Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "إلحاد" in Arabic language version.
I must begin by stating what sense I am attaching to the word "atheism," and how I am construing the theme of this paper. I shall understand by "atheism" a critique and a denial of the major claims of all varieties of theism. ... atheism is not to be identified with sheer unbelief, or with disbelief in some particular creed of a religious group. Thus, a child who has received no religious instruction and has never heard about God is not an atheist – for he is not denying any theistic claims. Similarly in the case of an adult who, if he has withdrawn from the faith of his father without reflection or because of frank indifference to any theological issue, is also not an atheist – for such an adult is not challenging theism and not professing any views on the subject. ... I propose to examine some philosophic concepts of atheism ...reprinted in Critiques of God, edited by Peter A. Angeles, Prometheus Books, 1997.
The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.
{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط |مسار أرشيف= بحاجة لـ |مسار= (مساعدة){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge."نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-10-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-05.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة) و|عمل= تُجوهل (مساعدة)There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)For the thoroughgoing atheist, the path is extremely difficult, if not lonely, for he can not develop any relationship of love with God, nor can he expect any divine help on the long and arduous journey.
According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.
That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzsche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzsche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts".
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط |مسار أرشيف= بحاجة لـ |مسار= (مساعدة){{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |quotes= تم تجاهله (مساعدة){{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط |مسار أرشيف= بحاجة لـ |مسار= (مساعدة){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems."نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-11-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-05.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |quotes= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge."نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-10-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-05.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems."نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-11-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-05.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link){{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة) و|عمل= تُجوهل (مساعدة)There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)For the thoroughgoing atheist, the path is extremely difficult, if not lonely, for he can not develop any relationship of love with God, nor can he expect any divine help on the long and arduous journey.
According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.
That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzsche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzsche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts".
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة){{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط |مسار أرشيف= بحاجة لـ |مسار= (مساعدة)In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.
Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة){{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |quotes= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge."نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-10-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-05.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzsche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzsche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts".
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link)The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.
But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.