طريقة علمية (Arabic Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "طريقة علمية" in Arabic language version.

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archive.org

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com

  • Schuster and Powers (2005), Translational and Experimental Clinical Research, Ch. 1. Link. This chapter also discusses the different types of research questions and how they are produced. نسخة محفوظة 20 يونيو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • Tow، David Hunter (11 سبتمبر 2010). The Future of Life: A Unified Theory of Evolution. Future of Life Series. Future of Life Media (نُشِر في 2010). ص. 262. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-12-11. On further examination however, the scientific method bears a striking similarity to the larger process of evolution itself. [...] Of great significance is the evolutionary algorithm, which uses a simplified subset of the process of natural evolution applied to find the solution to problems that are too complex to solve by traditional analytic methods. In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model. [...] The evolutionary algorithm is a technique derived from the evolution of knowledge processing applied within the context of science and technology, itself an outcome of evolution. The scientific method continues to evolve through adaptive reward, trial and error and application of the method to itself.
  • Cracraft، J.؛ Donoghue، M.J.، المحررون (2005). Assembling the tree of life. Oxford University Press. ص. 592. ISBN:978-0-19-517234-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-22.
  • Tow، David Hunter (11 سبتمبر 2010). The Future of Life: A Unified Theory of Evolution. Future of Life Series. Future of Life Media (نُشِر في 2010). ص. 262. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-12-11. On further examination, however, the scientific method bears a striking similarity to the larger process of evolution itself. [...] Of great significance is the evolutionary algorithm, which uses a simplified subset of the process of natural evolution applied to find the solution to problems that are too complex to solve by traditional analytic methods. In essence, it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model. [...] The evolutionary algorithm is a technique derived from the evolution of knowledge processing applied within the context of science and technology, itself an outcome of evolution. The scientific method continues to evolve through adaptive reward, trial and error, and application of the method to itself.

doi.org

  • David Mermin (سبتمبر 1994). "A "Virtuosically Adaptive" System As Seen By A "Marginally Adaptive" One (Review of The Quark and the Jaguar, by Murray Gell-Mann (1994))". Physics Today. ج. 47 ع. 9: 89. DOI:10.1063/1.2808634.Murray Gell-Mann (11 مايو 2016). What the Quark and Jaguar is about. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-04 – عبر Youtube.

ucdavis.edu

csc.ucdavis.edu

ucr.edu

idea.ucr.edu

  • Garland, Jr.، Theodore (20 March 2015). "The Scientific Method as an Ongoing Process". U C Riverside. مؤرشف من الأصل في 19 August 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)

uvm.edu

web.archive.org

  • Garland, Jr.، Theodore (20 March 2015). "The Scientific Method as an Ongoing Process". U C Riverside. مؤرشف من الأصل في 19 August 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ أكتوبر 2020. {{استشهاد ويب}}: تحقق من التاريخ في: |تاريخ الوصول= (مساعدة)
  • Schuster and Powers (2005), Translational and Experimental Clinical Research, Ch. 1. Link. This chapter also discusses the different types of research questions and how they are produced. نسخة محفوظة 20 يونيو 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • Jim Al-Khalili (4 يناير 2009). "The 'first true scientist'". BBC News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-07. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (مساعدة)
  • Tow، David Hunter (11 سبتمبر 2010). The Future of Life: A Unified Theory of Evolution. Future of Life Series. Future of Life Media (نُشِر في 2010). ص. 262. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-12-11. On further examination however, the scientific method bears a striking similarity to the larger process of evolution itself. [...] Of great significance is the evolutionary algorithm, which uses a simplified subset of the process of natural evolution applied to find the solution to problems that are too complex to solve by traditional analytic methods. In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model. [...] The evolutionary algorithm is a technique derived from the evolution of knowledge processing applied within the context of science and technology, itself an outcome of evolution. The scientific method continues to evolve through adaptive reward, trial and error and application of the method to itself.
  • Hall، B.K.؛ Hallgrímsson، B.، المحررون (2008). Strickberger's Evolution (ط. 4th). Jones & Bartlett. ص. 762. ISBN:978-0-7637-0066-9. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-02-09.
  • Cracraft، J.؛ Donoghue، M.J.، المحررون (2005). Assembling the tree of life. Oxford University Press. ص. 592. ISBN:978-0-19-517234-8. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-01-22.
  • "James (2003) "Complex Systems Theory?"" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-04-18.
  • David Mermin (سبتمبر 1994). "A "Virtuosically Adaptive" System As Seen By A "Marginally Adaptive" One (Review of The Quark and the Jaguar, by Murray Gell-Mann (1994))". Physics Today. ج. 47 ع. 9: 89. DOI:10.1063/1.2808634.Murray Gell-Mann (11 مايو 2016). What the Quark and Jaguar is about. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-04 – عبر Youtube.
  • Tow، David Hunter (11 سبتمبر 2010). The Future of Life: A Unified Theory of Evolution. Future of Life Series. Future of Life Media (نُشِر في 2010). ص. 262. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-08-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-12-11. On further examination, however, the scientific method bears a striking similarity to the larger process of evolution itself. [...] Of great significance is the evolutionary algorithm, which uses a simplified subset of the process of natural evolution applied to find the solution to problems that are too complex to solve by traditional analytic methods. In essence, it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model. [...] The evolutionary algorithm is a technique derived from the evolution of knowledge processing applied within the context of science and technology, itself an outcome of evolution. The scientific method continues to evolve through adaptive reward, trial and error, and application of the method to itself.
  • Anderson, Chris (2008) The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete. Wired Magazine 16.07 نسخة محفوظة 2 مايو 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  • Ludwik Fleck (1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact نسخة محفوظة 26 أغسطس 2021 على موقع واي باك مشين.

worldpece.org

youtube.com

  • David Mermin (سبتمبر 1994). "A "Virtuosically Adaptive" System As Seen By A "Marginally Adaptive" One (Review of The Quark and the Jaguar, by Murray Gell-Mann (1994))". Physics Today. ج. 47 ع. 9: 89. DOI:10.1063/1.2808634.Murray Gell-Mann (11 مايو 2016). What the Quark and Jaguar is about. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-02-04 – عبر Youtube.