الإمبراطورية الرومانية (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "الإمبراطورية الرومانية" in Arabic language version.

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1upenn.edu

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ancient.eu

Cartwright، Mark (23 يناير 2018). "1453: The Fall of Constantinople". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-02-11.

archive.org

Mosley، Stephen (2010). The Environment in World History. Routledge. ص. 35. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-08.
Curchin، Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain". The American Journal of Philology. ج. 116 ع. 3: 461–476 (464). DOI:10.2307/295333. JSTOR:295333.
Noy، David (2000). Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. ISBN:9780715629529.
Harper، James (1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". American Journal of Philology. ج. 93 ع. 2: 341–342. DOI:10.2307/293259. JSTOR:293259. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-17.
MacMullen، Ramsay (1966). "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire". The American Journal of Philology. ج. 87 ع. 1: 1–17. DOI:10.2307/292973. JSTOR:292973.
Tignor، Robert؛ وآخرون (2011). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: The History of the World (ط. 3). W.W. Norton & Company. ص. 262. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-13.

arxiv.org

Taylor، Timothy (2010). "Believing the ancients: Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia". World Archaeology. ج. 33 ع. 1: 27–43. arXiv:0706.4406. DOI:10.1080/00438240120047618. JSTOR:827887.

bbc.co.uk

Peter، Heather. "The Fall of Rome". BBC. BBC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-02-11.

books.google.com

The Ottomans sometimes called their state the "Empire of Rûm" ((بالتركية العثمانية: دولت علنإه روم)‏). In this sense, it could be argued that a "Roman" Empire survived until the early 20th century. See the following: Roy، Kaushik (2014). Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Studies in Military History. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ص. 37. ISBN:978-1-78093-800-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-04. After the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Osmanli Turks called their empire the Empire of Rum (Rome).)
Morley، Neville (17 أغسطس 2010). The Roman Empire: Roots of Imperialism. ISBN:9780745328706. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-28.
Diamond، Jared (4 يناير 2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. ISBN:9781101502006. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-28.
Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times. Routledge. ISBN:978-0-415-16524-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16.. Fig. 1. Regions east of the الفرات river were held only in the years 116–117.
Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. ص. 14–16. ISBN:978-0-415-23943-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-09-22.
Fine, John V. A.؛ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ص. 10–11. ISBN:978-0-472-08149-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-14.
Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times. Routledge. ص. 5. ISBN:978-0-415-16524-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16.
Harl, Kenneth W. (19 يونيو 1996). Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700. JHU Press. ص. 125–135. ISBN:978-0-8018-5291-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-26.

cambridge.org

Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements". Journal of Roman Archaeology (بالإنجليزية). 30: 301–324. DOI:10.1017/S1047759400074134. ISSN:1047-7594. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08.

ccel.org

Gibbon، Edward (1776)، "The Decline And Fall in the West – Chapter 4"، The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire.

doi.org

That is, a كيل بمكيالين was in place: a married woman could have sex only with her husband, but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute, slave, or person of marginalized status. See McGinn، Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. ج. 121: 335–375 (342). DOI:10.2307/284457. JSTOR:284457.; مارثا نوسباوم (2002) "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman," in The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press. p. 305, noting that custom "allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change"; Elaine Fantham, "Stuprum: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome," in Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian (Walter de Gruyter, 2011), p. 124, citing بابنيان, De adulteriis I and Modestinus, Liber Regularum I. إيفا كانتاريلا, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 104; Edwards, pp. 34–35.
Taagepera، Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. Duke University Press. ج. 3 ع. 3/4: 125. DOI:10.2307/1170959. ISSN:0145-5532. JSTOR:1170959.
Durand، John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review. ج. 3 ع. 3: 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891. JSTOR:1971891. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-16.
Goldsmith، Raymond W. (2005). "An Estimate of the Size Anl Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire". Review of Income and Wealth. ج. 30 ع. 3: 263. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00552.x.
Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements". Journal of Roman Archaeology (بالإنجليزية). 30: 301–324. DOI:10.1017/S1047759400074134. ISSN:1047-7594. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08.
Curchin، Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain". The American Journal of Philology. ج. 116 ع. 3: 461–476 (464). DOI:10.2307/295333. JSTOR:295333.
Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul". The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600. Cambridge. ص. 279–289. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511482977. ISBN:9780511482977.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
Sullivan, J.P. (1979). "Martial's Sexual Attitudes". Philologus. ج. 123 ع. 1–2: 296. DOI:10.1524/phil.1979.123.12.288.
Harris، W. V. (1999). "Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves". The Journal of Roman Studies. ج. 89: 62–75. DOI:10.2307/300734. JSTOR:300734.
Taylor، Timothy (2010). "Believing the ancients: Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia". World Archaeology. ج. 33 ع. 1: 27–43. arXiv:0706.4406. DOI:10.1080/00438240120047618. JSTOR:827887.
Gamauf، Richard (2009). "Slaves doing business: The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household". European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire. ج. 16 ع. 3: 331–346. DOI:10.1080/13507480902916837.
Harper، James (1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". American Journal of Philology. ج. 93 ع. 2: 341–342. DOI:10.2307/293259. JSTOR:293259. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-17.
MacMullen، Ramsay (1966). "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire". The American Journal of Philology. ج. 87 ع. 1: 1–17. DOI:10.2307/292973. JSTOR:292973.
Coleman، K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". Journal of Roman Studies. ج. 80: 44–73. DOI:10.2307/300280. JSTOR:300280.
Connolly، Peter (1986). "A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle". Britannia. ج. 17: 353–355. DOI:10.2307/526559. JSTOR:526559.
Connolly، Peter؛ Van Driel-Murray، Carol (1991). "The Roman Cavalry Saddle". Britannia. ج. 22: 33–50. DOI:10.2307/526629. JSTOR:526629.

