حالة الأكسدة (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "حالة الأكسدة" in Arabic language version.

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acs.org

"Antoine Laurent Lavoisier The Chemical Revolution - Landmark - American Chemical Society". أمريكاn Chemical Society. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.
"Antoine Laurent Lavoisier The Chemical Revolution - Landmark - American Chemical Society". أمريكاn Chemical Society. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.

pubs.acs.org

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. بيب كود:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2007-12-02 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10. and in [(CAAC)₂Be]^+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Wang, Guocang; Walley, Jacob E.; Dickie, Diane E.; Pan, Sudip; Frenking, Gernot; Gilliard Jr., Robert G. (2020). "A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10): 4560–4. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b13777. Retrieved 2020-11-17. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-09-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.

cen.acs.org

All the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻). نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-27 في Wayback Machine

archive.org

John William؛ Petrucci، Ralph H. (2002). General chemistry : an integrated approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. ISBN:978-0-13-033445-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-22.
Martinie، R. J.؛ Bultema، J. J.؛ Wal، M. N. V.؛ Burkhart، B. J.؛ Griend، D. A. V.؛ DeCock، R. L. (2011). "Bond order and chemical properties of BF, CO, and N₂". J. Chem. Educ. ج. 88 ع. 8: 1094–1097. Bibcode:2011JChEd..88.1094M. DOI:10.1021/ed100758t.
Petrucci، R. H.؛ Harwood، W. S.؛ Herring، F. G. (2002). General Chemistry (ط. 8th). Prentice-Hall. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-10-09.^{[بحاجة لمُعرِّف الكتاب]}
Whitten، K. W.؛ Galley، K. D.؛ Davis، R. E. (1992). General Chemistry (ط. 4th). Saunders. ص. 147. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-09-30.^{[بحاجة لمُعرِّف الكتاب]}
Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). "The Chemistry of Berkelium". In Emeléus, Harry Julius (ed.). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. 28. Academic Press. pp. 29–64. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4. ISBN 978-0-12-023628-2. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-23 في Wayback Machine
Latimer، W. M. (1938). The Oxidation States of the Elements and their Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (ط. 1st). Prentice-Hall.
Pauling، L. (1948). "The modern theory of valency". J. Chem. Soc. ج. 1948: 1461–1467. DOI:10.1039/JR9480001461. PMID:18893624.

books.google.com

B(−1) has been observed in ثنائي بوريد المغنيسيوم (MgB₂), see Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-12 في Wayback Machine
Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
Rn(VI) is known in رادون (RnO₃); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). "Compounds of Thorium and Uranium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-12-023634-3. Retrieved 22 March 2015. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-06 في Wayback Machine
Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). "The Chemistry of Berkelium". In Emeléus, Harry Julius (ed.). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. 28. Academic Press. pp. 29–64. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4. ISBN 978-0-12-023628-2. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-23 في Wayback Machine

cenmag.org

2014.cenmag.org

Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-26 في Wayback Machine

chemie-master.de

Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5-; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-28 في Wayback Machine

chemistryviews.org

Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-28 في Wayback Machine
"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-26 في Wayback Machine

d-nb.info

Schroeder, Melanie, Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (بالألمانية), p. 139, Archived from the original on 2020-08-06
B(−5) has been observed in Al₃BC, see Schroeder, Melanie. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (in German). p. 139. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-06 في Wayback Machine
Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca²⁺)₂₂[Bi₄]⁴⁻([Bi₂]⁴⁻)₄[Bi³⁻]₈; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). "Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases". Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-30 في Wayback Machine

