Although the notion of a north to south-only direction of influence arose in the scholarship of ماكس جاكوب فريدلاندر[لغات أخرى] and was continued by إروين بانوفسكي, art historians are increasingly questioning its validity: Lisa Deam, "Flemish versus Netherlandish: A Discourse of Nationalism," in Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 28–29.