google.it

books.google.it

Lezioni di filologia petrarchesca - Giuseppe Billanovich - Google Libri نسخة محفوظة 27 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Historiae Mundi: Studies in Universal History - Bloomsbury Publishing - Google Libri نسخة محفوظة 26 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

gutenberg.org

Gibbon, Edward (1776). "Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.—Part II.". The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (بالإنجليزية). England: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2020-02-11. The republic (they repeat that name without a blush) might safely confide in the civil and military virtues of Odoacer; and they humbly request, that the emperor would invest him with the title of Patrician, and the administration of the diocese of Italy."", "His vanity was gratified by the title of sole emperor, and by the statues erected to his honor in the several quarters of Rome; "he entertained a friendly, though ambiguous, correspondence with the patrician Odoacer; and he gratefully accepted the Imperial ensigns

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Verboven, Koenraad (2007). "The Associative Order: Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire". Athenaeum. ج. 95: 870–72. hdl:1854/LU-395187. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-03.

jstor.org

That is, a كيل بمكيالين was in place: a married woman could have sex only with her husband, but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute, slave, or person of marginalized status. See McGinn، Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. ج. 121: 335–375 (342). DOI:10.2307/284457. JSTOR:284457.; مارثا نوسباوم (2002) "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman," in The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press. p. 305, noting that custom "allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change"; Elaine Fantham, "Stuprum: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome," in Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian (Walter de Gruyter, 2011), p. 124, citing بابنيان, De adulteriis I and Modestinus, Liber Regularum I. إيفا كانتاريلا, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 104; Edwards, pp. 34–35.
Taagepera، Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. Duke University Press. ج. 3 ع. 3/4: 125. DOI:10.2307/1170959. ISSN:0145-5532. JSTOR:1170959.
Durand، John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review. ج. 3 ع. 3: 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891. JSTOR:1971891. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-16.
Scholl, Christian (2017). Transcultural approaches to the concept of imperial rule in the Middle Ages (بالإنجليزية). Peter Lang AG. ISBN:978-3-653-05232-9. JSTOR:j.ctv6zdbwx. Odoacer, who dethroned the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476, neither used the imperial insignia nor the colour purple, which was used by the emperor in Byzantium only.
Curchin، Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain". The American Journal of Philology. ج. 116 ع. 3: 461–476 (464). DOI:10.2307/295333. JSTOR:295333.
Harris، W. V. (1999). "Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves". The Journal of Roman Studies. ج. 89: 62–75. DOI:10.2307/300734. JSTOR:300734.
Taylor، Timothy (2010). "Believing the ancients: Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia". World Archaeology. ج. 33 ع. 1: 27–43. arXiv:0706.4406. DOI:10.1080/00438240120047618. JSTOR:827887.
Harper، James (1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". American Journal of Philology. ج. 93 ع. 2: 341–342. DOI:10.2307/293259. JSTOR:293259. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-17.
MacMullen، Ramsay (1966). "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire". The American Journal of Philology. ج. 87 ع. 1: 1–17. DOI:10.2307/292973. JSTOR:292973.
Coleman، K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". Journal of Roman Studies. ج. 80: 44–73. DOI:10.2307/300280. JSTOR:300280.
Roth, J. (1994). "The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion". Historia. ج. 43 ع. 3: 346–362. JSTOR:4436338.
Connolly، Peter (1986). "A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle". Britannia. ج. 17: 353–355. DOI:10.2307/526559. JSTOR:526559.
Connolly، Peter؛ Van Driel-Murray، Carol (1991). "The Roman Cavalry Saddle". Britannia. ج. 22: 33–50. DOI:10.2307/526629. JSTOR:526629.

peterturchin.com

Turchin، Peter؛ Adams، Jonathan M.؛ Hall، Thomas D (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-systems Research. ج. 12 ع. 2: 222. ISSN:1076-156X. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-12-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-06.