doi.org

Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786. S2CID:4463905.
Yu، H.-S.؛ Truhlar، D. G. (2016). "Oxidation state 10 exists". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 55 ع. 31: 9004–9006. DOI:10.1002/anie.201604670. PMID:27273799.
Amberger، E.؛ Ploog، K. (1969-11). "Einfluß von Fremdatomen auf Bildung und Struktur von Bormodifikationen und borreichen Boriden". Angewandte Chemie. ج. 81 ع. 22: 908–908. DOI:10.1002/ange.19690812219. ISSN:0044-8249. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 يناير 2021. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786.
Yu، H.-S.؛ Truhlar، D. G. (2016). "Oxidation state 10 exists". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 55 ع. 31: 9004–9006. DOI:10.1002/anie.201604670. PMID:27273799.
Karen، P.؛ McArdle، P.؛ Takats، J. (2016). "Comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)". Pure Appl. Chem. ج. 88 ع. 8: 831–839. DOI:10.1515/pac-2015-1204.
Karen، P.؛ McArdle، P.؛ Takats، J. (2014). "Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. ج. 86 ع. 6: 1017–1081. DOI:10.1515/pac-2013-0505.
Karen، Pavel (2015). "Oxidation State, A Long-Standing Issue!". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-26.
Hooydonk, G. (1974). O n an Ionic Approximation to Chemical Bonding, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 29(5), 763-767. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1974-0517 نسخة محفوظة 2018-06-12 في Wayback Machine
"Oxidation state". IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. 2009. DOI:10.1351/goldbook.O04365. ISBN:978-0-9678550-9-7.
Muir، K. W.؛ Ibers، J. A. (1969). "The structure of chlorocarbonyl(sulfur dioxide)bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium, RhCl(CO)(SO₂)(P(C₆H₅)₃)₂". Inorg. Chem. ج. 8 ع. 9: 1921–1928. DOI:10.1021/ic50079a024.
Karen، P. (2015). "Oxidation state, a long-standing issue!". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151.
Martinie، R. J.؛ Bultema، J. J.؛ Wal، M. N. V.؛ Burkhart، B. J.؛ Griend، D. A. V.؛ DeCock، R. L. (2011). "Bond order and chemical properties of BF, CO, and N₂". J. Chem. Educ. ج. 88 ع. 8: 1094–1097. Bibcode:2011JChEd..88.1094M. DOI:10.1021/ed100758t.
Senn، M. S.؛ Wright، J. P.؛ Attfield، J. P. (2012). "Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite" (PDF). Nature. ج. 481 ع. 7380: 173–6. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..173S. DOI:10.1038/nature10704. PMID:22190035. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-08-06.
Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. بيب كود:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2007-12-02 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10. and in [(CAAC)₂Be]^+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Wang, Guocang; Walley, Jacob E.; Dickie, Diane E.; Pan, Sudip; Frenking, Gernot; Gilliard Jr., Robert G. (2020). "A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10): 4560–4. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b13777. Retrieved 2020-11-17. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-09-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.
B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. بيب كود:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-13 في Wayback Machine
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. بيب كود:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-06 في Wayback Machine
Al(II) has been observed in أكسيد الألومنيوم الثنائي (AlO); see Tyte, D.C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383–384. بيب كود:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0, and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner (2004). "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 51: 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Al(−2) has been observed in Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]^4–- und [Al₄]^8–-Anionen / Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]^4–- and [Al₄]^8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001.
P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
The equilibrium Cl₂O₆⇌2ClO₃ is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). "Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide". J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9): 3860–3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094., and Cl₂O₆ is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO₃ has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). "Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14): 1482–1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821.
Ar(0) has been observed in فلوروهيدريد الآرغون (HArF) and ArCF₂²⁺, see Lockyear, J.F.; Douglas, K.; Price, S.D.; Karwowska, M.; et al. (2010). "Generation of the ArCF₂²⁺ Dication". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 1: 358. doi:10.1021/jz900274p.
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434. نسخة محفوظة 2020-12-01 في Wayback Machine
Sc(0) has been observed; see F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan & Robin N. Perutz (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock & John F. Nixon (1996). "The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32): 7630–7631. doi:10.1021/ja961253o.
Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (8): 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758. PMID 28097771. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-28 في Wayback Machine
Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η⁶-1,3,5-C₆H₃ⁱPr₃)2][BAr₄] (Ar = C₆H₅, p-C₆H₄F, 3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂); see Calderazzo, Fausto; Ferri, Isabella; Pampaloni, Guido; Englert, Ulli; Green, Malcolm L. H. (1997). "Synthesis of [Ti(η⁶-1,3,5-C₆H₃iPr₃)₂][BAr₄] (Ar = C₆H₅, p-C₆H₄F, 3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives". Organometallics. 16 (14): 3100–3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o.
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-28 في Wayback Machine
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. بيب كود:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-03 في Wayback Machine
Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). "Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)". Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157–158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, its existence has been disputed.
Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]؛ Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. بيب كود:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni(5،1-حلقي الأوكتاديين)₂], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i. PMID 16602773. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-26 في Wayback Machine
Zn(0) has been observed; see Singh, Amit Pratap; Samuel, Prinson P.; Roesky, Herbert W.; Schwarzer, Martin C.; Frenking, Gernot; Sidhu, Navdeep S.; Dittrich, Birger (2013). "A Singlet Biradicaloid Zinc Compound and Its Nonradical Counterpart". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (19): 7324–9. doi:10.1021/ja402351x. and Soleilhavoup, Michèle; Bertrand, Guy (2015). "Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (CAACs): Stable Carbenes on the Rise". Acc. Chem. Res. 48 (2): 256–266. doi:10.1021/ar5003494.
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". ساينس. 305 (5687): 1136–8. بيب كود:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
As(0) has been observed; see Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: a European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840.
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-14 في Wayback Machine
As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)₄) and HAsO-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
Se(III) has been observed in Se₂NBr₃; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se₂NBr₃, Se₂NCl₅, Se₂NCl⁻₆: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
Se(V) has been observed in SeO2- and HSeO2-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112. نسخة محفوظة 2019-03-22 في Wayback Machine
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158–171. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-05 في Wayback Machine
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]؛ see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y. PMID 21919538. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 960. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
Zr(0) and Hf(0) occur in (η⁶-(1,3,5-^tBu)₃C₆H₃)₂M (M=Zr, Hf) and [(η⁵-C₅R₅M(CO)₄]⁻, see Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5.
George, G.N.; Klein, S.I.; Nixon, J.F. (1984). "Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPrⁱ)₃)₄] at X-and Q-band frequencies". Chemical Physics Letters. 108 (6): 627–630. بيب كود:1984CPL...108..627G. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". ساينس. 295 (5553): 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921. PMID 11786632. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-05 في Wayback Machine
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. pp. 129–156. بيب كود:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-30 في Wayback Machine
The Ag⁻ ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
In(–5) has been observed in La₃InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2018-10-26 في Wayback Machine
Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb₂]⁴⁻, e.g. in RbBa₄[Sb₂][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ und ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻ / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ and ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (in German). 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546.
