消毒搓手液 (Chinese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "消毒搓手液" in Chinese language version.

refsWebsite

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43web.archive.org

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34nih.gov

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32doi.org

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9cdc.gov

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9archive.org

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8semanticscholar.org

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7fda.gov

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3handle.net

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3books.google.com

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2worldcat.org

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2harvard.edu

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2who.int

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1oxforddictionaries.com

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1businessinsider.sg

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1newtimes.co.rw

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1mercurynews.com

701^st place

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1bmj.com

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1biomedexperts.com

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1issa.com

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1nytimes.com

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1utoronto.ca

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1scbwmi.org

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1fox6now.com

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1cnet.com

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1stopweldingshop.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Craftex 5 Litre Hand Sanitiser Gel. AES Industrial Supplies Limited. [2021-05-25]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-23）（英国英语）.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Chinese: 4^th place)

Trampuz A, Widmer AF. Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. January 2004, 79 (1): 109–116. PMC 7094481 . PMID 14708954. doi:10.4065/79.1.109 . alcohol effectively kills all coronaviruses. The virucidal activity of alcohol against enveloped viruses (such as influenza virus or human immunodeficiency virus) is good, except for rabies virus.
Rotter ML. Handwashing and hand disinfection. Mayhall CG (编). Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control 2nd. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1999. ISBN 9780683306088.
Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D. Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels. Lancet. April 2002, 359 (9316): 1489–1490. PMID 11988252. S2CID 30450670. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08426-X.
Boyce JM. Using alcohol for hand antisepsis: dispelling old myths. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. July 2000, 21 (7): 438–441. PMID 10926392. doi:10.1086/501784 .
Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N. Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. July 2000, 21 (7): 442–448. PMID 10926393. S2CID 22772488. doi:10.1086/501785.
Larson EL, Cohen B, Baxter KA. Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands. American Journal of Infection Control. November 2012, 40 (9): 806–809. PMID 22325728. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.10.016.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. The British Journal of Dermatology. December 2005, 153 (6): 1142–1146. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x.
AKimitsu N, Hamamoto H, Inoue R, Shoji M, Akamine A, Takemori K, Hamasaki N, Sekimizu K. Increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams caused by mutations conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant widely used in hospitals. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. December 1999, 43 (12): 3042–3043. PMC 89614 . PMID 10651623. doi:10.1128/AAC.43.12.3042.
Bonnabry P, Voss A. Hand Hygiene Agents. Pittet D, Boyce JM, Allegranzi B (编). Hand Hygiene: a Handbook for Medical Professionals. John Wiley & Sons. 2017: 51 et seq. ISBN 9781118846865.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; Chinese: 32^nd place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Prisoner 'drunk on swine flu gel'. BBC News online. 2009-09-24.

biomedexperts.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. The British Journal of Dermatology. December 2005, 153 (6): 1142–1146. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.

bmj.com (Global: 1,226^th place; Chinese: 890^th place)

Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C. Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. August 2002, 325 (7360): 362. PMC 117885 . PMID 12183307. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362. （原始内容存档于2009-11-27）.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Chinese: 8^th place)

Long BW, Rollins JH, Smith BJ. Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures 13th. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 16. ISBN 9780323319652. （原始内容存档于2017-09-18）（英语）.
Baki G, Alexander KS. Introduction to Cosmetic Formulation and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. 2015: 173. ISBN 9781118763780. （原始内容存档于2017-09-18）（英语）.
Miller CH, Palenik CJ. Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team 5th. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016: 269. ISBN 9780323476577. （原始内容存档于2017-09-18）（英语）.

businessinsider.sg (Global: 7,337^th place; Chinese: low place)

Alcohol-free hand sanitizer prices are skyrocketing, but they don't actually work to prevent the coronavirus, Business Insider - Business Insider Singapore. www.businessinsider.sg. [2020-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; Chinese: 198^th place)

Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. October 2002, 51 (RR-16): 1–45, quiz CE1–4 [2025-01-16]. PMID 12418624. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-09）.
Show Me the Science – When & How to Use Hand Sanitizer in Community Settings. cdc.gov. 2020-03-03 [2020-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）（美国英语）. CDC recommends washing hands with soap and water whenever possible because hand washing reduces the amounts of all types of germs and chemicals on hands. But if soap and water are not available, using a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol can help... sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs... Hand sanitizers may not be as effective when hands are visibly dirty or greasy... Hand sanitizers might not remove harmful chemicals
Clean Hands Save Lives!. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013-12-11. （原始内容存档于2017-08-18）.
Handwashing in Communities: Clean Hands Save Lives | CDC. www.cdc.gov. 2022-10-03. （原始内容存档于2017-07-29）.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-02-11 [2020-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-29）（美国英语）.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES. Hand sanitizer alert. Emerging Infectious Diseases. March 2006, 12 (3): 527–529 [2007-02-02]. PMC 3291447 . PMID 16710985. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. （原始内容存档于2007-02-02）.
When & How to Wash Your Hands. cdc.gov. 2018-10-04 [2025-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-18）（美国英语）.
Alcohol-Based Hand-Rubs and Fire Safety. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003-09-15 [2007-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-03）.
Antibacterial Household Products: Cause for Concern. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [2001-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2001-08-16）.

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; Chinese: 459^th place)

Mitroff S. No, you shouldn't make your own hand sanitizer. CNET. [2020-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-24）（英语）.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; Chinese: 71^st place)

Paging Dr. Gupta, Hand sanitizer risks. CNN. 2007-06-21. （原始内容存档于25 April 2009）.
Karimi F. Three people died and one is permanently blind after drinking hand sanitizer in New Mexico. CNN. 2020-06-27 [2020-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-27）.
Pratap RM, Guy J. Indian children hospitalized after ingesting hand sanitizer instead of polio drops. CNN. 2021-02-02 [2021-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-16）.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Chinese: 23^rd place)

