Muhammedjan Tynyshpaev (Kazakh: Мұхаммеджан Тынышбайұлы; محمدجان تينيشبايولي, romanized: Mūhammedjan Tynyşbaiūly, Russified: Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpayev) (May 12, 1879 - after November 21, 1937) was a Kazakh engineer, activist, and intellectual. He surveyed and engineered the railways of Russian Central Asia, while also active in the young political newspapers of the region. Through his work, he became known as a political activist, ethnographer, and historian. Muhammedjan Tynyshbayev was born in 1879 to a Muslim Kazakh, Naiman, Sadyr tribe, family in what is today the region of Almaty, Kazakhstan. His father, Tynyshbay, was a minor official in the region. Because of his position, Tynyshbay was able to send the young Tynyshbayev to Verniy (present day Almaty) to attend the all-male Gymnasium on a stipend provided by the Governor-General. With a great and constant interest, he began to study Russian history and the history of Russian literature and culture, in particular, soon he turned out to be equally capable of studying mathematics and other languages, including ancient languages. Tynyshbayev studied from 1889 until his graduation in 1900, excelling in mathematics, languages, literature, and history. After finishing school and thanks to a strong letter of recommendation from his school principal, he left for St. Petersburg to continue his studies. He enrolled at the Imperial Institute of Railway Transport in St. Petersburg, where the Tsarist government funded him with a stipend and living allowance. Despite not being a member of the Kazakh nobility, his education allowed him to work and write in the same circles as some members of the Constitutional Democratic Party (informally known as the Kadets). More information...
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