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds؛ for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-16 في Wayback Machine
Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl]²⁻ , see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). "Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2018-09-19 في Wayback Machine
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. بيب كود:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. بيب كود:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
I(VI) has been observed in IO₃, IO₄²⁻, H₅IO₆⁻, H₂IO₅²⁻, H₄IO₆²⁻, and HIO₅³⁻; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). "Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. 77 (7): 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 59. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-02 في Wayback Machine
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. بيب كود:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-07 في Wayback Machine
Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB₄]⁻; see Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (2018-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB₃^– and PrB₄^– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-13 في Wayback Machine
Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. نسخة محفوظة 2008-04-22 في Wayback Machine
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). "Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds". Chemical Science. 8 (5): 4035–4043. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915. PMID 28580119. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
All the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻). نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-27 في Wayback Machine
Os(−1) has been observed in Na[Os(CO) ₁₃]; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). "Preparation of [Os₃(CO)₁₁]²⁻ and its reactions with Os₃(CO)₁₂; structures of [Et₄N] [HOs₃(CO)₁₁] and H₂OsS₄(CO)". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454: 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). "Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-16 في Wayback Machine
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO⁺ ₄; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. بيب كود:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-07 في Wayback Machine
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the باريوم platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see جورج كوفمان؛ Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV). Inorganic Syntheses. 9. pp. 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
Au(0) has been observed, see Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition (21): 3194–3197. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O.
Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? نسخة محفوظة 2016-10-12 في Wayback Machine 2016-10-12 at the واي باك مشين "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Tl(−5) has been observed in Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me₃Si)Si]₂Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe₃)]₂), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). "Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811.
Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman (ed.). Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). "Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn₅⁶⁻ and Pb₅⁶⁻ in the Zintl Phases Na₈BaPb₆, Na₈BaSn₆, and Na₈EuSn₆". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in مركب رصاص عضوي, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954. PMID 23629949. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-02 في Wayback Machine
Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R₂Bi—BiR₂), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30. pp. 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2. ISBN 9780120311309.
Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science. 36 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+); see Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. p. 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
Rn(II) has been observed in ثنائي فلوريد الرادون (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. بيب كود:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b–761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-27 في Wayback Machine
Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-07 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2016-03-07.
Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state". Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. PMC 5811171. PMID 29560172. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-30 في Wayback Machine
U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t. PMID 23984753. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-02 في Wayback Machine
Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-31 في Wayback Machine
Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706. PMID 28235179. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-28 في Wayback Machine
Pu(VIII) has been observed in PuO ₄; see Nikonov, M. V.; Kiselev, Yu. M.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (March 2011). "Plutonium volatility in ozonization of alkaline solutions of Pu(VI) hydroxo complexes". Doklady Chemistry. 437 (1): 69–71. doi:10.1134/S0012500811030104. Also see Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Dolzhenko, V. D.; Ermilov, A. Yu.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (17 January 2014). "On existence and properties of plutonium(VIII) derivatives". Radiochimica Acta. 102 (3). doi:10.1515/ract-2014-2146.
Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (October 2017). "Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium". Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369–17378. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193. PMID 29024093. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. PMID 30040397. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO₃) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO₃". Radiochemistry. 53 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄". Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. بيب كود:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k. PMID 24695756. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-29 في Wayback Machine
Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). "The Chemistry of Berkelium". In Emeléus, Harry Julius (ed.). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. 28. Academic Press. pp. 29–64. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4. ISBN 978-0-12-023628-2. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-23 في Wayback Machine
Sullivan, Jim C.; Schmidt, K. H.; Morss, L. R.; Pippin, C. G.; Williams, C. (1988). "Pulse radiolysis studies of berkelium(III): preparation and identification of berkelium(II) in aqueous perchlorate media". Inorganic Chemistry. 27 (4): 597. doi:10.1021/ic00277a005.
Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF₄); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). "Thermochemistry of the actinides". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide" (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-25. نسخة محفوظة 2019-12-24 في Wayback Machine
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". Science. 345 (6203): 1491–3. بيب كود:2014Sci...345.1491E. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. PMID 25237098. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-04 في Wayback Machine
Langmuir، Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 41 ع. 6: 868–934. DOI:10.1021/ja02227a002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-26.
Jensen، W. B. (2007). "the origin of the oxidation-state concept". J. Chem. Educ. ج. 84 ع. 9: 1418–1419. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1418J. DOI:10.1021/ed084p1418.
Stock، A. (1919). "Einige Nomenklaturfragen der anorganischen Chemie" [Some nomenclature issues of inorganic chemistry]. Angew. Chem. ج. 32 ع. 98: 373–374. DOI:10.1002/ange.19190329802. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06.
Jorissen، W. P.؛ Bassett، H.؛ Damiens، A.؛ Fichter، F.؛ Rémy، H. (1941). "Rules for naming inorganic compounds". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 63: 889–897. DOI:10.1021/ja01849a001.
Bray، W. C.؛ Branch، G. E. K. (1913). "Valence and tautomerism". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 35 ع. 10: 1440–1447. DOI:10.1021/ja02199a003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-09.
Noyes، A. A.؛ Pitzer، K. S.؛ Dunn، C. L. (1935). "Argentic salts in acid solution, I. The oxidation and reduction reactions". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 57 ع. 7: 1221–1229. DOI:10.1021/ja01310a018.
Noyes، A. A.؛ Pitzer، K. S.؛ Dunn، C. L. (1935). "Argentic salts in acid solution, II. The oxidation state of argentic salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 57 ع. 7: 1229–1237. DOI:10.1021/ja01310a019.
Fernelius، W. C. (1948). "Some problems of inorganic nomenclature". Chem. Eng. News. ج. 26: 161–163. DOI:10.1021/cen-v026n003.p161.
Fernelius، W. C.؛ Larsen، E. M.؛ Marchi، L. E.؛ Rollinson، C. L. (1948). "Nomenclature of coördination compounds". Chem. Eng. News. ج. 26 ع. 8: 520–523. DOI:10.1021/cen-v026n008.p520.
Pauling، L. (1948). "The modern theory of valency". J. Chem. Soc. ج. 1948: 1461–1467. DOI:10.1039/JR9480001461. PMID:18893624.
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dx.doi.org

