تاريخ الهندسة الوراثية (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "تاريخ الهندسة الوراثية" in Arabic language version.

refsWebsite

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23nih.gov

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12doi.org

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6harvard.edu

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33^rd place

6web.archive.org

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1archive.org

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1books.google.com

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1wheatbp.net

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1newscientist.com

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1apsnet.org

low place

apsnet.org

Nester، Eugene (2008). "Agrobacterium: The Natural Genetic Engineer (100 Years Later)". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-10-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-10-05.

archive.org

Colledge, Sue؛ Conolly, James (2007). The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. ص. 40. ISBN:978-1598749885. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-16.

books.google.com

Kingsbury, Noel (2009). Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding. University of Chicago Press. (ردمك 0226437051). نسخة محفوظة 25 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

doi.org

Skoglund, Pontus; Ersmark, Erik; Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love (1 Jun 2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". Current Biology (بالإنجليزية). 25 (11): 1515–19. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID:26004765.
Jackson، DA؛ Symons، RH؛ Berg، P (1 أكتوبر 1972). "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli". PNAS. ج. 69 ع. 10: 2904–09. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2904J. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904. PMC:389671. PMID:4342968.
Larson، Greger؛ Karlsson، Elinor K.؛ Perri، Angela؛ Webster، Matthew T.؛ Ho، Simon Y. W.؛ Peters، Joris؛ Stahl، Peter W.؛ Piper، Philip J.؛ Lingaas، Frode (5 يونيو 2012). "Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 109 ع. 23: 8878–83. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.8878L. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1203005109. PMC:3384140. PMID:22615366.
Montague، Michael J.؛ Li، Gang؛ Gandolfi، Barbara؛ Khan، Razib؛ Aken، Bronwen L.؛ Searle، Steven M. J.؛ Minx، Patrick؛ Hillier، LaDeana W.؛ Koboldt، Daniel C. (2 ديسمبر 2014). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 111 ع. 48: 17230–135. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1410083111. PMC:4260561. PMID:25385592.
Schouten، H. J.؛ Jacobsen، E. (2007). "Are Mutations in Genetically Modified Plants Dangerous?". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. ج. 2007 ع. 7: 1–2. DOI:10.1155/2007/82612. PMC:2218926. PMID:18273413.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Roberts، R. J. (2005). "Classic Perspective: How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 102 ع. 17: 5905–08. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC:1087929. PMID:15840723.
Weiss، B.؛ Richardson، C. C. (1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 57 ع. 4: 1021–28. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. DOI:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC:224649. PMID:5340583.
Lederberg، J (1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. ج. 32 ع. 4: 403–30. DOI:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID:13003535. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-07.
Mandel، Morton؛ Higa, Akiko (1970). "Calcium-dependent bacteriophage DNA infection". Journal of Molecular Biology. ج. 53 ع. 1: 159–62. DOI:10.1016/0022-2836(70)90051-3. PMID:4922220.
Cohen، S. N.؛ Chang، A. C. Y.؛ Hsu، L. (1972). "Non chromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 69 ع. 8: 2110–14. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2110C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110. PMC:426879. PMID:4559594.
Wirth، Reinhard؛ Friesenegger, Anita؛ Fiedlerand, Stefan (1989). "Transformation of various species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to 11 different genera by electroporation". Molecular and General Genetics MGG. ج. 216 ع. 1: 175–77. DOI:10.1007/BF00332248. PMID:2659971.
Zambryski، P.؛ Joos، H.؛ Genetello، C.؛ Leemans، J.؛ Montagu، M. V.؛ Schell، J. (1983). "Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity". The EMBO Journal. ج. 2 ع. 12: 2143–50. DOI:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x. PMC:555426. PMID:16453482.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Jackson، DA؛ Symons، RH؛ Berg، P (1 أكتوبر 1972). "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli". PNAS. ج. 69 ع. 10: 2904–09. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2904J. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904. PMC:389671. PMID:4342968.
Larson، Greger؛ Karlsson، Elinor K.؛ Perri، Angela؛ Webster، Matthew T.؛ Ho، Simon Y. W.؛ Peters، Joris؛ Stahl، Peter W.؛ Piper، Philip J.؛ Lingaas، Frode (5 يونيو 2012). "Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 109 ع. 23: 8878–83. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.8878L. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1203005109. PMC:3384140. PMID:22615366.
Montague، Michael J.؛ Li، Gang؛ Gandolfi، Barbara؛ Khan، Razib؛ Aken، Bronwen L.؛ Searle، Steven M. J.؛ Minx، Patrick؛ Hillier، LaDeana W.؛ Koboldt، Daniel C. (2 ديسمبر 2014). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 111 ع. 48: 17230–135. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1410083111. PMC:4260561. PMID:25385592.
Roberts، R. J. (2005). "Classic Perspective: How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 102 ع. 17: 5905–08. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC:1087929. PMID:15840723.
Weiss، B.؛ Richardson، C. C. (1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 57 ع. 4: 1021–28. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. DOI:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC:224649. PMID:5340583.
Cohen، S. N.؛ Chang، A. C. Y.؛ Hsu، L. (1972). "Non chromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 69 ع. 8: 2110–14. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2110C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110. PMC:426879. PMID:4559594.

