Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "العصور المظلمة (علم التأريخ)" in Arabic language version.
a term sometimes applied to the period of the Middle Ages to mark the intellectual darkness characteristic of the time; often restricted to the early period of the Middle Ages, between the time of the fall of Rome and the appearance of vernacular written documents.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link). Reprinted from: Mommsen، Theodore Ernst (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: أكاديمية القرون الوسطى في أمريكا [الإنجليزية]. ج. 17 ع. 2: 227–228. DOI:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR:2856364.Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a 'dark age', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans.
The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages — or the Middle Age — used to be the same; two names for the same period. But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance. This was not the old view, and it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name.
These used to be called the Dark Ages. That label is best set aside. It is hopelessly redolent of Renaissance and Enlightenment prejudices. It altogether underestimates the impressive cultural vitality and enduring spiritual legacy of the entire period that has come to be known as "late antiquity". At the same time we do not have to euphemize the realities of imperial disintegration, economic collapse and societal disintegration.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link). Reprinted from: Mommsen، Theodore Ernst (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: أكاديمية القرون الوسطى في أمريكا [الإنجليزية]. ج. 17 ع. 2: 227–228. DOI:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR:2856364.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link). Reprinted from: Mommsen، Theodore Ernst (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: أكاديمية القرون الوسطى في أمريكا [الإنجليزية]. ج. 17 ع. 2: 227–228. DOI:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR:2856364.The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages — or the Middle Age — used to be the same; two names for the same period. But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance. This was not the old view, and it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link). Reprinted from: Mommsen، Theodore Ernst (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: أكاديمية القرون الوسطى في أمريكا [الإنجليزية]. ج. 17 ع. 2: 227–228. DOI:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR:2856364.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (link). Reprinted from: Mommsen، Theodore Ernst (1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum. Cambridge MA: أكاديمية القرون الوسطى في أمريكا [الإنجليزية]. ج. 17 ع. 2: 227–228. DOI:10.2307/2856364. JSTOR:2856364.