Anthony Appiah؛ Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. ص. 549. ISBN:978-0-19-533770-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-04-03., Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"
doi.org
Meyers، Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center. ج. 10 ع. 3: 427–442. DOI:10.2307/216736. JSTOR:216736.
Meyers، Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center. ج. 10 ع. 3: 427–442. DOI:10.2307/216736. JSTOR:216736.
Anthony Appiah؛ Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. ص. 549. ISBN:978-0-19-533770-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2024-04-03., Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"