Amberger، E.؛ Ploog، K. (1969-11). "Einfluß von Fremdatomen auf Bildung und Struktur von Bormodifikationen und borreichen Boriden". Angewandte Chemie. ج. 81 ع. 22: 908–908. DOI:10.1002/ange.19690812219. ISSN:0044-8249. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 يناير 2021. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)

dtu.dk

orbit.dtu.dk

Se(V) has been observed in SeO2- and HSeO2-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112. نسخة محفوظة 2019-03-22 في Wayback Machine
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. بيب كود:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. بيب كود:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

ed.ac.uk

pure.ed.ac.uk

Senn، M. S.؛ Wright، J. P.؛ Attfield، J. P. (2012). "Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite" (PDF). Nature. ج. 481 ع. 7380: 173–6. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..173S. DOI:10.1038/nature10704. PMID:22190035. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-08-06.

escholarship.org

Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (October 2017). "Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium". Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369–17378. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193. PMID 29024093. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine

gsi.de

Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" Archived 2008-02-28 at the واي باك مشين, Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29 نسخة محفوظة 2012-02-19 في Wayback Machine
Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO₄); see "Chemistry of Hassium" (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-31. نسخة محفوظة 2012-03-11 في Wayback Machine

www-w2k.gsi.de

Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide" (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-25. نسخة محفوظة 2019-12-24 في Wayback Machine

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786. S2CID:4463905.
Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786.
Martinie، R. J.؛ Bultema، J. J.؛ Wal، M. N. V.؛ Burkhart، B. J.؛ Griend، D. A. V.؛ DeCock، R. L. (2011). "Bond order and chemical properties of BF, CO, and N₂". J. Chem. Educ. ج. 88 ع. 8: 1094–1097. Bibcode:2011JChEd..88.1094M. DOI:10.1021/ed100758t.
Senn، M. S.؛ Wright، J. P.؛ Attfield، J. P. (2012). "Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite" (PDF). Nature. ج. 481 ع. 7380: 173–6. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..173S. DOI:10.1038/nature10704. PMID:22190035. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-08-06.
Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. بيب كود:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2007-12-02 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10. and in [(CAAC)₂Be]^+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Wang, Guocang; Walley, Jacob E.; Dickie, Diane E.; Pan, Sudip; Frenking, Gernot; Gilliard Jr., Robert G. (2020). "A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10): 4560–4. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b13777. Retrieved 2020-11-17. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-09-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.
B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. بيب كود:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-13 في Wayback Machine
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. بيب كود:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-06 في Wayback Machine
Al(II) has been observed in أكسيد الألومنيوم الثنائي (AlO); see Tyte, D.C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383–384. بيب كود:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0, and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner (2004). "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 51: 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. بيب كود:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-03 في Wayback Machine
Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]؛ Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. بيب كود:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". ساينس. 305 (5687): 1136–8. بيب كود:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158–171. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-05 في Wayback Machine
George, G.N.; Klein, S.I.; Nixon, J.F. (1984). "Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPrⁱ)₃)₄] at X-and Q-band frequencies". Chemical Physics Letters. 108 (6): 627–630. بيب كود:1984CPL...108..627G. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. pp. 129–156. بيب كود:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-30 في Wayback Machine
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. بيب كود:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. بيب كود:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 59. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-02 في Wayback Machine
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. بيب كود:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-07 في Wayback Machine
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO⁺ ₄; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. بيب كود:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-07 في Wayback Machine
Rn(II) has been observed in ثنائي فلوريد الرادون (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. بيب كود:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b–761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-27 في Wayback Machine
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄". Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. بيب كود:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k. PMID 24695756. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-29 في Wayback Machine
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". Science. 345 (6203): 1491–3. بيب كود:2014Sci...345.1491E. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. PMID 25237098. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-04 في Wayback Machine
Jensen، W. B. (2007). "the origin of the oxidation-state concept". J. Chem. Educ. ج. 84 ع. 9: 1418–1419. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1418J. DOI:10.1021/ed084p1418.