Jing JL, Pei Yi T, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. May 2020, 17 (9): 3326. PMC 7246736 . PMID 32403261. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093326 .
Bhatt S, Patel A, Kesselman MM, Demory ML. Hand Sanitizer: Stopping the Spread of Infection at a Cost. Cureus. June 2024, 16 (6): e61846. PMC 11227450 . PMID 38975405. doi:10.7759/cureus.61846 .
Bolon MK. Hand Hygiene: An Update. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. September 2016, 30 (3): 591–607. PMID 27515139. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.007. In 2002, the CDC released an updated hand hygiene guideline and, for the first time, endorsed the use of alcohol-based hand rubs for the majority of clinical interactions, provided that hands are not visibly soiled
Hirose R, Nakaya T, Naito Y, Daidoji T, Bandou R, Inoue K, Dohi O, Yoshida N, Konishi H, Itoh Y. Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients. mSphere. September 2019, 4 (5). PMC 6751490 . PMID 31533996. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00474-19. For many reasons, alcohol hand sanitizers are increasingly being used as disinfectants over hand washing with soap and water. Their ease of availability, no need for water or plumbing, and their proven effectiveness in reducing microbial load are just a few.
Block SS. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Soil Science. 1977-12-01, 124 (6): 378. Bibcode:1977SoilS.124..378B. ISSN 0038-075X. doi:10.1097/00010694-197712000-00013 （英语）.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES. Hand sanitizer alert. Emerging Infectious Diseases. March 2006, 12 (3): 527–529. PMC 3291447 . PMID 16710985. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955.
Willmott M, Nicholson A, Busse H, MacArthur GJ, Brookes S, Campbell R. Effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions in reducing illness absence among children in educational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood. January 2016, 101 (1): 42–50. PMC 4717429 . PMID 26471110. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308875.
Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Lockwood C, Stern C, McAneney H, Barker TH. Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. April 2020, 2020 (4): CD012566. PMC 7141998 . PMID 32270476. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012566.pub2.
Trampuz A, Widmer AF. Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. January 2004, 79 (1): 109–116. PMC 7094481 . PMID 14708954. doi:10.4065/79.1.109 . alcohol effectively kills all coronaviruses. The virucidal activity of alcohol against enveloped viruses (such as influenza virus or human immunodeficiency virus) is good, except for rabies virus.
Hibbard JS. Analyses comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agents: a review. Journal of Infusion Nursing. May–June 2005, 28 (3): 194–207. PMID 15912075. S2CID 5555893. doi:10.1097/00129804-200505000-00008.
Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D. Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels. Lancet. April 2002, 359 (9316): 1489–1490. PMID 11988252. S2CID 30450670. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08426-X.
Pietsch H. Hand antiseptics: rubs versus scrubs, alcoholic solutions versus alcoholic gels. The Journal of Hospital Infection. August 2001, 48 (Supl A): S33–S36. PMID 11759022. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(01)90010-6.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES. Hand sanitizer alert. Emerging Infectious Diseases. March 2006, 12 (3): 527–529 [2007-02-02]. PMC 3291447 . PMID 16710985. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. （原始内容存档于2007-02-02）.
Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C. Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. August 2002, 325 (7360): 362. PMC 117885 . PMID 12183307. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362. （原始内容存档于2009-11-27）.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. The British Journal of Dermatology. December 2005, 153 (6): 1142–1146. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. February 2005, 52 (2): 82–87. PMID 15725285. S2CID 24691060. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00504.x.
Boyce JM. Using alcohol for hand antisepsis: dispelling old myths. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. July 2000, 21 (7): 438–441. PMID 10926392. doi:10.1086/501784 .
Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N. Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. July 2000, 21 (7): 442–448. PMID 10926393. S2CID 22772488. doi:10.1086/501785.
Larson EL, Cohen B, Baxter KA. Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands. American Journal of Infection Control. November 2012, 40 (9): 806–809. PMID 22325728. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.10.016.
Rocos, B; Donaldson, LJ. Alcohol skin preparation causes surgical fires. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. March 2012, 94 (2): 87–89 [2024-12-30]. doi:10.1308/003588412X13171221501221. （原始内容存档于2025-04-20）.
MacGibeny MA, Wassef C. Preventing adverse cutaneous reactions from amplified hygiene practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: how dermatologists can help through anticipatory guidance. Archives of Dermatological Research. August 2021, 313 (6): 501–503. PMC 7210798 . PMID 32388643. doi:10.1007/s00403-020-02086-x.
Emami A, Javanmardi F, Keshavarzi A, Pirbonyeh N. Hidden threat lurking behind the alcohol sanitizers in COVID-19 outbreak. Dermatologic Therapy. July 2020, 33 (4): e13627. PMC 7280687 . PMID 32436262. doi:10.1111/dth.13627.
Löffler H, Kampf G. Hand disinfection: how irritant are alcohols?. The Journal of Hospital Infection. October 2008, 70 (Suppl 1): 44–48. PMID 18994681. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(08)60010-9.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. The British Journal of Dermatology. December 2005, 153 (6): 1142–1146. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x.
Menegueti MG, Laus AM, Ciol MA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Basile-Filho A, Gir E, Pires D, Pittet D, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F. Glycerol content within the WHO ethanol-based handrub formulation: balancing tolerability with antimicrobial efficacy. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2019-06-24, 8 (1): 109. PMC 6591802 . PMID 31285821. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0553-z .
Gormley NJ, Bronstein AC, Rasimas JJ, Pao M, Wratney AT, Sun J, Austin HA, Suffredini AF. The rising incidence of intentional ingestion of ethanol-containing hand sanitizers. Critical Care Medicine. January 2012, 40 (1): 290–294. PMC 3408316 . PMID 21926580. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822f09c0.
Yip L, Bixler D, Brooks DE, Clarke KR, Datta SD, Dudley S, Komatsu KK, Lind JN, Mayette A, Melgar M, Pindyck T, Schmit KM, Seifert SA, Shirazi FM, Smolinske SC, Warrick BJ, Chang A. Serious Adverse Health Events, Including Death, Associated with Ingesting Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Containing Methanol - Arizona and New Mexico, May-June 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. August 2020, 69 (32): 1070–1073. PMC 7440116 . PMID 32790662. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e1.
Kampf G, Ostermeyer C. Inter-laboratory reproducibility of the hand disinfection reference procedure of EN 1500. The Journal of Hospital Infection. April 2003, 53 (4): 304–306. PMID 12660128. doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1357.
AKimitsu N, Hamamoto H, Inoue R, Shoji M, Akamine A, Takemori K, Hamasaki N, Sekimizu K. Increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams caused by mutations conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant widely used in hospitals. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. December 1999, 43 (12): 3042–3043. PMC 89614 . PMID 10651623. doi:10.1128/AAC.43.12.3042.
Pidot SJ, Gao W, Buultjens AH, Monk IR, Guerillot R, Carter GP, Lee JY, Lam MM, Grayson ML, Ballard SA, Mahony AA, Grabsch EA, Kotsanas D, Korman TM, Coombs GW, Robinson JO, Gonçalves da Silva A, Seemann T, Howden BP, Johnson PD, Stinear TP. Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to handwash alcohols. Science Translational Medicine. August 2018, 10 (452): eaar6115. PMID 30068573. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6115 .
McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB. Triclosan targets lipid synthesis. Nature. August 1998, 394 (6693): 531–532. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..531M. PMID 9707111. S2CID 4365434. doi:10.1038/28970.
de Groot AC. Contact allergy to cosmetics: causative ingredients. Contact Dermatitis. July 1987, 17 (1): 26–34. PMID 3652687. S2CID 72677422. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02640.x.