princeton.edu

Scheidel, Walter (April 2006) "Population and demography" in Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, p. 9 نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

theottomans.org

Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 3 April 2007. نسخة محفوظة 28 أكتوبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

Dio Cassius 72.36.4, Loeb edition translated E. Cary نسخة محفوظة 2023-02-21 على موقع واي باك مشين.

ugent.be

biblio.ugent.be

Verboven, Koenraad (2007). "The Associative Order: Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire". Athenaeum. ج. 95: 870–72. hdl:1854/LU-395187. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-03.

upenn.edu

repository.upenn.edu

Durand، John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review. ج. 3 ع. 3: 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891. JSTOR:1971891. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-16.

web.archive.org

The Ottomans sometimes called their state the "Empire of Rûm" ((بالتركية العثمانية: دولت علنإه روم)‏). In this sense, it could be argued that a "Roman" Empire survived until the early 20th century. See the following: Roy، Kaushik (2014). Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Studies in Military History. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ص. 37. ISBN:978-1-78093-800-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-01-04. After the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Osmanli Turks called their empire the Empire of Rum (Rome).)
Morley، Neville (17 أغسطس 2010). The Roman Empire: Roots of Imperialism. ISBN:9780745328706. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-28.
Diamond، Jared (4 يناير 2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. ISBN:9781101502006. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-28.
Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times. Routledge. ISBN:978-0-415-16524-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16.. Fig. 1. Regions east of the الفرات river were held only in the years 116–117.
Durand، John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review. ج. 3 ع. 3: 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891. JSTOR:1971891. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-10-16.
Turchin، Peter؛ Adams، Jonathan M.؛ Hall، Thomas D (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-systems Research. ج. 12 ع. 2: 222. ISSN:1076-156X. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-12-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-06.
Dio Cassius 72.36.4, Loeb edition translated E. Cary نسخة محفوظة 2023-02-21 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Peter، Heather. "The Fall of Rome". BBC. BBC. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-03-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-02-11.
Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 3 April 2007. نسخة محفوظة 28 أكتوبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Cartwright، Mark (23 يناير 2018). "1453: The Fall of Constantinople". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-02-11.
Lezioni di filologia petrarchesca - Giuseppe Billanovich - Google Libri نسخة محفوظة 27 يوليو 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Historiae Mundi: Studies in Universal History - Bloomsbury Publishing - Google Libri نسخة محفوظة 26 أغسطس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. ص. 14–16. ISBN:978-0-415-23943-1. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-09-22.
Mosley، Stephen (2010). The Environment in World History. Routledge. ص. 35. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-08.
Scheidel, Walter (April 2006) "Population and demography" in Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, p. 9 نسخة محفوظة 13 نوفمبر 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements". Journal of Roman Archaeology (بالإنجليزية). 30: 301–324. DOI:10.1017/S1047759400074134. ISSN:1047-7594. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08.
Fine, John V. A.؛ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ص. 10–11. ISBN:978-0-472-08149-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-14.
Harper، James (1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". American Journal of Philology. ج. 93 ع. 2: 341–342. DOI:10.2307/293259. JSTOR:293259. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-05-17.
Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times. Routledge. ص. 5. ISBN:978-0-415-16524-2. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16.
Verboven, Koenraad (2007). "The Associative Order: Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire". Athenaeum. ج. 95: 870–72. hdl:1854/LU-395187. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-03.
Tignor، Robert؛ وآخرون (2011). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: The History of the World (ط. 3). W.W. Norton & Company. ص. 262. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-13.
Harl, Kenneth W. (19 يونيو 1996). Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700. JHU Press. ص. 125–135. ISBN:978-0-8018-5291-6. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-03-26.

wikidata.org

Lintott, Andrew ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ (1999) The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. p. 114
Luttwak, Edward ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ (1976/1979) The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, مطبعة جامعة جونز هوبكينز. p. 30. (ردمك 0-8018-2158-4).
Harris, W. V. ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ (2010) "The Nature of Roman Money," in The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford University Press. (ردمك 0199586713).

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

تأسست هذه الممارسة في الجمهورية؛ انظر على سبيل المثال حالة حقوق مياه كونتبريتون التي استمع إليها غايوس فاليريوس فلاكوس ^{[الإنجليزية]} كحاكم لهسبانيا في 80-90 ق.م.

worldcat.org

Taagepera، Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. Duke University Press. ج. 3 ع. 3/4: 125. DOI:10.2307/1170959. ISSN:0145-5532. JSTOR:1170959.
Turchin، Peter؛ Adams، Jonathan M.؛ Hall، Thomas D (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-systems Research. ج. 12 ع. 2: 222. ISSN:1076-156X. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2018-12-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-06.
Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements". Journal of Roman Archaeology (بالإنجليزية). 30: 301–324. DOI:10.1017/S1047759400074134. ISSN:1047-7594. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08.