newscientist.com

Le Page، Michael (17 مارس 2016). "Farmers may have been accidentally making GMOs for millennia". The New Scientist. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-11.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Skoglund, Pontus; Ersmark, Erik; Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love (1 Jun 2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". Current Biology (بالإنجليزية). 25 (11): 1515–19. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID:26004765.
Jackson، DA؛ Symons، RH؛ Berg، P (1 أكتوبر 1972). "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli". PNAS. ج. 69 ع. 10: 2904–09. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2904J. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904. PMC:389671. PMID:4342968.
Larson، Greger؛ Karlsson، Elinor K.؛ Perri، Angela؛ Webster، Matthew T.؛ Ho، Simon Y. W.؛ Peters، Joris؛ Stahl، Peter W.؛ Piper، Philip J.؛ Lingaas، Frode (5 يونيو 2012). "Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 109 ع. 23: 8878–83. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.8878L. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1203005109. PMC:3384140. PMID:22615366.
Montague، Michael J.؛ Li، Gang؛ Gandolfi، Barbara؛ Khan، Razib؛ Aken، Bronwen L.؛ Searle، Steven M. J.؛ Minx، Patrick؛ Hillier، LaDeana W.؛ Koboldt، Daniel C. (2 ديسمبر 2014). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 111 ع. 48: 17230–135. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1410083111. PMC:4260561. PMID:25385592.
Schouten، H. J.؛ Jacobsen، E. (2007). "Are Mutations in Genetically Modified Plants Dangerous?". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. ج. 2007 ع. 7: 1–2. DOI:10.1155/2007/82612. PMC:2218926. PMID:18273413.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Hartl, D. L.؛ Orel, V. (1992). "What Did Gregor Mendel Think He Discovered?". Genetics. ج. 131 ع. 2: 245–25. PMC:1205000. PMID:1644269.
Roberts، R. J. (2005). "Classic Perspective: How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 102 ع. 17: 5905–08. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC:1087929. PMID:15840723.
Weiss، B.؛ Richardson، C. C. (1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 57 ع. 4: 1021–28. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. DOI:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC:224649. PMID:5340583.
Lederberg، J (1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. ج. 32 ع. 4: 403–30. DOI:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID:13003535. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-07.
Mandel، Morton؛ Higa, Akiko (1970). "Calcium-dependent bacteriophage DNA infection". Journal of Molecular Biology. ج. 53 ع. 1: 159–62. DOI:10.1016/0022-2836(70)90051-3. PMID:4922220.
Cohen، S. N.؛ Chang، A. C. Y.؛ Hsu، L. (1972). "Non chromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 69 ع. 8: 2110–14. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2110C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110. PMC:426879. PMID:4559594.
Wirth، Reinhard؛ Friesenegger, Anita؛ Fiedlerand, Stefan (1989). "Transformation of various species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to 11 different genera by electroporation". Molecular and General Genetics MGG. ج. 216 ع. 1: 175–77. DOI:10.1007/BF00332248. PMID:2659971.
Zambryski، P.؛ Joos، H.؛ Genetello، C.؛ Leemans، J.؛ Montagu، M. V.؛ Schell، J. (1983). "Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity". The EMBO Journal. ج. 2 ع. 12: 2143–50. DOI:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x. PMC:555426. PMID:16453482.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Jackson، DA؛ Symons، RH؛ Berg، P (1 أكتوبر 1972). "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli". PNAS. ج. 69 ع. 10: 2904–09. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2904J. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904. PMC:389671. PMID:4342968.
