Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "حزمة البروتوكولات" in Arabic language version.
The Application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model, and it provides services that directly support user applications, such as database access, e-mail, and file transfers.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |مكان=A [protocol stack is a] set of network protocol layers that work together. The نموذج اتصال معياري that defines seven protocol layers is often called a stack, as is the set of TCP/IP protocols that define communication over the Internet.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |مكان=The Application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model, and it provides services that directly support user applications, such as database access, e-mail, and file transfers.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |مكان=A [protocol stack is a] set of network protocol layers that work together. The نموذج اتصال معياري that defines seven protocol layers is often called a stack, as is the set of TCP/IP protocols that define communication over the Internet.
{{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |مكان=