chem.harvard.edu

Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. pp. 129–156. بيب كود:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-30 في Wayback Machine

hull.ac.uk

www2.hull.ac.uk

Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? نسخة محفوظة 2016-10-12 في Wayback Machine 2016-10-12 at the واي باك مشين "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

iaea.org

inis.iaea.org

Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium". Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-01 في Wayback Machine

iupac.org

goldbook.iupac.org

الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية. "{{{title}}}". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية Gold Book definition: oxidation state PDF نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-30 في Wayback Machine

old.iupac.org

Connelly، N. G.؛ Damhus، T.؛ Hartshorn، R. M.؛ Hutton، A. T. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005) (PDF). RSC Publishing. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-11-12.

iupac.org

الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية Gold Book definition: oxidation state PDF نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-30 في Wayback Machine

libretexts.org

chem.libretexts.org

The Two-Electron Bond - Chemistry LibreTexts نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-09 في Wayback Machine

nevada.edu

radchem.nevada.edu

Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-07 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2016-03-07.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786. S2CID:4463905.
Yu، H.-S.؛ Truhlar، D. G. (2016). "Oxidation state 10 exists". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 55 ع. 31: 9004–9006. DOI:10.1002/anie.201604670. PMID:27273799.
Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786.
Yu، H.-S.؛ Truhlar، D. G. (2016). "Oxidation state 10 exists". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 55 ع. 31: 9004–9006. DOI:10.1002/anie.201604670. PMID:27273799.
Karen، Pavel (2015). "Oxidation State, A Long-Standing Issue!". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-26.
Karen، P. (2015). "Oxidation state, a long-standing issue!". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151.
Senn، M. S.؛ Wright، J. P.؛ Attfield، J. P. (2012). "Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite" (PDF). Nature. ج. 481 ع. 7380: 173–6. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..173S. DOI:10.1038/nature10704. PMID:22190035. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-08-06.
B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. بيب كود:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-13 في Wayback Machine
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. بيب كود:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-06 في Wayback Machine
P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434. نسخة محفوظة 2020-12-01 في Wayback Machine
Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (8): 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758. PMID 28097771. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-28 في Wayback Machine
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-28 في Wayback Machine
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. بيب كود:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-03 في Wayback Machine
Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni(5،1-حلقي الأوكتاديين)₂], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i. PMID 16602773. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-26 في Wayback Machine
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". ساينس. 305 (5687): 1136–8. بيب كود:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-14 في Wayback Machine
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]؛ see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y. PMID 21919538. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 960. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". ساينس. 295 (5553): 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921. PMID 11786632. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-05 في Wayback Machine
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. pp. 129–156. بيب كود:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-30 في Wayback Machine
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds؛ for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-16 في Wayback Machine
Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB₄]⁻; see Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (2018-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB₃^– and PrB₄^– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-13 في Wayback Machine
Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. نسخة محفوظة 2008-04-22 في Wayback Machine
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). "Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds". Chemical Science. 8 (5): 4035–4043. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915. PMID 28580119. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
All the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻). نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-27 في Wayback Machine
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-16 في Wayback Machine
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO⁺ ₄; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. بيب كود:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-07 في Wayback Machine
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the باريوم platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? نسخة محفوظة 2016-10-12 في Wayback Machine 2016-10-12 at the واي باك مشين "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in مركب رصاص عضوي, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954. PMID 23629949. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-02 في Wayback Machine
Rn(II) has been observed in ثنائي فلوريد الرادون (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. بيب كود:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b–761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-27 في Wayback Machine
Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state". Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. PMC 5811171. PMID 29560172. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-30 في Wayback Machine
U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t. PMID 23984753. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-02 في Wayback Machine
Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-31 في Wayback Machine
Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706. PMID 28235179. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-28 في Wayback Machine
Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (October 2017). "Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium". Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369–17378. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193. PMID 29024093. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. PMID 30040397. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄". Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. بيب كود:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k. PMID 24695756. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-29 في Wayback Machine
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". Science. 345 (6203): 1491–3. بيب كود:2014Sci...345.1491E. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. PMID 25237098. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-04 في Wayback Machine
Pauling، L. (1948). "The modern theory of valency". J. Chem. Soc. ج. 1948: 1461–1467. DOI:10.1039/JR9480001461. PMID:18893624.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Karen، Pavel (2015). "Oxidation State, A Long-Standing Issue!". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-26.
Karen، P. (2015). "Oxidation state, a long-standing issue!". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. pp. 129–156. بيب كود:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-30 في Wayback Machine
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). "Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds". Chemical Science. 8 (5): 4035–4043. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915. PMID 28580119. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state". Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. PMC 5811171. PMID 29560172. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-30 في Wayback Machine
Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-31 في Wayback Machine

