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Darley، J. M.؛ Latané، B. (1968). "Bystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. ج. 8 ع. 4, Pt.1: 377–383. DOI:10.1037/h0025589. PMID:5645600. S2CID:9665680.
Hollingshead، Andrea B.؛ Wittenbaum، Gwen M.؛ Paulus، Paul B.؛ Hirokawa، Randy Y.؛ Ancona، Deborah G.؛ Peterson، Randall S.؛ Jehn، Karen A.؛ Yoon، Kay (2005). "A Look at Groups from the Functional Perspective". Theories of Small Groups: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. ص. 21–62. DOI:10.4135/9781483328935.n2. ISBN:978-0-7619-3076-1. SSRN:1802080.