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; Chinese: 581^st place)

Tentative Final Monograph for Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products; Proposed Rule (PDF). United States Federal Food and Drug Administration: 12613–12617. March 2009. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-03-10）. |volume=被忽略 (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
Q&A for Consumers | Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023-05-12 [2025-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-27）（英语）.
FDA issues proposed rule to address data gaps for certain active ingredients in health care antiseptics. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2015-04-30. （原始内容存档于2015-07-02）.
Consumers Warned Not to Use Clarcon Skin Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009-06-15 [2009-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-14）.
FDA advises consumers not to use hand sanitizer products manufactured by Eskbiochem. fda.gov. Food and Drug Administration. 2020-06-19 [2020-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-26）.
FDA updates on hand sanitizers consumers should not use. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2020-08-10 [2020-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
COVID-19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2020-08-05 [2020-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-09）.

fox6now.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

71° Store shelves wiped clean? Here's how you can make homemade hand sanitizer. Fox 6 Now. Fox Television Stations, LLC. 2020-03-14 [2020-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-25）.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; Chinese: 492^nd place)

hdl.handle.net

World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015. ISBN 9789240694941. ISSN 0512-3054. hdl:10665/189763 . WHO technical report series; no. 994.
World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771 . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. hdl:10665/345533 . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Chinese: 57^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Block SS. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Soil Science. 1977-12-01, 124 (6): 378. Bibcode:1977SoilS.124..378B. ISSN 0038-075X. doi:10.1097/00010694-197712000-00013 （英语）.
McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB. Triclosan targets lipid synthesis. Nature. August 1998, 394 (6693): 531–532. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..531M. PMID 9707111. S2CID 4365434. doi:10.1038/28970.

issa.com (Global: low place; Chinese: low place)

Wagner DS. GENERAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL CLEANING PRODUCT REGULATION (PDF). International Sanitary Supply Association, Inc. 2000. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-12-31）.

mercurynews.com (Global: 701^st place; Chinese: 1,315^th place)

Dirty Hands Spread Dangerous Diseases like H1N1 (aka swine flu). San Jose Mercury News. 2009-04-25 [2025-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-16）.

newtimes.co.rw (Global: 9,039^th place; Chinese: low place)

Origin of ordinary things: Hand sanitizer. The New Times. Rwanda. 2020-03-17 [2020-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-18）（英语）.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Chinese: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. October 2002, 51 (RR-16): 1–45, quiz CE1–4 [2025-01-16]. PMID 12418624. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-09）.
Jing JL, Pei Yi T, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. May 2020, 17 (9): 3326. PMC 7246736 . PMID 32403261. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093326 .
Bhatt S, Patel A, Kesselman MM, Demory ML. Hand Sanitizer: Stopping the Spread of Infection at a Cost. Cureus. June 2024, 16 (6): e61846. PMC 11227450 . PMID 38975405. doi:10.7759/cureus.61846 .
Bolon MK. Hand Hygiene: An Update. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. September 2016, 30 (3): 591–607. PMID 27515139. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.007. In 2002, the CDC released an updated hand hygiene guideline and, for the first time, endorsed the use of alcohol-based hand rubs for the majority of clinical interactions, provided that hands are not visibly soiled
Hirose R, Nakaya T, Naito Y, Daidoji T, Bandou R, Inoue K, Dohi O, Yoshida N, Konishi H, Itoh Y. Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients. mSphere. September 2019, 4 (5). PMC 6751490 . PMID 31533996. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00474-19. For many reasons, alcohol hand sanitizers are increasingly being used as disinfectants over hand washing with soap and water. Their ease of availability, no need for water or plumbing, and their proven effectiveness in reducing microbial load are just a few.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES. Hand sanitizer alert. Emerging Infectious Diseases. March 2006, 12 (3): 527–529. PMC 3291447 . PMID 16710985. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955.
Willmott M, Nicholson A, Busse H, MacArthur GJ, Brookes S, Campbell R. Effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions in reducing illness absence among children in educational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood. January 2016, 101 (1): 42–50. PMC 4717429 . PMID 26471110. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308875.
Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Lockwood C, Stern C, McAneney H, Barker TH. Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. April 2020, 2020 (4): CD012566. PMC 7141998 . PMID 32270476. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012566.pub2.
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