openmopac.net

Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see "Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2007-12-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-26 في Wayback Machine

psi.ch

lch.web.psi.ch

Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). معهد بول شيرير. pp. 26–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20. نسخة محفوظة 2019-12-21 في Wayback Machine

psi.ch

Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see "Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. 2015. p. 3. نسخة محفوظة 2016-12-20 في Wayback Machine

researchgate.net

Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2018-10-26 في Wayback Machine
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). "Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2018-09-19 في Wayback Machine

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wang، G.؛ Zhou، M.؛ Goettel، G. T.؛ Schrobilgen، G. J.؛ Su، J.؛ Li، J.؛ Schlöder، T.؛ Riedel، S. (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. ج. 514 ع. 7523: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. DOI:10.1038/nature13795. PMID:25341786. S2CID:4463905.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Sb(0) has been observed, see Anastas Sidiropoulos. "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements" (PDF). p. 39. نسخة محفوظة 2020-02-18 في Wayback Machine

uni-freiburg.de

ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de

Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in طور زنتل, see: Riedel, Erwin, ed. (2007). Moderne Anorganische Chemie (in German). p. 259, and "Vorlesung Intermetallische Phasen § 6.2 Binäre Zintl-Phasen" (in German). نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-06 في Wayback Machine

uni-kassel.de

Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg₂Ga, and Mg₅Ga₂, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. "Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden" (PDF) (in German). p. 72. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-03 في Wayback Machine

uwaterloo.ca

bernath.uwaterloo.ca

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. بيب كود:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2007-12-02 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10. and in [(CAAC)₂Be]^+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Wang, Guocang; Walley, Jacob E.; Dickie, Diane E.; Pan, Sudip; Frenking, Gernot; Gilliard Jr., Robert G. (2020). "A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10): 4560–4. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b13777. Retrieved 2020-11-17. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-09-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158–171. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-05 في Wayback Machine
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 59. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-02 في Wayback Machine
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. بيب كود:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-07 في Wayback Machine