Larson، Greger؛ Karlsson، Elinor K.؛ Perri، Angela؛ Webster، Matthew T.؛ Ho، Simon Y. W.؛ Peters، Joris؛ Stahl، Peter W.؛ Piper، Philip J.؛ Lingaas، Frode (5 يونيو 2012). "Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 109 ع. 23: 8878–83. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.8878L. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1203005109. PMC:3384140. PMID:22615366.
Montague، Michael J.؛ Li، Gang؛ Gandolfi، Barbara؛ Khan، Razib؛ Aken، Bronwen L.؛ Searle، Steven M. J.؛ Minx، Patrick؛ Hillier، LaDeana W.؛ Koboldt، Daniel C. (2 ديسمبر 2014). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 111 ع. 48: 17230–135. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1410083111. PMC:4260561. PMID:25385592.
Schouten، H. J.؛ Jacobsen، E. (2007). "Are Mutations in Genetically Modified Plants Dangerous?". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. ج. 2007 ع. 7: 1–2. DOI:10.1155/2007/82612. PMC:2218926. PMID:18273413.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
Hartl, D. L.؛ Orel, V. (1992). "What Did Gregor Mendel Think He Discovered?". Genetics. ج. 131 ع. 2: 245–25. PMC:1205000. PMID:1644269.
Roberts، R. J. (2005). "Classic Perspective: How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 102 ع. 17: 5905–08. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC:1087929. PMID:15840723.
Weiss، B.؛ Richardson، C. C. (1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 57 ع. 4: 1021–28. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. DOI:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC:224649. PMID:5340583.
Cohen، S. N.؛ Chang، A. C. Y.؛ Hsu، L. (1972). "Non chromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ج. 69 ع. 8: 2110–14. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2110C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110. PMC:426879. PMID:4559594.
Zambryski، P.؛ Joos، H.؛ Genetello، C.؛ Leemans، J.؛ Montagu، M. V.؛ Schell، J. (1983). "Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity". The EMBO Journal. ج. 2 ع. 12: 2143–50. DOI:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x. PMC:555426. PMID:16453482.

profiles.nlm.nih.gov

Lederberg، J (1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. ج. 32 ع. 4: 403–30. DOI:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID:13003535. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-07.

web.archive.org

Colledge, Sue؛ Conolly, James (2007). The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. ص. 40. ISBN:978-1598749885. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-16.
Kingsbury, Noel (2009). Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding. University of Chicago Press. (ردمك 0226437051). نسخة محفوظة 25 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
"Evolution of Wheatpublisher=Wheat, the big picture". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
Le Page، Michael (17 مارس 2016). "Farmers may have been accidentally making GMOs for millennia". The New Scientist. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-11.
Lederberg، J (1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. ج. 32 ع. 4: 403–30. DOI:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID:13003535. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-02-07.
Nester، Eugene (2008). "Agrobacterium: The Natural Genetic Engineer (100 Years Later)". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-10-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-10-05.

wheatbp.net

"Evolution of Wheatpublisher=Wheat, the big picture". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-01-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أغسطس 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)