 the cartel reportedly placed a bomb aboard an airplane in an attempt to kill an alleged informant. More than 100 people were killed. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror"(PDF). In 1993, for example, Pablo Escobar, allegedly hired the National Liberation Army (ELN) to construct car bombs, since no one in his organisation possessed this knowledge. Global Crime. 2004. 24 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından(PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
"Drugs and Terror". In November 1985, about sixty members of the M-19 guerrilla organization seized the Palace of Justice in Bogota. They were funded by the Medellin cartel. The M-19 took more than 300 hostages, including many judges from Colombia's highest court. Their mission was to destroy the records of nearly 200 drug offenders threatened with extradition to the United States. United States Army War College. 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.