web.archive.org

John William؛ Petrucci، Ralph H. (2002). General chemistry : an integrated approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. ISBN:978-0-13-033445-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-22.
Amberger، E.؛ Ploog، K. (1969-11). "Einfluß von Fremdatomen auf Bildung und Struktur von Bormodifikationen und borreichen Boriden". Angewandte Chemie. ج. 81 ع. 22: 908–908. DOI:10.1002/ange.19690812219. ISSN:0044-8249. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 يناير 2021. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
Schroeder, Melanie, Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (بالألمانية), p. 139, Archived from the original on 2020-08-06
Karen، Pavel (2015). "Oxidation State, A Long-Standing Issue!". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. ج. 54 ع. 16: 4716–4726. DOI:10.1002/anie.201407561. PMC:4506524. PMID:25757151. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-26.
Hooydonk, G. (1974). O n an Ionic Approximation to Chemical Bonding, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 29(5), 763-767. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1974-0517 نسخة محفوظة 2018-06-12 في Wayback Machine
The Two-Electron Bond - Chemistry LibreTexts نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-09 في Wayback Machine
Petrucci، R. H.؛ Harwood، W. S.؛ Herring، F. G. (2002). General Chemistry (ط. 8th). Prentice-Hall. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-10-09.^{[بحاجة لمُعرِّف الكتاب]}
Senn، M. S.؛ Wright، J. P.؛ Attfield، J. P. (2012). "Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite" (PDF). Nature. ج. 481 ع. 7380: 173–6. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..173S. DOI:10.1038/nature10704. PMID:22190035. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-08-06.
Whitten، K. W.؛ Galley، K. D.؛ Davis، R. E. (1992). General Chemistry (ط. 4th). Saunders. ص. 147. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-09-30.^{[بحاجة لمُعرِّف الكتاب]}
Connelly، N. G.؛ Damhus، T.؛ Hartshorn، R. M.؛ Hutton، A. T. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005) (PDF). RSC Publishing. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-11-12.
Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-28 في Wayback Machine
Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. بيب كود:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2007-12-02 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10. and in [(CAAC)₂Be]^+• [CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene], see Wang, Guocang; Walley, Jacob E.; Dickie, Diane E.; Pan, Sudip; Frenking, Gernot; Gilliard Jr., Robert G. (2020). "A Stable, Crystalline Beryllium Radical Cation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (10): 4560–4. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b13777. Retrieved 2020-11-17. "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2019-09-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.
B(−5) has been observed in Al₃BC, see Schroeder, Melanie. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (in German). p. 139. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-06 في Wayback Machine
B(−1) has been observed in ثنائي بوريد المغنيسيوم (MgB₂), see Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-12 في Wayback Machine
B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. بيب كود:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-13 في Wayback Machine
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. بيب كود:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-06 في Wayback Machine
Al(II) has been observed in أكسيد الألومنيوم الثنائي (AlO); see Tyte, D.C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383–384. بيب كود:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0, and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner (2004). "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 51: 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in طور زنتل, see: Riedel, Erwin, ed. (2007). Moderne Anorganische Chemie (in German). p. 259, and "Vorlesung Intermetallische Phasen § 6.2 Binäre Zintl-Phasen" (in German). نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-06 في Wayback Machine
"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-26 في Wayback Machine
P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434. نسخة محفوظة 2020-12-01 في Wayback Machine
Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (8): 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758. PMID 28097771. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-28 في Wayback Machine
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-28 في Wayback Machine
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. بيب كود:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-03 في Wayback Machine
Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]؛ Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. بيب كود:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni(5،1-حلقي الأوكتاديين)₂], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i. PMID 16602773. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-26 في Wayback Machine
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". ساينس. 305 (5687): 1136–8. بيب كود:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg₂Ga, and Mg₅Ga₂, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. "Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden" (PDF) (in German). p. 72. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-03 في Wayback Machine
Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-04 في Wayback Machine
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-14 في Wayback Machine
Se(I) has been observed in أحادي كلوريد السيلينيوم (Se₂Cl₂); see "Selenium: Selenium(I) chloride compound data". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-12-10. نسخة محفوظة 2008-05-11 في Wayback Machine
Se(V) has been observed in SeO2- and HSeO2-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112. نسخة محفوظة 2019-03-22 في Wayback Machine
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158–171. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-05 في Wayback Machine
Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see "Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2007-12-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-26 في Wayback Machine
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]؛ see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y. PMID 21919538. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 960. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
George, G.N.; Klein, S.I.; Nixon, J.F. (1984). "Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPrⁱ)₃)₄] at X-and Q-band frequencies". Chemical Physics Letters. 108 (6): 627–630. بيب كود:1984CPL...108..627G. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". ساينس. 295 (5553): 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921. PMID 11786632. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-05 في Wayback Machine
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. pp. 129–156. بيب كود:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. نسخة محفوظة 2019-10-30 في Wayback Machine
Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2018-10-26 في Wayback Machine
Sb(0) has been observed, see Anastas Sidiropoulos. "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements" (PDF). p. 39. نسخة محفوظة 2020-02-18 في Wayback Machine
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds؛ for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-16 في Wayback Machine
Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see "Tellurium: tellurium iodide". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-24 في Wayback Machine
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). "Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2018-09-19 في Wayback Machine
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. بيب كود:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. بيب كود:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i. "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-02-09.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 59. بيب كود:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-02 في Wayback Machine
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. بيب كود:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10. نسخة محفوظة 2019-09-07 في Wayback Machine
Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB₄]⁻; see Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (2018-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB₃^– and PrB₄^– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-13 في Wayback Machine
Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. نسخة محفوظة 2008-04-22 في Wayback Machine
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). "Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds". Chemical Science. 8 (5): 4035–4043. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915. PMID 28580119. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
All the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the لانثانيدات (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻). نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-27 في Wayback Machine
Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium". Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-01 في Wayback Machine
Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-26 في Wayback Machine
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-16 في Wayback Machine
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO⁺ ₄; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. بيب كود:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-07 في Wayback Machine
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the باريوم platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-15 في Wayback Machine
Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? نسخة محفوظة 2016-10-12 في Wayback Machine 2016-10-12 at the واي باك مشين "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-03-08.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in مركب رصاص عضوي, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954. PMID 23629949. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-02 في Wayback Machine
Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca²⁺)₂₂[Bi₄]⁴⁻([Bi₂]⁴⁻)₄[Bi³⁻]₈; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). "Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases". Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-30 في Wayback Machine
Rn(II) has been observed in ثنائي فلوريد الرادون (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. بيب كود:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b–761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-27 في Wayback Machine
Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
Rn(VI) is known in رادون (RnO₃); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012. نسخة محفوظة 2020-10-27 في Wayback Machine
Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. Archived from the original نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-07 في Wayback Machine (PDF) on 2016-03-07.
Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state". Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. PMC 5811171. PMID 29560172. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-30 في Wayback Machine
U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). "Compounds of Thorium and Uranium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-12-023634-3. Retrieved 22 March 2015. نسخة محفوظة 2021-02-06 في Wayback Machine
U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t. PMID 23984753. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-02 في Wayback Machine
Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-31 في Wayback Machine
Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706. PMID 28235179. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-28 في Wayback Machine
Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5-; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-28 في Wayback Machine
Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (October 2017). "Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium". Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369–17378. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193. PMID 29024093. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine
Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. PMID 30040397. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-08 في Wayback Machine
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄". Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. بيب كود:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k. PMID 24695756. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-29 في Wayback Machine
Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). "The Chemistry of Berkelium". In Emeléus, Harry Julius (ed.). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. 28. Academic Press. pp. 29–64. doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4. ISBN 978-0-12-023628-2. نسخة محفوظة 2020-09-23 في Wayback Machine
Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). معهد بول شيرير. pp. 26–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20. نسخة محفوظة 2019-12-21 في Wayback Machine
Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide" (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-25. نسخة محفوظة 2019-12-24 في Wayback Machine
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". Science. 345 (6203): 1491–3. بيب كود:2014Sci...345.1491E. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. PMID 25237098. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-04 في Wayback Machine
Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" Archived 2008-02-28 at the واي باك مشين, Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29 نسخة محفوظة 2012-02-19 في Wayback Machine
Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO₄); see "Chemistry of Hassium" (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-31. نسخة محفوظة 2012-03-11 في Wayback Machine
Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see "Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. 2015. p. 3. نسخة محفوظة 2016-12-20 في Wayback Machine
Langmuir، Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 41 ع. 6: 868–934. DOI:10.1021/ja02227a002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-26.
"Antoine Laurent Lavoisier The Chemical Revolution - Landmark - American Chemical Society". أمريكاn Chemical Society. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.
"Lavoisier on Elements". Chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.
Stock، A. (1919). "Einige Nomenklaturfragen der anorganischen Chemie" [Some nomenclature issues of inorganic chemistry]. Angew. Chem. ج. 32 ع. 98: 373–374. DOI:10.1002/ange.19190329802. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06.
Bray، W. C.؛ Branch، G. E. K. (1913). "Valence and tautomerism". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 35 ع. 10: 1440–1447. DOI:10.1021/ja02199a003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-09.
الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية Gold Book definition: oxidation state PDF نسخة محفوظة 2016-03-30 في Wayback Machine
"Antoine Laurent Lavoisier The Chemical Revolution - Landmark - American Chemical Society". أمريكاn Chemical Society. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.
"Lavoisier on Elements". Chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.

webelements.com

Se(I) has been observed in أحادي كلوريد السيلينيوم (Se₂Cl₂); see "Selenium: Selenium(I) chloride compound data". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-12-10. نسخة محفوظة 2008-05-11 في Wayback Machine
Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see "Tellurium: tellurium iodide". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-24 في Wayback Machine

wikidata.org

Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 960. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. نسخة محفوظة 2020-11-04 في Wayback Machine
I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏ (IO₂); see Pauling, Linus (1988). "Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements". General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)₃³⁻; see Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 1117. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5-; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.؛ Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). بترورث وهاينمان ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. نسخة محفوظة 2021-01-28 في Wayback Machine

worldcat.org

Amberger، E.؛ Ploog، K. (1969-11). "Einfluß von Fremdatomen auf Bildung und Struktur von Bormodifikationen und borreichen Boriden". Angewandte Chemie. ج. 81 ع. 22: 908–908. DOI:10.1002/ange.19690812219. ISSN:0044-8249. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 يناير 2021. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. نسخة محفوظة 2008-04-22 في Wayback Machine
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). "Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds". Chemical Science. 8 (5): 4035–4043. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915. PMID 28580119. نسخة محفوظة 2020-07-26 في Wayback Machine

yale.edu

chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu

"Lavoisier on Elements". Chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.
"Lavoisier on Elements". Chem125-oyc.webspace.yale.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-14.

zenodo.org

Langmuir، Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 41 ع. 6: 868–934. DOI:10.1021/ja02227a002. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-01-26.
Stock، A. (1919). "Einige Nomenklaturfragen der anorganischen Chemie" [Some nomenclature issues of inorganic chemistry]. Angew. Chem. ج. 32 ع. 98: 373–374. DOI:10.1002/ange.19190329802. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-08-06.
Bray، W. C.؛ Branch، G. E. K. (1913). "Valence and tautomerism". J. Am. Chem. Soc. ج. 35 ع. 10: 1440–1447. DOI:10.1021/ja02199a003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-09.

znaturforsch.com

Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121. نسخة محفوظة 2020-08-04 في Wayback Machine